in fact, khmelnytskyi and the creation of the cossack state of gitmansky became this leap, this quantum leap, so the factor of war and this name was of enormous importance here. so i can't understand why drink three times less than everyone else? to a large extent, that's what dumping in the market is for at all , to get a contract and then get anyway in the end no more they could have asked for in the beginning, because let's not forget that the mercenaries were also famous for manipulation when they could agree on one price to their employers, but during the hostilities they said, you know, we have very heavy losses, we have heavy service work, and extra payment for exceeding, let's say, the terms of the contract, it all worked, and yes, what about contracts , they were usually concluded, anticipating force majeure circumstances, just like now. all

these things, phenomena in modern law, they come from there, from the early modern era, and they were formed, first of all, not in commercial law, not in administrative, especially in the military, it is necessary to tell a figure, how much he received 30 zlotys a year, this is a private, this is a private, and some commander, well, a commander could receive, let's say, a colonel could receive approximately three times more, about 800 zlotys. for a colonel, this, this, this is quite a good salary, although, if you look at other categories, salaries, wages, yes, soldiers, let's say, in the crown army of the commonwealth, the cossacks, the pay was still lower, but here i also wanted to emphasize one important point, that is, the status, status, which was given by this salary, i.e. the cossacks

have repeatedly stated that for them the very fact of being in the state service , especially in the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, which was native to them at that time, this is recognition of their merits and this is their status, then the salary, even if it is symbolic, is still the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, it chronically did not cope with the treasury was regularly guilty of colossal sums in his army that exceeded many times the annual budgets of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, this was a problem, colossal, and not only in the affairs of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth, but for the cossacks the very status of the fact that they were even... normally in the service and on salary the king, they were made of them a special category of royal servants, on the basis of this, they did not consider obeying, say, the will of local administrators, the voivod and the starost conflicted in the region traditionally associated with the cossacks, full of power on the ground and administratively and judicially, which

in the end, this happened as a result of the khmelnytsky uprising, more about the numbers, but this figure was much higher than the salary of, for example, registrars in the commonwealth, according to the korukiv treaty of 1625, the salary of a registrar, or an ordinary registrar, was 10 zlotys a year, a cossack is hired for military service, and at the same time, when he is really hired for military service, he is not a registrar, he paves his way to the social register, and everything he trumps with this, and how so, the king is like after the khotyn war, for example, when the cossacks in 22- that year it was paid, even if it was little, but it was paid not only for the register of 2000 then, but it was paid to almost 40 thousand cossacks, that is, all of them , they say, we were in the service, legitimate, but now they are driving us away, well, about that , which could be bought for the salary of a cossack legionnaire and in fact, what kind of currency was circulating in ukraine at that time, a special reference was prepared by the editor serhii shenkarchuk. thank you yulia,

the money circulation of the 17th century on the territory of modern ukraine was very colorful, due to the lack of a centralized banking system and, frankly, its own statehood, it was difficult to talk about a monocurrency. gold venetian ducats, czechins, as well as silesian, hungarian, brandenburg and other german coins are in circulation. over time, new big ones take root silver coins, mainly dutch, thalers, which later received the more familiar name of the dollar, one thaler was equal to 3 zlotys. spending hard-earned money was the least a cossack could do in the war trade of that time, preparing for a new campaign. for example, a horse would cost up to 70 zlotys, and a saddle would cost another 6-8 zlotys. the saber, without which it was worth nothing, zlotys. as for clothing, a new hat in the 17th century was half a zloty, and a warm winter coat was as much as five. do you want to celebrate the new arrival with your friends? half a zloty

is a bucket of vodka from you, well, we have dealt with the event, the turks were dealt with, and the tsar of moscow could be hired, and he himself expressed a desire easily. for example, even in 1592, the famous prince bayda vyshnevetskyi, whose army partly included cossacks, was of course in the service of the moscow tsar, and went to azov, on the other hand, the mercenary practice practiced by the cossacks with all the neighboring lords, that too nullifies all attempts to pass off the moscow tsar as some exclusive partner of the cossacks and so on, but he was the same mercenary, like all the others, and between to others, khmelnytskyi constantly emphasized, that is, in 48, 49, even in his first letter to the putiv voivode, to the moscow factors, that they wanted to serve the moscow tsar, as our forefathers served, that is, transparently hinting at the tudel,

which worked out within the framework of the naymanstva, that we serve for a ringing coin and nothing more, there is no question of subordination under... reunification and all these things of the language were practiced before the turks, if there was such an opportunity, by the way, the turkish sultan, in 1622 after the khotyn war that covered the cossacks with such fame, the slanderers of europe and , as it were, the grave-diggers of the army of osman ii, he turned to the cossacks and offered them to transfer to his service, to allocate them land near bilhord, the present bilhorod dnistrovskyi, and there to give them a set of rules of privileges to any lands like the cossacks and and the nobility first and then after her and the cossacks, inheriting this tradition, considered the natural border of the ukrainian world to be the coast between the dnieper and bilhor, and the turkish sultan wanted to plant them exactly on the same southern

border, can you feel how it sags novorossiya is immediately involved in all these things, and by the way, the moscow tsar, in 1692, in a letter to the slavonian colonels, admitted that the border of zaporozhye, the cossack border, just goes all the way to the black sea, between the dnieper and bilhor, black and white in royal charter. you see, european mercenaryism, in the area of ​​european culture , yes, it developed, as you and i have already seen, on the basis of contracts, that is, when it meant that both

parties to the agreement, the counterparties, had not only rights, but also duties mutual, yes this formula, it is the smallest, where it worked, it was in the eastern despotias, in turn in the moscow kingdom, why, because we hired cossacks as mercenaries of such a european appearance, then they still did everything necessary to bend them to permanent residence, to assimilation, to naturalization, permanent residence of the muscovite states, and this applied, by the way, not only to cossacks , but to all foreigners of western europeans, scots, english, germans, dutch, walloons, that 's all. not released, even when it ends contract, they are not let out of the country and, with all truths and lies, they are inclined to marry, accept orthodoxy, they are simply not let out abroad to go home, this attitude is typical of eastern discussions, there was more than one moscow kingdom, this can be done

in china at the time, for example, where all southerners living on the territory of the country are considered servants or slaves, the property of the lord, what treaties could be concluded in the country, even in documents were voiced, when, let's say , some petitions, supplications in the name of the king, they served from serfs, a serf in the old muscovite language is a slave, it is rap, the cossacks had certain principles, to whom they were not hired, but we will not fight for them, well, including the moscow tsar, especially when, you know, such samples were made en masse, yes, let's say migrations. and the ukrainian cossacks, after the arrival, they moved on the southeastern outskirts of the moscow kingdom, and in fact, they created the phenomenon of this colonization of slobitsky ukraine, the southern regions of the moscow state, it was beneficial to the kremlin at the beginning, yes, but again

the kremlin tried, taking advantage of the fact that the cossacks are mastering this region economically, and they are protecting it, at the same time, yes, they still tried to implement their management algorithms , the moscow governors prevented this, and thus the reverse movement of the population took place. to whom they could hire, to whom they could not, i will mention one more moment, but for them, after all, as mr. oleksiy already hinted at it, talked about it, the factor of their homeland, they considered rich as their homeland until the middle of the 18th century the commonwealth, like the nobility, is a later, when the ukrainian state was restored in the form of rus, which is equal to the hetmanship, and then ukraine is equal to little russia, equal to the hetmanship, but they considered it a thing of the commonwealth, but they were actually against...

the fact that in 1689, jan oryshovskyi, the cossack elder, offering the services of the cossacks to the crimean khan , that they were ready to hire and fight there against his opponents, the king of his grace, emphasized, that is, in addition to campaigns, raids on the polish lands proper. and only if during the cossack uprisings, that is, the first half of the 17th century, the cossacks already considered from a completely different perspective, that is, the possibility of involving the tatars in the military action of ukraine, they already entered it into the coordinates that followed from the logic of these uprisings, and on the contrary, they tried to demand what was prescribed on of written obligations to help the cossacks in the struggle for their social rights in a dry remnant, that is, with warsaw. i would just like to emphasize here, fully supporting mr. victor, that this was precisely the period

when the cossacks outgrew the framework mercenaryism, when it ceased to be exclusively a military force, a military resource, and when in its midst appeared not just the top in the form of senior commanders and political worldviews, and, by the way, in the history of european mercenaryism, we will find few examples when mercenaries tried ... to grow from such a collective community into a state, these cases were isolated, the case with the english, with the italians, with the italian condatiers, but only with the ukrainian cossacks, which to a large extent grew out of the nayman cloak figuratively in other words, it was possible to create its own state, and i think historians call it, having come up with such a thing as to say cabinet territory, well, it is not exactly a cabinet term, but it was rarely used, let's say so, but officially in the title of ge in the title of colonels, officers, the zaporozhian army was written on the seal with the rest of this state, this is the name itself

, and it is very characteristic, it means that this, of course, that this state was in the early period, it was structured in the image and likeness of the army, it was created by the military elite, a military caste, the cossacks, and its top, the cossack elders, it became the political elite in this state, here we are again in the background, we will see few such kind of incomplete analogs in the history of pei, but at least such close ones, in this respect too, i i believe that the cossacks and his, the ukrainian cossacks and his state, they are to some extent phenomena, if we talk about geography, where in europe the cossacks reached, chigeryn, the ancestral nest of bohdan khmelnytsky, there is such a beautiful hill, there are cossacks standing on the hill crosses, maltese crosses. well, in malta we started with this, in the cathedral of ion the theologian there is a sculpture of the master

of the order of malta, which is supported by a sculpture of a cossack. were there cossacks in malta? no, well, it seems that even during the uprising in the galleys, the cossacks still did not reach malta, because the cossack style is actually life, he reminded, that style, and actually, as it used to be in soviet times. there was such a strain that a speculator would recognize a speculator, and so it is here, actually, because we have no evidence that the cossacks were, further on, the empire of the gasburgs france, they recruited, and they managed to recruit, i would still add north -eastern europe and the baltic region here, because the cossacks fought when they were in the service of the commonwealth of nations, they actually fought in all directions.

led by the polish-lithuanian commonwealth against sweden in the first half of the 17th century, and there they distinguished themselves not only as mercenary infantry, which were hired and written off in the register, i.e. in the list of the register cossacks, the cossacks fought as part of the polish-lithuanian army against the swedes not only on land, but also on by the swedes, the cossack fleet at the beginning of the 17th century is mentioned there. sources mention the creation of a small cossack flotilla, obviously. already the experience that the cossacks had on the black sea, in addition, i would add that the cossack contingents took an active part in this 30-year war, the first. we constantly remember, it was the largest european conflict in the 17th century, it lasted in agents, primarily german documents, many cossacks, cossack contingents who came to serve the austrian emperor or the princes,

rulers who were part of this federal german empire, they were often called, for example, sosovchyki, yes, or, or as, as poles, those who came, for the germans, they were people who came from the commonwealth from poland, and for the wars with the turks, and the 30-year war, and the wars with the swedes, they scattered all over europe, a large number of cossacks who were prisoners of war, who were captives in turkish galleys, who escaped from there, or who were dug up, who were hired for dutch or english trading or military fleet, people who were captured by the swedes, and sometimes naturalized , there were references, except in their surnames, yes, which had some ukrainian roots, or or, or literally the root of the word cossack.

in europe at that time and in the whole world in general, which moved the most geographically, because most of the people, she was not used to the leisure trips that we are used to, yes, not even to any big journeys within her country. most of all, several categories of the population have mobility, these are soldiers in the first place, and then priestesses. students, and merchants, who, but who are engaged in international trade, and there were not so many of them at that time, a breed, both for and for ukrainian culture, this military service, it was , just at that moment, one of the most important ways of getting to know with the world,

as well as the establishment of contacts and borrowings of some cult of what is called cultural transfer. in such a wise scientific term, and it concerns, and this openness, and this transfer, it took place both in the east and abroad in europe, it was full-fledged a part from the times of the middle ages, from the times of christianization, which in principle inscribed it into this european cultural matrix, of course, the influence of the east cannot be underestimated either, it was colossal, and by the way of wars, they were in the middle ages, here in this cossack era, they they were precisely the factor that made a unique synthesis of the intertwining of western and eastern cultures in ukraine. the cross of hospitals is a little different. let's not forget that in europe, especially already in the 18th century, at the end of the 18th century, the cossacks were doing well known as soldiers of the christian militia. that is, europe throughout the 16th and 17th

centuries tried to form european states, some stable and effective anti-ottoman coalition, because. that turkey, the ottoman empire, it constantly renews periodic attempts, which means its conquests, in europe, and the cossacks are known, for example, at the courts, at the courts of central european rulers, the same german emperors, primarily as defenders, as antimoral warriors, i.e. this wall that protects christian europe, christendom from the offensive of the crescent moon, from the offensive of the islamic states, from this... military expansion, that is the image of the cossacks , well, not only diplomats on the turkish coast, but also in the danube, write about them, those people who travel merchants, for example, yes, they talk about them, the church hierarchs of the eastern churches, yes

, the ecumenical patriarch, jerusalem, constantinople, and this patriarchate they are on the territory of the ottoman empire. and they have permanent contacts with the cossacks, the vatican knows about them, the vatican finances the apostates, which alone cannot manage the maintenance of the cossacks with its own budget, especially in the second half of the 17th, at the end of the 17th century, right-bank cossack regiments have existed for a long time simply thanks to these pam subs, registered cossacks, this registered cossacks, which continues to remain in the service of the commonwealth , these are attempts... in early modern times, the last attempts to revive the idea of ​​christ's campaigns against the turks and the idea of ​​these knightly orders, it will not come true, it will not be restored, they circulated these ideas in ordinary things. the orders of lears, therefore, were created from foresters, where to there were a lot of things, judging by everything the cossacks, because they were still fighting in the moscow dimitriads, it is obvious that over time we

will know more, the more these archives are opened, the vatican, for example, or the same order of malta, the better the chances we have to learn about some details, but the fact that it was one world, they knew each other very well, it is obvious when it ended...' this work of the cossacks, as mercenaries, in which century, in which years, well, sharply falls, it is the middle of the 18th century, because it was already before work here in something is happening in ukraine, its own state is being created, and the best elements who felt the ability to create something and make careers, and to acquire fortunes, they stayed here, and they created here, and then actually they were a thorn in the side of the hetmans. and it is such a very destructive... force in all that, that is why it was not possible to hire, on the contrary , the hetmanship actually becomes a hireling,

mercenaries in general, other mercenaries already, it acts in this guise, and there is a good book about this by mr. oleksiy, how everything was done, like the military battle near vienna in 1683, that when not only from the right bank, but also from the left bank, and when that famous campaign of hetman kunytsy, to ishmael, and the pope of rome holds mass in his honor in rome and so on, but this is already in comparison, there were tears, compared to that, to the plenipotentiaries, which the bulochians also continued to practice hiring, but then it was revived after the destruction of the sich, when a part of the kozai, here and there tried to realize themselves somehow, there was such a spike at the end of this mercenary, but podzin did just that, the restoration of ukrainian statehood in in the form of hetmanship.

we started with a legend, but i want to finish the legend, but i would like to ask briefly, connected with this storming of the fortress in dunkirk, with the 30-year war, there is one more story, supposedly ivan sirko was waiting for payment, trials, was reading in latin, and here i was reading the following could sirko give lectures at the sorbonne about ukraine, russia and poland? well, first of all, we do not know anything about whether he knew latin at all, and whether he was literate at all, no, there are his, there are signatures, which means that he could not only read, but also write, that by the way, these are parallel skills, not every educated person who read books knew how to write skillfully, sverg and its connection, so if, well, here are the cossacks. yes, you know who i'm talking about, i'm thinking of robinson crusoe daniele difu, there at the beginning of the piece, robinson telling the story of his family in a biography,

yes, as is customary at the beginning of such autobiographical works, i'm thinking of my older brother, who served in the infantry regiment , who died at dunkirk, and here i have the word dunkirk, it is from my school years, it became and we started in ukraine published works, for example, by alexander baran, who... studied in great detail these operations of the french army near dunkirk, then the cossack dunyunkek appeared for me, i think that he is much more interesting than this legend about cerc and the sorbonne, well - first, in france there was more than one university, not only the sorbonne was famous, but i will approach this problem from the other side, sirko stavovsky finishing his, with his best man peter doroshenko, he. he could not grasp the idea of ​​his own state and so he was manipulated in a political sense it is very easy and moscow is warsaw, and based on

this, could this person have managed to say something intelligent in sorba.