the development of events in the neighborhood of imperial russia could not be, that is, this war was inevitable and the whole story was shouting about it, but the trouble is that we did not want to hear this story. what lessons does the understanding of the war with the russians at the beginning of the 20th century actually give us? they often say that unity is the first thing, that the ukrainian leaders of that time failed. people's republic among themselves to preserve this unity, and this even led to some of their armed disputes there, and in the end, a popular commander there, for example, was executed again bolbachan and so on and so on with a similar word ee is this a lesson on how to interpret it in today's situation? there is no doubt that this is a lesson, these are very important lessons, it is obvious that there should be unity in the political elites, despite the diversity of the political elites in... the fact that some

disputes are possible in the political elites is normal for any nation, but all- still these disputes should not go to some limit, and the participants in these disputes should find the difference between the one who is a competitor, rival and the one who is the enemy, and the enemy is actually the one who is trying to destroy ukraine , and not to see it as just another, this is the lesson that we have to remember for the current political elites, of course, that a very important political lesson, precisely from this century-old war, was that that... there should be unity not only among the political elite, there should be unity between the political elite and the general population, this was unfortunately not the case more than 100 years ago, when the majority of ukrainians did not feel the need for the existence of a ukrainian state, so no were ready to support this ukrainian state, and another extremely important lesson is the presence of one's own armed forces, which for a very long time, even when there was an immediate threat of military conquest, proclaimed as the third universal of the ukrainian... republics for a very long time

developed the idea of ​​the need to create armed forces, unfortunately, among the leaders of the then ukrainian state, there were those people who believed that this was an unnecessary idea, unnecessary expenses, that it was a relic of the past, that we do not need an army, and in this way we will only provoke the enemies to attack us, and the whole subsequent history showed that this delay in creating its own armed forces was one of the key reasons for the weakness of ukraine, which was forced to... look for allies and obviously, given how weak it was, could not find allies adequately. the third lesson is extremely important - it is definitely work on the foreign policy front, diplomatic work. uh, then, unfortunately, ukrainians did not manage to gain any wider support in the world, because they did not know about ukrainians, the ukrainian idea of ​​creating a ukrainian state looked very strange and incomprehensible for absolutely. in the majority

of the political establishment at that time, there was actually no support for it as such, now, thank god , the situation is completely different, now we face much smaller challenges, we do not need to explain to the world who ukrainians are, why they should have an independent state, and this obviously gives the result that we have incomparably more help and material, and military, and political, informational enlightenment than our predecessors had, ukraine then lost its... statehood, and then such a period as the soviet period happened to ukraine, many ukrainians believe that this soviet period was a good thing that happened to ukraine, part of ukraine, well, at least in the west of ukraine, those liberators were called liberators, of course, they could not it is very loud to talk about it, because the politics of ukraine, which was already independent, was completely different, very often...

i just looked with such amazement, how come, why do you speak so disparagingly of those who liberated us, although in part of ukraine it is considered as an occupation, as in the end, as in the baltic countries considered it an occupation, how to explain that to those ukrainians who even now continue to tell these soviet myths and say that what happened in the soviet union, a lot of good things happened to ukraine, and we we should be grateful. for the fact that they happened to us and that this soviet period happened to us, you know, a good thing that took the lives of, well, somewhere around 10 million, maybe more ukrainians who were simply killed, i 'm not talking about those who were deported, i 'm not talking about how destroyed any the ukrainian system of economy, culture , that is, in fact, ukraine found itself in the status of a colonial state even more rigid than it was during the times of the russian empire or

during the times of the austro-hungarian empire, and it is obvious that the long period of occupation itself, a longer period of occupation of ukraine than before example of the baltic countries, well, in fact, this is only a quantitative difference, not a qualitative one. the difference, the same occupation, the only thing is that, unfortunately, there were two generational changes in our country during that longer period, and people were already growing up who did not remembered the period until the moment when ukraine became soviet, and accordingly for them it was considered an absolute norm, they tried to look for some positives in this norm, when in other post-communist countries, in the same baltic countries or in the countries of the east europe, even at the time of their restoration of independence there were people who remembered the independence of these states, the pre-war independence of these states, moreover, some of them even back then, in the late 80s, early 90s were active participants politicians, that's why politicians, that's why this is going on here the longer period of ukraine's stay in the soviet occupation, unfortunately, it left such a significant mark, which led to

the fact that ukraine, much longer than other countries, is getting out of this, the soviet past, the communist past, the colonial past, especially considering to the fact that, in fact, this communist totalitarian past in ukraine is superimposed on the russian-imperial past, when ukraine was a colony within the russian empire, so all, all these things make it possible for ukrainians to overcome this legacy, a difficult legacy of the past, well, much more difficult, but nevertheless , you would have seen it done, if we saw that the russians from the beginning of this, their, their full-scale invasion of ukraine, they have already changed the textbooks, the history textbook several times - it is very, very important , especially there for senior classes, and i don't know there, there was even a whole discussion there when it was rewritten, because something was not liked by, for example, the chechen leader ramzan kadyrov, ah, do we have

an understanding now , what is our historical program, the history program for children is approved, is everything okay, is it okay, or is there any single program? well, unfortunately, we cannot say that there is any, you know, very stable understanding of this problem, there is some kind of a little pendulum effect, when after the 14th year we began to pay much more attention to these school programs and so the textbook, then a little less attention to this when, for example, even last year the parliament for some reason voted a law that provided for optional history as a subject for admission to higher educational institutions this year. thanks to the insistence of the public, they returned, that is, there is no progressive movement, but in any case , it seems to me that the level of attention to history, to the popularization of history is disproportionately less than it should be, despite the fact that we have

a huge demand precisely in society , i speak as an author, as a historian, as a participant in many presentations, statements, discussions, hundreds of people come to such events, but all this happens at... without any systematic support from the state, from the state we are witnessing a constant budget cuts of the same ukrainian institution of national memory and, accordingly, its constant gradual disappearance from some information field, from what forms the ukrainians' perception of the past, despite the fact that, i want to say once again, public demand is very high, but for some reason it is not considered necessary for this to pay enough attention to the topic, those people who come to the meetings are those people who, in principle... in principle, were interested in the history of ukraine and all 30 years of independence and before ukraine became independent, or are these people who suddenly one day after february 24 became interested in ukraine, their origin, became interested in the history of their own

family, and somehow began to discover for themselves all that was so crushed by the dust of this soviet propaganda, in fact, there are a lot of those who can be called neophytes, to those who are only gradually awakening to understanding the need to understand one's past, once again had several such stages, some ukrainians woke up to this understanding in 2014, some, unfortunately, did so as early as 2022, but just last week we had a joint event, a discussion, or rather a conversation, not even a discussion, because we are too much of the same mind on some issues serhiy plohii, where we discussed precisely the question of how and... history explains the modern war, and it was an event within the framework of the book festival kyiv book weekend, probably one of the most numerous events at this festival, such a large number of people, hundreds of people came to listen to how understanding history makes it possible to understand the present, among them

there were really a lot of people who said that we just now started to be interested in it, just now started to buy some historical literature and became interested in their mine... there were many questions about recommendations, what to watch, what to read, so, well, now is a truly unique moment to satisfy this demand inside ukraine, but... an even more important moment , which we dare not miss, is a moment of interest in ukraine and ukraine's past in the world, unfortunately, this moment is already gradually disappearing, i was literally a few weeks ago abroad and, before that, i was abroad a year ago and saw how much already on the bookshelves in bookstores around the world the number of literature about ukraine decreases in airports, if in 2022 somewhere around the end of the 22nd. year, the bestsellers were mostly literature

related to ukraine in one way or another, now there are much, much fewer such books, and to say that during this year , on the 22nd-23rd, we took full advantage of telling to the world about our past, unfortunately, no, unfortunately, several interesting, important works have appeared, which once again explain, talk about the current war through the prism of history, but this... did not turn into some systematic information campaign, but still work, work and work, and make sure that ukraine, ukrainian history is interesting at the state level, well , i hope that finally oksen lisovy somehow here's something, i understand that there is a need there, probably a lot of everything, we need to collect it into a pile, but, well, somehow we need some kind of movements, well, i wanted to. if, if, well, for example, there was such a thing that there, i don't know, the minister says, i read textbooks on history, and my

hair stood on end several times, in textbook there, for example, from the fifth grade, the eighth and the 11th, and i collect all the best history textbooks, they are not that bad, obviously there is room for improvement, but they are not that bad, and in general , you know, it seems to me that actually the textbook on the history of ukraine played its colossal role in the fact that now there are those who defend ukraine, because now... those who defend ukraine are a generation that has already been brought up exactly on the textbook of the history of ukraine, therefore, despite the fact that as a historian he has many claims and proposals as to how it would be better to improve them, but we must give credit for the colossal role these textbooks played as tools for the formation of civic consciousness, okay, well then, then we need at least the ministry of culture, because continuing the previous topic, somehow to add, add to the understanding of the story and stop feeding us with series that will tell. they give about soviet ukraine and any other. god, a terrible legacy.

no, tv series can tell about soviet ukraine, but what are the optics of these series, and if so they are renovating the soviet past, then it is a little bit different. thank you, mr. volodymyr, for joining our conversation. volodymyrovych is a historian, publicist, people's deputy of ukraine, and we talked with him about the fact that on these days in 1917 the first russian-ukrainian war began. well, it continues to this day, now we are going to take a short break, then we will come back and talk about what we, how we should react to such cases when deputies of the rural council detonate grenades, is it normal or is it abnormal that a deputy has a grenade, that he can come with her and can tear off the chica, all this will be discussed later, stay with us. the story of the rise of the legendary nba team in

the hbo series, it's time to win, establish the lakers dynasty, watch all seasons in ukrainian with a subscription, turn on the championship on mego. there are 10% discounts on centromandary in pharmacies, plantain bam and that's it. the traveler knows what helps. there was an accident. mother, mother, there are other relatives, no, but it seems that you have a grandfather, we fly to the tsuva carpathians, a sink is behind the house, and the toilet is downstairs. where is he

and if there are no cigarettes, then what will you smoke, he says: well, if there are no cigarettes, then you will smoke village council, how much time do you need, then you need 10 days, 10 days, this is what you should do, i did not come here for to look at the old farts who collect pine cones in the forest, and there will be your vacanci novel, vacanci, vacanci novels. i ask you to pray to god, i ask you to drink, and tomorrow fly to your sunny italy, mykola, don't spill blood on the wedding night, mykola,

you don't need mykha, run there. vasyl zima's big broadcast, two hours of broadcasting of time, two hours of your time, two hours to learn about the war and what the world is like, two hours to keep up with economic news and sports news, two hours in the company of your favorite

presenters, presenters who have become native languages ​​to many, as well as respected guests of the studio, the events of the day in two... hours, vasyl zima's big broadcast, a project for smart and caring people, espresso in the evening. listen, well, we are continuing the last, so to speak, quadrant of our airwaves for today with lesiyu vakulyuk, taras rad with us, a political scientist, in taras is our guest in the studio, congratulations, hello , let's start, let's talk a little about what is happening now at the border, today we learned that, unfortunately, the third driver has already died. the ukrainian people, that is, the people who are car carriers who are standing in these nine-rail queues due to the blockade on the polish border, the mayor of lviv, andriy sadovyi, informed about this , what is the current situation, is there, well, we have already elected a new government, a new government is going to to solve this situation donald tusk, do we have good

prospects now, well, there are definitely more than there were before the formation of a new government. but i still remain so cautiously optimistic because even though i believe the border will be unblocked, i don't believe it will be unblocked too quickly because that's the legacy the new government got from the previous government, they actually sabotaged solving this issue, it is like criminal inaction, i would say, and in fact here is a small group of carriers... because they do not represent the entire community, the association of carriers, and unfortunately, the confederation, which is an anti-system, often anti-ukrainian force, actually took bilateral relations hostage, and i am convinced that the tusk government will find a solution to this problem, but i do not think that it will be, well, i hope at least until the end

of december, that is, i do not believe that it will be solved overnight problem, i want to understand what is happening now on the polish coast , does it affect only the issue of transportation of goods, or does it in some way also interfere with our defense capability, because such voices were also heard from poland, well, as far as i know, what affects , because despite the fact that it is declared that there are no restrictions on the crossing of the border for humanitarian and military transports, but de facto it has an effect, because the chaos that has been reigning at the border for the last one and a half months, well, it is clear that... no less slows down the crossing of this aid for ukraine, in the end even the publications of the organizers of the blockade were very manipulative, when they actually photographed the equipment and the technical assistance given to us by our western partners, well, in theory, it should not be public, it should remain quietly handed over to ukraine. unfortunately, this question are speculating, and i drew attention to the fact that, after all

, the border of poland and ukraine is the external border of europe. who of the union and, accordingly, this affects not only bilateral relations and the ability of ukraine to defend itself, but unfortunately also the general european policy, because brussels, despite the fact that it liberalized relations with ukraine, canceled many almost all quotas, but de facto it is deprived of tools , how to adequately respond to these challenges, and he de facto left this problem of a single european policy to... bilateral relations, which i it seems that it is also not entirely correct, because it should at least be decided in the triangle kyiv, warsaw, brussels, and not along the line warsaw, kyiv. i hope that tusk will actually restart this model of communication and brussels will also participate in solving this problem, because the problem of the transport crisis is only one of

the problems, that is, before that there was a much more serious grain crisis, which will be even more difficult to solve, therefore in general, the border should be unblocked without any conditions, the subject of discussion should be the discussion between ukraine and poland regarding its... economic competition, it objectively exists, but it must be implemented within the framework of a single european policy and single rules, which was actually not done by the previous government of matewisz morawiczki, and that is the hope that donald tusk's government will return to those rules and principles that exist in the eu, and the resolution of such disputes will be resolved within the framework of this single policy, can we demand some ... compensations are not only for the losses that we have suffered, so economic, but in the end three people died during this blockades, and this is a personal dimension

of this tragedy, it is also of course an economic one, because in addition to the great losses suffered by the state of ukraine, and this has been calculated, these are billions, billions of losses, besides these are economic losses directly of entrepreneurs, and as far as i know, well , ukrainian carriers, together with polish lawyers, are now preparing appeals in courts and compensation for the losses they suffered during the one and a half month blockade by poland of the border with ukraine. i don't know, well, if this is a court decision, if we proceed from the logic that the court is not biased, according to the idea these compensations should be, the question is who should pay them, whether they will be paid by those who caused the accident, and if so, then i... i have no idea how it can be done, because these are private individuals, uh, will the european union do it, but why the european union, if it is not in theory responsible for

the inaction of the polish government, will it be done by the polish government, the tusk government, which is all, which if inherited this problem from the morawiecki government, yes, that is , i am convinced that this compensation definitely has to be, and even it will not solve the great crisis, which, unfortunately, was caused by, i will say , political motives of certain political circles, but i will emphasize, indeed, the economic basis of this crisis exists, but what is the problem, that it is not solved with the same tools, the border must be unblocked, then the parties kyiv and warsaw, with the participation of brussels, sit down and look for the rules of a single, common , single rules for the two sides and with mutual reasonable concessions, well yes ... a reasonable policy is being conducted, that is, economic competition is not should develop into a political one confrontation, this is what we have today,

that is, we have to move from the logic of confrontation to the logic of economic, healthy economic competition. another topic that they did not want to touch on is a topic that everyone hears, of course, this is a terrible story in zakarpattia, when in the village council at a meeting one of the deputies blew up three grenades and... he came to his senses, he is being interrogated, one man died, the deputy from injuries, more than 20 people are in the hospital with various degrees of damage, and this is a story, i don’t know, it has many different, probably components, we we don't know what happened, there is a note that this deputy left before doing this. we also have various assumptions , in particular, vitaly glagola , a well-known journalist from uzhhorod, wrote about this

, that there might have been a conflict, since this deputy wanted to be appointed secretary, and he even allegedly told the people who voted for him , so that they came out at this moment before throwing grenades, well, in a word, different stories, you need to understand all this, but which, in principle , are already lying on the surface. er question which we should mention in this story, here it will really be important to understand what the motives of the person, the deputy, who uh, well, unfortunately, uh, this tragic incident provoked, are these purely personal motives, there are some , if local, if there's a misunderstanding, if it 's a matter of, let's say, the post-war, uh... psychological syndrome of ptsd that he got, and if that can also affect it, or if it's

any at all, well, god forbid. a form of undermining unity and provoking some kind of violence in society, yes, well, depending on the essence of this, as it were, the motives of this incident, it seems to me that it is possible to draw appropriate conclusions, because if this is the first case, well, the first option, when it is something personal there at the level of local politics, well, in fact , there is no politics on the spot, there are mostly personal relationships, then i think that some . it is not worth doing, well, some such general ones, but if this is the third option, then of course it is a problem, because, well, it is a signal that, well, god forbid, it may happen again somewhere else, yes, well, and accordingly, well, but that that we can state independence from motives, is that this is a direct consequence of the war, when this is the increase of tension in

society'. very often finds some destructive forms of expression, so it is unlikely that we would have witnessed such an incident if it were not for this full-scale aggression of russia, one of the versions, and talas, i interrupted you, one of the versions actually, which was at the beginning, is also the , that the mayor wrote out large bonuses for himself, i understand that no one denied this, and at the same time there was somehow no desire to allocate funds for something and so on, we know that this is now something that happens very often. in city councils, these are constant conflicts and situations when someone says that the maximum amount of money should be sent to the front. we see rallies under big, and administrations in big cities, where people come out, what kind of mass media are there, there are some influences, and it is possible to somehow disperse, because this is a big city, but a small town , small villages, where each other,

can the mayor have extraordinary full. and even more so now, when umierov said that the head of the village can sign summonses, and how to people here, on the one hand, when they pray for justice and help for their relatives who are at the front, or whom they have already lost, how can they demand this justice, well, valid comments, because really, the lower the level of local self-government, the less openness and transparency processes, the quality of discussions, dialogue within these communities, and this... can actually lead to such extreme, well, radical ways of finding solutions, it is true, and i am convinced that this incident is also the result of these discussions at the level of local self-government, but drones or cobblestones in particular, but again if we narrow it down to purely incident. to settle

personal accounts, well, that's one story, when it's a way to show that the local community isn't doing enough to support the army, that's another story, well, because if this deputy, that's his way of saying pay attention to the problem, that's this is a social problem for us, because then we need to think about how to prevent similar things in other other communities, if this is an individual personal story, then here it is simply necessary, well, unfortunately, i just not convinced that we could have prevented this incident at the time, there is no toolkit that could have prevented this in advance, we will follow how this story develops, but i think that drones are still important and important. important

support of the front, thank you, mr. taras , for coming to our studio, taras rad , a political scientist, was with us, thank you, dear viewers, for being with us, lesya vakulyuk and andriy saichu, they worked in this studio for you 7 days, see you in a week, but anna eva will be in our studio right now from the press melnyk, and before she starts telling you the news, i want to thank you again for the fact that you and i collected 30,800 hryvnias today. thank you for this, see you, pa-pa. greetings, dear viewers, it's time to learn about...