to all those who died, unfortunately, due to the fact that the russian invaders came to our ukrainian land. a moment of silence. let's observe a moment of silence in memory of the ukrainian military and civilian citizens of ukraine who died in the war started by russia.

hello, my name is volodymyr yatrovych and this is the 10 days of independence project. why 10. the fact is that our road to freedom for 100 years has been winding. i believe that understanding the turning points along this path is the key to our future together. therefore, i invite you to experience these historical events with me, look at them participants today, for many of us, the events of january 22 , 1918 are just a page from the history book. a few well-known facts about the fourth station wagon, which proclaimed the independence of the ukrainian people's republic. for example

, the fact that this event happened here, in this building. every schoolchild knows this, it is written in every textbook. however, everything was not quite as it might be, as we imagine today. even the date: the delegates of the central council did meet on the 22nd, but the final text of the universal was adopted only on the night of the 25th january, and this is probably the smallest mystery of the fourth station wagon. i try to put myself in the place of current students. if i were not a historian who has been dealing with this topic for many years, i would probably ask what they were arguing about for so long and why didn't they declare independence already in the first station wagon? who are these people? is the central rada a parliament, like the current verkhovna rada of ukraine? and finally, what was the fourth station wagon worth, if kyiv was captured by the bolsheviks in a few weeks. in order to to answer all these questions, we have to go back a year. from

the events we are talking about in february 1917, and not to kyiv, the capital of the russian empire, to petrograd. the new year of 1917 did not promise anything good for tsarist russia. the empire suffered terrible losses on the fronts of the first world war, more than any other country. approximately one in ten dead soldiers. was a russian subject. losses among the civilian population were even more impressive. almost every third civilian killed was a russian citizen. in addition, the empire began severe economic crisis caused by war and bad governance. in february 1917 , mass protests began in the imperial capital. and what was happening in ukraine at that time? well, to begin with. in 1917, the level

of national consciousness among the population was not very high, after all, national consciousness comes at certain moments when a person is faced with a choice, is he russian or is he ukrainian, when these questions arise, when there was a revolution in petrograd, when the tsar was gone , and various organizations, parties, and some enlightenments began to appear en masse, jewish polish, ukrainian, russian, various, and a person, every person was faced with the question, who am i, and which rally will i go to, ukrainian or russian? but let's return to revolutionary petrograd. as we know, after brief but bloody street fighting, the protesters prevailed there. tsar nicholas ii abdicated and power passed to the provisional government. however, it

was not immediately known in kyiv, there was no internet, television, or even radio at that time. they were the first in the then ukraine to learn about revolution in petrograd. railwaymen. there , at first, they did not even believe the telegram of the new revolutionary chief. it said that the tsar was no more, and now democracy and equality reigned throughout the empire. it sounded good, but at the same time it raised a practical question that no one had an answer to at the time. and who is the government now and whose is kyiv now? even today in kyiv, the capital of independent ukraine, the russian language remains widely spoken. despite this. more than 70% of current kyivans support the status of ukrainian as the only state language. and now imagine what was here over 100 years ago. according to the 1917 census, almost 55% of kyiv residents called themselves russians.

at that time, 62% of kyiv residents considered russian their native language, while only 9% considered ukrainian. a typical kyivan, not a ukrainian. well, i knew that there was ukraine, i probably knew that there were ukrainians, but they are such funny little russians, they are some maids, cartmen, some milkmaids and so on, suddenly there are so many of them here, and they demand something, and they long for something, very quickly it turned out that many people who had previously identified themselves with khokhlas, with little russians, simply russians, with muzhiks, they also felt their involvement in ukrainianness, it was worth seeing the blue and yellow flag, shevchenko’s portrait and singing the testament, and that was it, people became ukrainians, felt their own, their own, their own involvement in this, and in this context , it was very important to hold a ukrainian

demonstration in kyiv on march 19, when suddenly 100,000 ukrainians gathered in kyiv, this... was a discovery by the ukrainians themselves, and it became a discovery for others. where did the central council come from? who authorized it act on behalf of ukrainians? why did it mostly consist of artists and scientists, and not, say, statesmen, businessmen, aristocrats, and military men? these are important questions that will help to understand the essence of the events of 1918. follow me, i'll show you where the central council started. people who go down or go up to the golden gate metro station probably do not even suspect that 100 years ago the ukrainian people's republic was born in this building,

the ukrainian cultural club was located here, namely in this the half-basement, where the restaurant is now, a hundred years ago mykola lysenko, ivan franko, olena ptilka, lesya met here. ukrainka, mykhailo kotsyubynskyi and dozens of other figures of ukrainian culture. actually, this club was a real center of ukrainian cultural life. they organized events that attracted thousands of people, and this frightened the tsarist police. the ukrainian central council went through several stages in its existence. pershey is such a public organization in kyiv, the best kyiv ukrainians have gathered, something like that. formed, and hrushevskyi, in particular, felt the need to go out on a wider scale, on a wider scale, because similar organizations arose in odesa, in poltava, chernihiv, zhytomyr, everywhere, everywhere , and it was necessary to somehow gather and discuss, and what exactly we demand, that actually we want, and for this purpose

this national congress was gathered, and with it there is a very interesting moment, that just on the day of the congress, the peak of the spring season has arrived. and the flood of the 17th year was extremely powerful, the dnipro rose by 5 m, that is, the peasants who, in which the crops begins, in which it is necessary to save, their lives are answered, they give it up, or rather, they are delegated by the local community, and they go to kyiv to feel themselves in their environment, well, a peasant for whom there is nothing more... valuable than the land , goes to declare that he is ukrainian and that he wants something. this is a very important moment, actually the beginning of the ukrainian revolution. and it was at this congress that the central rada was legitimized, re-elections took place, and the central rada itself became the central

governing body of the ukrainian national movement events developed extremely quickly. on june 23, 1917, the central council. adopted its first universal, by which it proclaimed broad autonomy as part of the future russian federation. but the russian provisional government refused to recognize the autonomy. the negotiations lasted for almost a month, their result was a compromise second universal, according to which the ukrainians should have received national and cultural autonomy, but if the all-russian constituent assembly decided so without its army, petrograd did not even want to hear about it. however, already in november in russia, which seemed to be moving in a democratic direction, a coup occurs. bolsheviks led by lenin come to power. so, the interim government, with which the ukrainians tried to agree on autonomy, is no longer there, and the new

government is the bolsheviks, who do not look like people to deal with. late in the evening of november 20, 1917, the central rada gathered for its session. it happened here. in the hall of the current teacher's house. hrushevsky himself opened the meeting. i will quote an excerpt from his speech. after much thought and doubt, the general secretariat came to the opinion that in order for the regional government to become a real de facto power, there must be a solid foundation under it, and such a foundation can only be the proclamation of the ukrainian people's republic. now you can say, why didn't hrushevsky put an end to this in his speech, but no, he continues with words. republic, which will be full-fledged. body in a strong union of the peoples of russia. thus, the central rada adopted the third universal. the third

station wagon, which is declared ukrainian the people's republic is more important than the fourth. because for the first time, ukraine outlined its borders so clearly by some state act. for the first time, it was clearly stated that this is a people's republic, some kind of state system. station wagon. some principles of the formation of authorities, some some relations are prescribed, right? well , in fact, this is such a constitutional act, and here it is also worth paying attention to the international context, many people in the world perceived the proclamation of the third universal as the proclamation of a new state. after the third station wagon, ukraine began to be recognized an independent state in the international arena. in general, at the end of its existence , the ukrainian people's republic had

diplomatic relations with more than 20 countries of the world, including england, france, the usa and even argentina. but germany, austria-hungary, bulgaria and turkey were the first to officially recognize the unr. at that time, ukraine was already at war with bolshevik russia. in december 1977, the ukrainian government received an ultimatum signed by lenin and trotsky. in it, the bolsheviks essentially declared themselves the successors of russia empire and demanded complete submission and transfer of power to their representatives on ukrainian lands. of course, the central rada rejected these demands, within a week the red army troops occupied kharkiv. even before the start of open armed aggression, the bolsheviks tried to seize. kyiv from the inside, if we could say now, with the methods of hybrid warfare. on the second day after the announcement of the ultimatum in kyiv, in

this building, they announced the convening of the all-ukrainian congress of soviets, workers', peasants' and soldiers' deputies, but the congress supported the central council and condemned the actions of the bolsheviks. it was a crushing defeat of the pro-russian forces in ukraine, but lenin and his associates were not going to stop in the implementation of their plans, so the very next day after the occupation of kharkiv they... people's republic of the soviets, on whose behalf the red army began the occupation of ukrainian territories. in parallel with the aggression against ukraine, the bolsheviks tried to sign a capitulation to germany and its allies, because lenin promised an immediate end to the war. the negotiations took place in brest, now belarusian brest. in... ukraine participated in them as a full-fledged party. the bolshevik delegation led by leo trotsky tried instead to involve

their puppets from kharkiv in the negotiations. the bolsheviks were biding their time, hoping to capture kyiv before the peace treaty was signed. the enemy ring was shrinking. in the 1920s, the bolsheviks captured zhytomyr, sarne, and myrhorod. they were already on the approaches to kyiv. at this time, the head mykhailo hrushevskyi began re-organizing the central council. to fulfill their colleagues to adopt a new universal, which will be used to declare the independence of the ukrainian state. at that time, politicians still believed that it was possible to establish relations with russia. it is better, of course, with a non-bolshevik one, but if the russians really want the bolsheviks, then let them be, and it will be possible to control it with some negotiations, some calls, but the leadership of the central council, hrushevsky himself, was very careful, but still insisted on an alliance with germany, and for a greater the legality of this

of brest, the future brest peace treaty, one more act on the declaration of independence was needed. that is, the fourth station wagon is politically motivated primarily on the outside world. now you understand why it took so long to approve the fourth station wagon. finally, on the night of january 24-25, after three days of discussions and amendments to the text, a solemn meeting began in this hall. the reporter of the newspaper nova rada wrote that, despite the late hour , the audience was patiently waiting in the hall, filled with soulful strength. don't be blunt gathered on volodymyrska street, near the building of the then pedagogical museum. it was 20 minutes into the first one, when hrushevsky climbed the podium, the whole hall stood up and froze. this is what the new rada writes. when he read the words of the universal, the ukrainian people's republic alone becomes an independent, independent, free, sovereign state

of the ukrainian people. the ovatsy storm shook the blue hall. people shouted. glory to independent ukraine. voting has begun. of the 49 council members, 39 were in favor, four were against, and another six abstained. and again in vaca and in one rush ukraine is not dead yet caught up in the hall. we are used to consider the leaders of the ukrainian revolution to be slow and indecisive, but in fact, only nine months passed from the beginning of the ukrainian revolution to the declaration of independence. the ukrainians were second only to the finns in the russian empire and did not defend their independence not because of a lack of determination, but because of

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two hours to learn about the war and what the world is like, two hours to keep up with economic and sports news, two hours in the company of favorite presenters, presenters who have become familiar to many, as well as distinguished guests of the studio, events of the day in two hours, vasyl zima's big broadcast. a project for the intelligent and those who care about espresso in the evening. a new week on espresso - a weekly summary information and analytical program, a clear understanding of the key events of the past week, analysis of the causes and consequences of these events from experts, forecasts of the development of the situation for the current week, the opportunity to ask your own questions and join the discussion. spend the final monday evening with us and walk confidently into the new week. new week project with khrystyna yatskiv and others. let's go to espresso every monday at 20:00. hello, my

name is volodymyr yatrovych, i am a historian and this is a project of 10 days of independence. why 10? it so happened that over the past 100 years our path to freedom has been winding. i believe that understanding the turning points along the way is the key to our shared future. i suggest you join me... these historical events, to see them through the eyes of the participants. hotel george is the oldest operating not only in lviv, but also in all of ukraine. for more than 120 hundreds of famous guests have stayed in this building for years. among them honore de balzac, before. for a long time in lviv, going to george's for coffee was considered a whole event, and morning coffee

is accompanied by a newspaper. at dawn on november 1, 1918, probably none of the guests of the george hotel suspected that they fell asleep under one state, the austro-hungarian empire, and woke up under another. and all this happened thanks to the event, which later historians will call the november act or the november disruption, when the ukrainians during one night without firing a single shot military coup and literally wrested lviv from the hands of austria-hungary and poland. it was so unexpected that they didn't even have time to print about it in the morning newspapers. in the leading magazine of halychyna, dilo, for november 1, there was not

a word about the night events in the city. the first pages of the newspaper contained news from vienna that the habsburg empire was reaching its last days. the local galician news reported about an officer who was looking for a bride to be a virgin or a childless widow, only if she would send her photo. or about a doctor who asked an acquaintance from newspaper posts: yulka, why don't you write, about news from the front, because the first world war was still going on, although it was clear that peace was near, the pages of the lviv newspaper ran. in the polish-language magazine published in the city of leva, there were announcements about cards for sugar and bread, as well as about masses for an important holiday for roman catholics, all saints' day. but there was nothing about the fact that the government in... in lviv, the capital of the kingdom of galicia and lodomeria, is no longer austro-hungarian or even polish. so about the fact that something happened at night

unexpected and at the same time historical, the guests of the george hotel could find out only by stepping out onto the balcony and also looking out of their window. the spire of the town hall, which is always on top, is clearly visible from here. raise the national flag. on november 1, 1918, this flag was not austro-hungarian, not polish, but ukrainian. apparently, the guests of the george hotel and the townspeople in general were wondering and asking each other who raised it, how and when, what had happened? actually, the official austrian-polish delegation was supposed to arrive in lviv on november 1. delegation to convey power over eastern galicia. those were the last days of the mighty austro-hungarian empire. at

that time. it was the second largest country in europe, it covered the territory of 12 modern states, including part of ukraine. in order to prevent the disintegration of austria-hungary, on october 16 , emperor charles issued a manifesto to my faithful austrian peoples, and in it he promised to rebuild the empire on a federal basis. according to the will of its people, austria should become a united state in which every nationality, people. has the right to form on tereni the seat of their humanity, their own state unit, the state. from the very next day, the peoples of austria-hungary began to create their states one by one, and a few weeks after that, a competition began between ukrainians and poles, who would soon declare their own statehood on the ruins of the austro-hungarian empire, and who would get eastern galicia. after the annexation of the galician

lands to... to the austrian empire, to the havdorgi empire, such an artificial crown region was created under the name of the kingdoms of galicia and lodomeria, which included ukrainian ethnic lands and also part of polish lands , including krakow. the capital of this protected region was lviv, and key institutions of the region were located here, and the polish and ukrainian elite were concentrated here, and in fact, if we take the pre-revolutionary time, lviv was the center of the polish national movement, because the best were here. conditions, rather than the poles who belonged to the russian empire, we know that at that time in dnipro ukraine , the central council was actually in power, and in the 18th year heitman pavlo skoropadskyi came to power as a result of the coup, those events in dnipro ukraine motivated galician ukrainians to create a national state. already two days after caesar's

manifesto about the federals. ukrainian deputies of both chambers of the austrian parliament, galician and bukovyna regional seyms, delegates of all ukrainian political parties, clergy and envoys and students are gathering in lviv. their meetings were held here, now it is the officers' house, and more than 100 years ago it was the people's house. about half a thousand people gathered here on friday evening, and already parted on saturday morning, with a ready decision, the ukrainian national council was created. lawyer and member of the austro-hungarian parliament yevhen petrushevich is elected as its president. and the first manifesto proclaims the ukrainian state. the very next day, his text is published in the dilo newspaper. here he is. it states that ukrainians living in the ukrainian ethnic lands of the austro-hungarian empire, eastern galicia, northern bukovina and zakarpattia have the right to create their own

state. a day later, on sunday morning, residents of lviv, who were in a hurry to attend the service of god or simply went for a walk, paid attention to the leaflets pasted around the city. ukrainian women and men of the city of lviv. on sunday, october 20 , 1918, at 11 o'clock in the morning, everyone will gather at st. george's square in lviv, where the manifesto declaration of ukrainian statehood will take place. long live ukraine, come all of you without fail, the announcement said. at 11:00 a.m., st. george's square was already crowded, countless masses of ukrainians from lviv had gathered, reporters and newspapers later wrote about it. all ukrainian the national territory is constituted as a ukrainian state. the member of the austro-hungarian parliament, kos levytskyi, read lines from the manifesto and proclaimed the creation of the ukrainian

state in... sunday morning , people also rushed to the latin cathedral of the largest roman catholic church in lviv for mass. representatives of local and regional authorities of polish organizations and clubs came not just to pray to god, but, as the polish press said, to testify to the polishness of lviv. everything happened in almost a mirror image to what happened on yura square. first, the archbishop read the proclamation on the declaration of polish statehood, then under the dome of the cathedral against.