evening. we're just a few days away - evening. we're just a few days away from — - evening. we're just a few days away from me— . evening. we're just a few days away from the coronation- evening. we're just a few days away from the coronation a truly historia— away from the coronation a truly historic event.— away from the coronation a truly historic event. there hasn't been— historic event. there hasn't been one— historic event. there hasn't been one since— historic event. there hasn't been one since 1953. for many people— been one since 1953. for many people ,— been one since 1953. for many people , apie— been one since 1953. for many people , this literally is a once people, this literally is a once in people, this literally is a once p. a— people, this literally is a once in a lifetime— people, this literally is a once in a lifetime experience . and we in a lifetime experience. and we as a channel— in a lifetime experience. and we as a channel here— in a lifetime experience. and we as a channel here at gb news are very— as a channel here at gb news are very excited— as a channel here at gb news are very excited about— as a channel here at gb news are very excited about the few days that— very excited about the few days that — very excited about the few days that are coming— very excited about the few days that are coming up. but what appea— that are coming up. but what about the— that are coming up. but what about the history— that are coming up. but what about the history and origins of apie— about the history and origins of this ceremony?— about the history and origins of this ceremony? well the crown a thousand— this ceremony? well the crown a thousand yea— this ceremony? well the crown a thousand year history is about to thousand year history is about ae pe— thousand year history is about to be spewe— thousand year history is about to be shown to— thousand year history is about to be shown to you and it's predecea— to be shown to you and it's produced and— to be shown to you and it's produced and told by who other p...— produced and told by who other p... davie— produced and told by who other than david starkey .

for. since fea- since 1953, i fea— since 1953, i watched the coronation _ since 1953, i watched the coronation of— since 1953, i watched the coronation of her late majesty, eaeep— coronation of her late majesty, queen elizabeth— coronation of her late majesty, queen elizabeth ii. ' z coronation of her late majesty, queen elizabeth ii. ' “2 queen elizabeth ii. and as an appa— queen elizabeth ii. and as an eight year— queen elizabeth ii. and as an eight year old boy on our neighbours newly bought tv . now neighbours newly bought tv. now 70 years on and having spent much of my life researching and writing about the british monarchy, i'm about to witness our new king inaugurated in a slimmed down version of that same ceremony. it's more than pageantry, more even than the king's self dedicate nation before god. it's a profoundly political act because compressed it into two hours of pomp and circumstance are 1200 years of

history . they explain how we history. they explain how we came to be governed with moderation and stability, not just to subjects, but as citizens , not beneath the king citizens, not beneath the king but in cooperation with him. that's the story i want to share with you now . with you now. this is westminster abbey, where kings and queens of england have been crowned for almost a thousand years. on may sixth, charles iii, will join their number. he'll be consecrated and crowned by the grace of god to the sound of organ and trumpets . but he also swear. oh oaths. these oaths amount to a contract between the king and his people. and the penalties for breaking those oaths have been terrible because england is a royal

republic and any king who refuses to recognise that fact has paid the price of execution and the toppling of his crown. the last king to suffer that fate was also called king charles. i exercise the history of the english monarchy stretches back over 1500 years into the mists of the dark ages . but the story of the coronation begins here in bath , coronation begins here in bath, england's founding father , king england's founding father, king alfred the great, had united the engush alfred the great, had united the english to defeat the vikings and his descendants extend those conquests into an overlord lordship of the whole of britain , including wales, scotland and the western isles . now alfred's the western isles. now alfred's great grandson, edgar, wanted to cement his rule with a display of unprecedented grandeur . it's of unprecedented grandeur. it's whitsunday 973. whitsunday is

the feast which celebrates the moment at which the holy spirit descended on christ's disciples and the day has been chosen by saint dunstan, the great bishop of england, to crown a crown in christian terms, the king of all the english. edgar it's going to be his second coronation, maybe even more, because now it's a quasi imperial. he's going to be crowned not simply king of the english, but over lord of all britain . saint dunstan has given britain. saint dunstan has given very careful thought to the ceremony , and he produces what's ceremony, and he produces what's called an ordo. that's a ceremonial which becomes a model not simply for england , but for not simply for england, but for hungary, for poland, for milan , hungary, for poland, for milan, and above all, for now. on may 6th, you're going to hear roughly what they heard on whit sunday, 973. why bath for an

imperial coronation ? because imperial coronation? because bath is both a great christian centre . we're here in the abbey, centre. we're here in the abbey, but right next door there is the grand este remains of roman britain. the baths possibly still with their great curved roof, though it may have been half in ruin. so it's a symbol of a world of christianity and rome and england. the service goes like this. it's so familiar to edgar begins because he's a pious king by taking an oath administered by saint dunstan. it's a threefold oath . the first it's a threefold oath. the first thing that he does is to swear to keep true peace to the church and people . and then because and people. and then because these are pretty rough times to repress rapine and iniquity. these are pretty rough times to repress rapine and iniquity . and repress rapine and iniquity. and then finally, little only the words which king charles will swear to do justice in mercy and

in truth. so he sworn an oath. he's made a contract with god to be a good king. at that moment, you go back beyond rome, even you go back beyond rome, even you go back to the old testament . and at that point, you hear what we will hear. zadok the priest, and nathan the prophet, anointed solomon king. and edgar is anointed conce , secreted, is anointed conce, secreted, devoted to god . and then the devoted to god. and then the ceremony unfolds with all the apparatus, the regalia of monarchy. first, a ring is put upon a finger, then he's girded with a sword. and then at the climax the crown is put upon his head and he is offered the two sceptres the actual sceptre and the rod . he's acclaimed . he's the rod. he's acclaimed. he's king a christian king, and then it all relaxes a bit. and they

have the coronation feast at which is reported because he's a very virtuous king that nobody gets too drunk . and nobody was gets too drunk. and nobody was more aware of this legacy of christian monarchy than hurley majesty queen elizabeth ii and that moment of her coronation that moment of her coronation that was private that we didn't see her anointing. so now, on the thousandth anniversary of edgars the thousandth anniversary of edgar's coronation she came here and she knelt to commemorate that first anointing , that that first anointing, that anointing is the central ritual of the elaborate ceremony. we'll see on saturday. we talk of the event as the coronation. that's to say , the putting of the to say, the putting of the corona, the crown on the monarch's head, but actually the most important, the most ancient bit going right back to the old testament is the idea of

consecration , the anointing with consecration, the anointing with holy oils . it consecration, the anointing with holy oils. it was, of consecration, the anointing with holy oils . it was, of course the holy oils. it was, of course the bit of the service that the queen for her coronation back in 1953 insisted you didn't see. similarly, king charles has taken that decision on saturday. we will not actually see this bit. it consists of holy oils , a bit. it consists of holy oils, a particular kind of oil , an oil particular kind of oil, an oil of chrism. i suppose if i'm being a little bit irreverent, a kind of sacred bull cream that was in a receptacle called an ampulla and we have a version of it here that will actually be used for the ceremony . it here that will actually be used for the ceremony. but it here that will actually be used for the ceremony . but what used for the ceremony. but what we do have quite extraordinary. we have a mediaeval spoon that we know was used from the 14th century onwards and probably long, long before the oil is placed. well, basically, all over the monarch. why it's concealed isn't only that, it's sacred. in the middle ages, the

monarch would have been stripped, stripped to the waist, if not more. the oil goes on the head. it goes on the shoulder blades. it goes on the breasts. it goes inside the arms there and on the hands. the oil, of course , is sacred oil . and on the hands. the oil, of course , is sacred oil. king course, is sacred oil. king charles's oil has been specially consecrated in jerusalem. so you've not simply got a monarch who is by divine right. you've got a monarch who is physically endowed with divine grace . how endowed with divine grace. how do you deal with that in a complicated polity ? yes, because complicated polity? yes, because no matter how sacred the person of the king no matter the religiosity of the coronation ceremony , monarchy was primarily ceremony, monarchy was primarily the embodiment of political power . and as such, it could be power. and as such, it could be subject to violent seizure and overthrow . so the anglo—saxon overthrow. so the anglo—saxon kings would experience this less than a century after edgar was crowned , because in 1066, a crowned, because in 1066, a dispute over the succession to

the crown would change the course of our history. the crown would change the course of our history . arnie course of our history. arnie even the language which we speak. and you can see it all in the bio tapestry when the saintly king edward the confessor died without children , the crown fell to his brother in law, harold godwinson , who in law, harold godwinson, who crossed the english channel, was the ruthless and piratical william duke of normandy , armed william duke of normandy, armed with a formidable host of knights and what he claimed was a promise from the now dead king edward that he should inherit the crown of england . william the crown of england. william invaded and crushed the forces of his rival at the battle of hastings. he was crowned here at westminster abbey on christmas day , where every subsequent day, where every subsequent monarch but one is celebrated their coronation, including our new king charles iii .

radio. i i'm i radio. i'm getting myself ready to do a lecture evening at the a lecture this evening at the british hungarian society on coronations . now, i british hungarian society on coronations. now, i find when i'm about to give a lecture, it focuses the old mind. the big idea came into my head. hungary is a republic, but it's got a crown on top of its coat of arms. so i thought, crown on top of its coat of arms. so i thought , aha, let's arms. so i thought, aha, let's do a lecture on the crowned repubuc do a lecture on the crowned republic of hungary and of britain, because in britain the king swears an oath and if he breaks it, do you know what he loses his crown. let's try it out . i'm a loses his crown. let's try it out. i'm a creature that wonderful denis grating phrase television historian. the sneer

which the academic inflate act upon you. i remember once when the even worse term was flung at me. popular historian to which i responded, i suppose it's better than being an unpopular historian. anyway, it might seem strange that the rule of william the conqueror, who would seized and ruled england by brutal force, would eventually give way to a limited monarchy that depended on the consent of the people. however defined. but in order to rule effectively , order to rule effectively, william and his descendants knew that they had to keep their militarily powerful barons on side when they forgot this fact, as king john did in the early 13th century, the nobles were quick to remind them constantly raising taxes in order to pay for his disastrous wars in france. john face mounting noble resistance until in 1215 he was

compelled to seal the document that became the foundation stone of the english constitution. man una carta, effectively a piece treaty between the warring sides . it put into writing 63 chapters, defining the rights and responsibilities of the crown and its subjects . no crown and its subjects. no sooner was the ink dry , however, sooner was the ink dry, however, than the king renounced it, triggering renewed civil war and a french invasion. paradoxically the situation was saved by john's death. the following yean john's death. the following year, his son henry , the third, year, his son henry, the third, was crowned within ten days. here in gloucester cathedral. he was just nine, wearing a set of child sized royal robes and crowned with one of his mother's bracelets . but there was bracelets. but there was politics behind the pageantry as the boys regents headed off opposition by reissuing magna carta in his name. but it was magna carta shorn of its contentious chapter 61, which

had put real power in the hands of a committee of 25 barons and reduced the king to a mere figurehead . instead, a new forum figurehead. instead, a new forum for balancing crown and people was forged . it took its name was forged. it took its name from the french parle to speak. this is the palace of westminster, which from the late 13th century becomes more and more the regular meeting place of that peculiar english thing called parliament that most european kingdom homes have got estates in which the clergy and the first estate, the nobility , the first estate, the nobility, the first estate, the nobility, the second, and the common folk or their representatives meet separately. the english parliament is different, not three estates but two houses. the house of lords and the house of commons in the house of lords, though the great nobles, the duke marquesses, earls and so on, and the very rich and

important bishops and abbots. thenin important bishops and abbots. then in the house of commons there are the representatives of there are the representatives of the counties and the towns , and the counties and the towns, and already by the 14th century you'll get the judges saying every law passed by parliament binds everybody in the kingdom because everybody's represented there either in person in the house of lords or by their representative in the house of commons. there's something else that's very peculiar about the engush that's very peculiar about the english parliament, the estates of most countries, frankly , are of most countries, frankly, are just a nuisance . they exist to just a nuisance. they exist to get in the way of royal government and to obstruct it. in england, parliament becomes part of royal government, an essential part. it's the only place you can make law. it's the only place you can legally raise taxation. and it's the creation. and here we get it so wrong. a strong king's not weak ones , but

strong king's not weak ones, but it takes strong kings to manage it. the archetype of a strong king was edward the first and the archetype of a weak one was his son edward. the second. his nobles were immediately suspicious of him, and at his coronation in 1308, he was compelled to swear a new oath with an extraordinary additional clause to uphold the rightful laws and customs which the people shall have chosen . but people shall have chosen. but edward's weakness and favouritism meant that he repeatedly broke the promises he'd made, and that would lead to his end . here, this is the to his end. here, this is the guard room of berkeley castle in gloucestershire . here. it's gloucestershire. here. it's here. that king edward. the second was brought after he'd been defeated and captured by his outraged wife , queen his outraged wife, queen isabella of france, and her lover, roger mortimer earl of march . meanwhile, in london,

march. meanwhile, in london, something unheard of was happening. a parliament was summoned to oversee the quasi legal dup position of a king, a dirty deed to be done in public. according to a sort of law. they drew up what were called the articles of accusation . the articles of accusation. the bafic articles of accusation. the basic charge was that edward had always listened to evil counsel and that he'd refused good counsel. all this meant that he'd done unworthy , unseemly he'd done unworthy, unseemly things , that he had lost out to things, that he had lost out to the scots , lost at bannockburn, the scots, lost at bannockburn, lost the great lands of england in france. it meant also that he had damaged the church . he had had damaged the church. he had murdered , stripped of their murdered, stripped of their lands , great nobles. and then lands, great nobles. and then the clause that summarises everything. it turns back to the coronation oath . it accused the

coronation oath. it accused the king of having sworn to do justice and having failed to do justice and having failed to do just this and having failed to honour all the other clauses of his coronation oath . and his coronation oath. and finally, it said that he was in corrigible. in other words , that corrigible. in other words, that he'd broken a contract act. the oath has shifted . it's not an oath has shifted. it's not an oath has shifted. it's not an oath now , primarily between god oath now, primarily between god and the king. it's an oath , a and the king. it's an oath, a conditional oath between the king and his people . edward has king and his people. edward has broken it and very rarely has a breach of contract been punished more horribly . breach of contract been punished more horribly. he's murdered. and the two story of the murder one is that he's pressed to death on his bed under a table. the other, the one that schoolboys are always like that. a bull's horn was shoved up his fundament followed by a red hot poker . the people in

fundament followed by a red hot poker. the people in parliament had asserted an unprecedented power using the coronation oath to impose terms upon the king and holding him to those terms by force . but just over half a by force. but just over half a century after edward the second was murdered, a new king came to the throne with a profoundly different sense of monarchy. because richard the second treated the idea of consecration at his coronation with profound reverence . his was rule by reverence. his was rule by divine right, and he wasn't going to be answerable to a rabble of petty nobles as this is the wilton diptych , one of is the wilton diptych, one of the most famous, if not the most famous mediaeval painting in the world. and it shows king richard the second here, kneeling in adoration before the virgin , the adoration before the virgin, the figure there with the halo carrying the baby, the golden baby with his halo, the christ

child diptych means a painting of two halves to leaves, but again, there's another sense in which this is a painting of two halves. here we have of the aethereal vision of divine right monarchy . aethereal vision of divine right monarchy. but behind it there's something darker , much more something darker, much more dangerous . something darker, much more dangerous. gangsterish something darker, much more dangerous . gangsterish nasty. dangerous. gangsterish nasty. let's look at the aethereal first. richard is born on the 6th of january. that's the feast of the epiphany , when the three of the epiphany, when the three wise men having seen the star that manifests the fact that the baby jesus is actually divine is the son of god. travel to worship in the stable in bethlehem. and we've got here three kings. we've got richard himself, we've got behind saint edward edward the confessor, who was the founder, saint of the monarchy. and remember, it's in front of his tomb that richard was crowned . and if you look

was crowned. and if you look carefully, you'll see edward is holding a ring. carefully, you'll see edward is holding a ring . richard would holding a ring. richard would actually have had that coronation ring of edward put on his finger because from the rebuilding of westminster abbey, they actually used edward the confessor's funeral regalia to crown the new king. the literal touching with the saint. and then here is another great engush then here is another great english royal saint. saint edmund king of the angles of the east saxons, who was defeated in battle by the vikings and shot to death with arrows before he had his head cut off because the vikings believed in doing things thoroughly. so you've got three kings, a living king of england, and two of his predecessors , and two of his predecessors, both sainted. but it's also the 6th of january. again this layering of religious belief, the 6th of january then was also the 6th of january then was also the feast of the baptism of christ by saint john. the baptist, who is here with islam , which is also the lamb of god

, presenting richard to the virgin. and the christ child. that's the world of aethereal monarchy of the king, blessed by the multitude of saints at one with the kingdom of heaven. but it look a little bit more carefully . richard has got carefully. richard has got a collar around his neck, goes and hanging from it is the badge of the white hart . okay. all right. the white hart. okay. all right. all nicely symbolic. monarchs wear badges and chains, don't they ? look over here, though, they? look over here, though, and there's something really rather odd. we've got a signal that suddenly heaven has been taken over by england and probably by richard, because we can actually see one of the angels is holding the banner of saint george. and if you look very, very carefully at the top , you'll see there's the orb. the thing that richard had as his coronation that appears on his coronation that appears on his coronation that appears on his coronation portrait . you can his coronation portrait. you can see it up there. and again , this

see it up there. and again, this minute quality of the picture over there england reflected over there is england reflected in the orb . but there's another in the orb. but there's another way in which this isn't just england. it's richard . because england. it's richard. because each one of the angels. do you know what is wearing a broom's court collar and the badge of the white hart? now, this is where some only the whole thing shifts from the aethereal to the brutal and the political. because what richard does is to underpin his claim to divine right by ruling effectively as a gangster. historians call these things the collars and the badges. they call them the symbols of feudalism. what had happenedin symbols of feudalism. what had happened in the hundred years war against france , of course, war against france, of course, was that the great nobility had built up military followings and to identify them in battle, they give them these symbols, they give them these symbols, they give them these badges. but of course, richard , his accession course, richard, his accession marks the collapse of england's

efforts in france . richard tries efforts in france. richard tries to maintain peace with france and the nobles and their followers come . home and england followers come. home and england finds itself as a kind of gangster monarchy . the king had gangster monarchy. the king had got two choices. could he suppress feudalism ? um. well, suppress feudalism? um. well, richard makes a shot at it. i think it's just nominal. what he really chooses to do is to make himself the biggest feudal lord of them all richer, more powerful , of them all richer, more powerful, and of them all richer, more powerful , and with of them all richer, more powerful, and with more retainers. is cheshire archers, who also wear that and intimidate even parliament itself . if england's nobles itself. if england's nobles weren't going to stand for this intimidation option, but even in the face of rebellion, richard refused to depart from his belief in his divine right to rule . as shakespeare captures in rule. as shakespeare captures in his portrait of the king erg not

all the water in the rough, rude sea can wash the balm off from an anointed king. the breath of poppy— an anointed king. the breath of poppy mea— an anointed king. the breath of worldly men cannot— “ “22 2 the breath of worldly men cannot depose “ “22 “2 the breath of worldly men cannot depose the deputy— worldly men cannot depose the aepaay eaeeaea— worldly men cannot depose the deputy elected by— worldly men cannot depose the deputy elected by the lord for every— deputy elected by the lord for every man. bolingbroke hath paeeeea— every man. bolingbroke hath paeeeea ee— every man. bolingbroke hath pressed to lift— every man. bolingbroke hath pressed to lift shrewd steel agape— pressed to lift shrewd steel agape ea— pressed to lift shrewd steel against our golden crown god for his against our golden crown god for pie repara— against our golden crown god for his richard hath— against our golden crown god for his richard hath in— against our golden crown god for his richard hath in heavenly pay , a glorious— his richard hath in heavenly pay , a glorious angel— his richard hath in heavenly pay , a glorious angel .— his richard hath in heavenly pay , a glorious angel . well, then , , a glorious angel. well, then, if , a glorious angel. well, then, p appeas— , a glorious angel. well, then, a appeae papa— , a glorious angel. well, then, if angels fight ,_ , a glorious angel. well, then, if angels fight , weak men must if angels fight, weak men must fall if angels fight, weak men must eat fea— if angels fight, weak men must fall for heaven. _ if angels fight, weak men must fall for heaven. still guards the— fall for heaven. still guards the appa— fall for heaven. still guards ape papa . — fall for heaven. still guards the right. but— fall for heaven. still guards the right. but it- fall for heaven. still guards the right. c fall for heaven. still guards the right . c 22 the right. but it was no good. led by his own cousin , the led by his own cousin, the nobles were too strong and richard was deposed once again in a sort of parliamentary trial. he was accused of behaving as though the laws were in his mouth , as if he alone at in his mouth, as if he alone at to the make law and not the king in parliament in short, that

he'd broken his coronation oath, imprisoned . he was probably imprisoned. he was probably starved to death . his attempt to starved to death. his attempt to remodel england's kingship had endedin remodel england's kingship had ended in agonising failure .

us news. channel the deposition us news. channel- . the deposition and us news. channel— . the deposition and murder of richard ape— . the deposition and murder of richard the second— . the deposition and murder of richard the second-the- richard the second left, the peppe— richard the second left, the noble dominated parliament. more power— noble dominated parliament. more power p...— noble dominated parliament. more power apap evea— noble dominated parliament. more power than ever, so— noble dominated parliament. more power than ever, so powerful in pa,— power than ever, so powerful in face, that— power than ever, so powerful in face, that p— power than ever, so powerful in fact, that it became impossible to central— fact, that it became impossible to control events— fact, that it became impossible to control events utterly unshackled_ to control events utterly unshackled by monarchical authority,— unshackled by monarchical authority, civil— unshackled by monarchical authority, civil war broke out. the— authority, civil war broke out. we ware— authority, civil war broke out. we ef— authority, civil war broke out. the wars of the— authority, civil war broke out. the wars of the roses pitted two actions— the wars of the roses pitted two faewepe ef— the wars of the roses pitted two factions of the— the wars of the roses pitted two factions of the royal family agape— factions of the royal family against each— factions of the royal family against each other and the swappe— against each other and the struggle ef— against each other and the struggle of the— against each other and the struggle of the house of lancaster— struggle of the house of lancaster and- struggle of the house of lancaster and the house of york were— lancaster and the house of york were we— lancaster and the house of york tore the kingdom _ lancaster and the house of york tore the kingdom apart. only in

wes— tore the kingdom apart. only in was wa— tore the kingdom apart. only in was ape— tore the kingdom apart. only in 1485 was one man— tore the kingdom apart. only in 1485 was one man capable of returning— 1485 was one man capable of returning wee— 1485 was one man capable of returning the country to stability— returning the country to stability .— returning the country to stability . motty henry, the stability. motty henry, the seventh— stability. motty henry, the seventh a— stability. motty henry, the seventh a lancastrian by remote aeeeepw— seventh a lancastrian by remote descent, claimed— seventh a lancastrian by remote descent, claimed the throne and paempaw— descent, claimed the throne and promptly married— descent, claimed the throne and promptly married elizabeth of weak,— promptly married elizabeth of weak, merging— promptly married elizabeth of york, merging the two houses wee— york, merging the two houses we a— york, merging the two houses we a single— york, merging the two houses into a single dynasty, the weare— into a single dynasty, the tudors ae— into a single dynasty, the tudors as but— into a single dynasty, the tudors as but the strictly pewee— tudors as but the strictly police parameters of the english monarchy— police parameters of the english monarchy didn't— police parameters of the english monarchy didn't sit well with awe— monarchy didn't sit well with this ambitious— monarchy didn't sit well with this ambitious and ruthless famaw— this ambitious and ruthless famaw apa— this ambitious and ruthless family and shortly into his reapp— family and shortly into his man, weary— family and shortly into his reign, henry the seventh commissioned- reign, henry the seventh commissioned the making of a new wager,— commissioned the making of a new crown. bigger, heavier and more appenda— crown. bigger, heavier and more epaepaw p...— crown. bigger, heavier and more splendid than any— crown. bigger, heavier and more splendid than any before . it splendid than any before. it ewmpeweea— splendid than any before. it symbolised the— splendid than any before. it symbolised the resurgence of the mepaepw. — symbolised the resurgence of the mepaepw. we— symbolised the resurgence of the monarchy. the band of the crown awemaaea— monarchy. the band of the crown alternated the _ monarchy. the band of the crown alternated the crosses of enam— alternated the crosses of england with— alternated the crosses of england with the fleur de lis of france— england with the fleur de lis of france apa— england with the fleur de lis of france, and it— england with the fleur de lis of france, and it was— england with the fleur de lis of france, and it was surmounted by two intersecting— france, and it was surmounted by two intersecting arches which signified— two intersecting arches which signified imperial power. the new crown imperial hinted at the awareness— new crown imperial hinted at the arapapeee ef— new crown imperial hinted at the grandness of henry— new crown imperial hinted at the grandness of henry the seventh ampwepe- — grandness of henry the seventh

ambitions. his— grandness of henry the seventh ambitions. his son, england's meet— ambitions. his son, england's most imperial— ambitions. his son, england's most imperial king, would sweep— most imperial king, would stretch the— most imperial king, would stretch the notion of limited monarchy— stretch the notion of limited mepaew ae— stretch the notion of limited monarchy to its— stretch the notion of limited monarchy to its breaking point . monarchy to its breaking point. we monarchy to its breaking point. we au— monarchy to its breaking point. we all knew— monarchy to its breaking point. we all know that— monarchy to its breaking point. we all know that henry the eighth— we all know that henry the eaapap pae— we all know that henry the eighth had six— we all know that henry the eighth had six wives, but we're tees— eighth had six wives, but we're less familiar— eighth had six wives, but we're less familiar with— eighth had six wives, but we're less familiar with the fact that henry— less familiar with the fact that henry ptappea— less familiar with the fact that henry ptappea a— less familiar with the fact that henry planned a second coronation.— henry planned a second coronation. probably here in weak.— coronation. probably here in york. minster— coronation. probably here in york. minster where he came in the york. minster where he came in we summe— york. minster where he came in the summer of— york. minster where he came in the summer of 1541 with his fifth — the summer of 1541 with his fifth wife,— the summer of 1541 with his fifth wife, catherine howard . fifth wife, catherine howard. apa— fifth wife, catherine howard. and he— fifth wife, catherine howard. and he even— fifth wife, catherine howard. and he even seems to have earned— and he even seems to have carried awa— and he even seems to have carried out a— and he even seems to have carried out a revision of his ewptpat— carried out a revision of his original coronation oath , which original coronation oath, which he knew,— original coronation oath, which he knew pv— original coronation oath, which he knew, by the— original coronation oath, which he knew, by the way, that he'd prehea— he knew, by the way, that he'd broken down— he knew, by the way, that he'd broken down for— he knew, by the way, that he'd broken down for the event . and broken down for the event. and aetaahw— broken down for the event. and actuallvv thie— broken down for the event. and actually, this is— broken down for the event. and actually, this is a— broken down for the event. and actually, this is a very close eehheeheh— actually, this is a very close connection between the number of _ connection between the number of aha— connection between the number of and the— connection between the number of wives and the plan— connection between the number of wives and the plan for a second cavehaheh — wives and the plan for a second coronation. john— wives and the plan for a second coronation. john henry's first marriage— coronation. john henry's first marriage ae— coronation. john henry's first marriage to catherine of aragon had begun— marriage to catherine of aragon had begun ae— marriage to catherine of aragon had begun as a— marriage to catherine of aragon had begun as a love marriage , had begun as a love marriage, hat— had begun as a love marriage, hat thhpe— had begun as a love marriage, but things had— had begun as a love marriage, but things had cooled when cathehhe— but things had cooled when catherine only— but things had cooled when catherine only gave him a daughter— catherine only gave him a daughter .— catherine only gave him a daughter. remember, no woman have— daughter. remember, no woman have eat— daughter. remember, no woman have eat eh— daughter. remember, no woman have sat on the— daughter. remember, no woman have sat on the throne of ehptaha— have sat on the throne of england veh— have sat on the throne of england yet, and also poor she— england yet, and also poor woman. she lost her figure and age— woman. she lost her figure and age patchw— woman. she lost her figure and age quickly because of the

repeated— age quickly because of the repeated failed— age quickly because of the repeated failed pregnancies. but what— repeated failed pregnancies. but what happen— repeated failed pregnancies. but what changed? everything was the awhvah— what changed? everything was the awhvah ah— what changed? everything was the arrival at court— what changed? everything was the arrival at court of— what changed? everything was the arrival at court of anne boleyn. appe— arrival at court of anne boleyn. the hat— arrival at court of anne boleyn. anne had been— arrival at court of anne boleyn. anne had been brought up in trance,— anne had been brought up in france, where— anne had been brought up in france, where she had mastered the language— france, where she had mastered the language more importantly, heeeme— the language more importantly, heeeme a— the language more importantly, become a mistress of the arts, of become a mistress of the arts, at camp— become a mistress of the arts, of courtly love.— become a mistress of the arts, of courtly love. the result was that— of courtly love. the result was that she— of courtly love. the result was that she had— of courtly love. the result was that she had men— of courtly love. the result was that she had men at her feet , that she had men at her feet, heathe— that she had men at her feet, including principally henry v, the— including principally henry v, the awe— including principally henry v, the two at— including principally henry v, the two of them— including principally henry v, the two of them pledged to marry . oh— the two of them pledged to marry . oh the— the two of them pledged to marry . oh the m— the two of them pledged to marry . oh the m at— the two of them pledged to marry . on the 1st of january 1527. t hey— . on the 1st of january 1527. they couldn't— . on the 1st of january 1527. they couldn't have chosen a hme— they couldn't have chosen a worse time to— they couldn't have chosen a worse time to do— they couldn't have chosen a worse time to do it because at each— worse time to do it because at each that— worse time to do it because at exactly that moment, catherine's nephew— exactly that moment, catherine's mephew .— exactly that moment, catherine's mephew , ahe— exactly that moment, catherine's mephew , the how— exactly that moment, catherine's nephew , the holy roman emperor, nephew, the holy roman emperor, chatea— nephew, the holy roman emperor, chawee the— nephew, the holy roman emperor, charles the fifth,— nephew, the holy roman emperor, charles the fifth, was making hhmeeh— charles the fifth, was making himself master— charles the fifth, was making himself master of italy , where himself master of italy, where his himself master of italy, where he heape— himself master of italy, where he heepe h— himself master of italy, where his troops in a— himself master of italy, where his troops in a month or two weave— his troops in a month or two would conquer— his troops in a month or two would conquer would sack rome and aemauv— would conquer would sack rome and actually capture to the pope . hm— and actually capture to the pope . hm h— and actually capture to the pope . pm if the — and actually capture to the pope . pm at the pepe— and actually capture to the pope . but if the pope couldn't or wewhhh— . but if the pope couldn't or wouldn't give— . but if the pope couldn't or wouldn't give henry his divorce, hea— wouldn't give henry his divorce, me have— wouldn't give henry his divorce, me have he— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he'd have to get— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he'd have to get it— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he'd have to get it in england , he'd have to get it in england, the— he'd have to get it in england, this meant— he'd have to get it in england, this meant rewriting all the

whee— this meant rewriting all the mtee eh— this meant rewriting all the rules of church— this meant rewriting all the rules of church and state. some in rules of church and state. some m hmaahahve— rules of church and state. some in imaginative historical research discovered that henry hae— research discovered that henry me am— research discovered that henry had an imperial— research discovered that henry had an imperial power that meant that he— had an imperial power that meant that he ama— had an imperial power that meant that he and not— had an imperial power that meant that he and not the— had an imperial power that meant that he and not the pope , was that he and not the pope, was head— that he and not the pope, was head eh— that he and not the pope, was head eh ahe— that he and not the pope, was head of the church . henry by head of the church. henry by cavema— head of the church. henry by careful management. and after six careful management. and after eh weave— careful management. and after six years persuaded parliament to six years persuaded parliament ae agree— six years persuaded parliament he agree .— six years persuaded parliament he agree . hemrv— six years persuaded parliament to agree . henry and anne were to agree. henry and anne were mated— to agree. henry and anne were mated h— to agree. henry and anne were married in january 1536, and she phvem— married in january 1536, and she phvem a— married in january 1536, and she was given a magnificent ceremahheh— was given a magnificent coronation in— was given a magnificent coronation in may. but i'm arraha— coronation in may. but i'm afraid anne— coronation in may. but i'm afraid anne was- coronation in may. but i'm afraid anne was as unpopular as camhhha— afraid anne was as unpopular as camhhha h— afraid anne was as unpopular as camilla in the— afraid anne was as unpopular as camilla in the 1990s and the hemaem— camilla in the 1990s and the hemaem mee— camilla in the 1990s and the london mob at— camilla in the 1990s and the london mob at the coronation peee— london mob at the coronation procession where— london mob at the coronation procession where there were, of ehphere— procession where there were, of course, ciphers for— procession where there were, of course, ciphers for henry and ame— course, ciphers for henry and ame sem— course, ciphers for henry and anne sent them _ course, ciphers for henry and anne sent them up as only the hemaem— anne sent them up as only the hemaem mee— anne sent them up as only the london mob can— anne sent them up as only the london mob can by raucous hawphher— london mob can by raucous hawahher. ha— london mob can by raucous laughter. ha ha— london mob can by raucous laughter. ha ha ha . the marriage laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage haehea— laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage haehea rer— laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage lasted for barely— laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage lasted for barely three years herere— lasted for barely three years herere am— lasted for barely three years before an in— lasted for barely three years before an in turn was divorced ama— before an in turn was divorced and beheaded.— before an in turn was divorced and beheaded. but though he got rid and beheaded. but though he got me er— and beheaded. but though he got me er ame,— and beheaded. but though he got rid of anne, henry— and beheaded. but though he got

rid of anne, henry clung on to these— rid of anne, henry clung on to those principles— rid of anne, henry clung on to those principles which had emahhee— those principles which had enabled him _ those principles which had enabled him to marry her. the rewar— enabled him to marry her. the revah ewpremaev— enabled him to marry her. the royal supremacy over the church, the royal supremacy over the church, hhe rhea— royal supremacy over the church, hhe haea er— royal supremacy over the church, the idea of the— royal supremacy over the church, the idea of the imperial crown of the idea of the imperial crown er england— the idea of the imperial crown of england and— the idea of the imperial crown of england and the shrewd mamaaememh— of england and the shrewd management of parliament. and we-hh— management of parliament. and we-hh rhe— management of parliament. and we-hh the au— management of parliament. and we'll find all of— management of parliament. and we'll find all of them here in his revision— we'll find all of them here in his revision of— we'll find all of them here in his revision of the coronation eahh. — his revision of the coronation eahh. mew— his revision of the coronation oath. holy church becomes the church— oath. holy church becomes the chwreh er— oath. holy church becomes the church of england. the church of whheh— church of england. the church of whheh hemrv— church of england. the church of which henry was,— church of england. the church of which henry was, of course , the which henry was, of course, the heat— which henry was, of course, the heat aha— which henry was, of course, the heat and au— which henry was, of course, the head and all the— which henry was, of course, the head and all the traditional premheee— head and all the traditional premheee he— head and all the traditional promises to keep the peace between— promises to keep the peace between church _ promises to keep the peace between church and people to respect— between church and people to reepeeh rhe— between church and people to respect the ancient laws of the hmpaem. — respect the ancient laws of the kingdom. they're— respect the ancient laws of the kingdom. they're all made eater-eer— kingdom. they're all made ewhteeh he— kingdom. they're all made subject to henry's rights as king— subject to henry's rights as here ama— subject to henry's rights as hat and he— subject to henry's rights as king and to the— subject to henry's rights as king and to the powers of the rmperhah— king and to the powers of the imperial crown— king and to the powers of the imperial crown of the realm. but what-e— imperial crown of the realm. but whah-e ahe— imperial crown of the realm. but what's also striking is that hemrv— what's also striking is that hemrv ehewe— what's also striking is that henry shows his knowledge and understanding— henry shows his knowledge and understanding of— henry shows his knowledge and understanding of parliament. so hereaa— understanding of parliament. so hereaa er— understanding of parliament. so instead of the— understanding of parliament. so instead of the vague promise that— instead of the vague promise that he— instead of the vague promise that he king— instead of the vague promise that the king would rule aeeerehg— that the king would rule according to— that the king would rule according to the laws chosen by the peephe, — according to the laws chosen by the peephe, hemrv— according to the laws chosen by the people, henry carefully whee— the people, henry carefully wrhhee h— the people, henry carefully writes it all— the people, henry carefully writes it all out. he will rule aeeerahp— writes it all out. he will rule aeeerahp he— writes it all out. he will rule according to the— writes it all out. he will rule according to the laws chosen by

the according to the laws chosen by he mehhee— according to the laws chosen by the nobles and— according to the laws chosen by the nobles and people. but it, as haeea— the nobles and people. but it, as indeed was— the nobles and people. but it, as indeed was the— the nobles and people. but it, as indeed was the case subject to as indeed was the case subject he he— as indeed was the case subject he he rewar— as indeed was the case subject to the royal consent in an act of parliament.— to the royal consent in an act of parliament. henry understood rarhamem. — of parliament. henry understood parliament. he— of parliament. henry understood parliament. he even incorporates it parliament. he even incorporates h h— parliament. he even incorporates h h eheeh— parliament. he even incorporates h h eheeh, h— parliament. he even incorporates it in effect, in his— parliament. he even incorporates it in effect, in his new never met— it in effect, in his new never used coronation— it in effect, in his new never used coronation oath . henry the used coronation oath. henry the ehphhh— used coronation oath. henry the ehphhh ahea— used coronation oath. henry the eighth died the— used coronation oath. henry the eighth died the most powerful king— eighth died the most powerful king england— eighth died the most powerful king england had ever had at the apex.— king england had ever had at the apex. wer— king england had ever had at the apex. weh ther— king england had ever had at the apex. her that er— king england had ever had at the apex. not just of temporal but ephrhwah— apex. not just of temporal but spiritual power. _ apex. not just of temporal but spiritual power. the crowning of his spiritual power. the crowning of he eh— spiritual power. the crowning of his son would— spiritual power. the crowning of his son would dramatise this new hmperhah— his son would dramatise this new imperial monarchy— his son would dramatise this new imperial monarchy and its parhmerehhp— imperial monarchy and its partnership with parliament. the ceremahhem— partnership with parliament. the ceremahhem er— partnership with parliament. the coronation of henry's son, the boy,— coronation of henry's son, the pew, king— coronation of henry's son, the boy, king edward,— coronation of henry's son, the boy, king edward, as traditionally been seen as a reeewhahp— traditionally been seen as a resounding statement of tudor aheehwhhem— resounding statement of tudor aheehwhhem .— resounding statement of tudor absolutism . um.— resounding statement of tudor absolutism . um. do you know what absolutism. um. do you know what i absolutism. um. do you know what rhhhhe— absolutism. um. do you know what rhhhhe rhhe— absolutism. um. do you know what i think? this is— absolutism. um. do you know what i think? this is plain— absolutism. um. do you know what i think? this is plain wrong. rhe— i think? this is plain wrong. the new,— i think? this is plain wrong. erg. now, granted, the imperial hhah— erg. now, granted, the imperial crown that great— erg. now, granted, the imperial crown that great arch symbol of hemw-e— crown that great arch symbol of hemrv-e peer— crown that great arch symbol of hemrv-e peer he— crown that great arch symbol of henry's power, is placed on the pew-e— henry's power, is placed on the hev-e heat— henry's power, is placed on the boy's head after— henry's power, is placed on the boy's head after he's already been— boy's head after he's already been crowned— boy's head after he's already been crowned with the saint reward—

been crowned with the saint edward crown _ been crowned with the saint edward crown .— been crowned with the saint edward crown . but when you come edward crown. but when you come to edward crown. but when you come he he— edward crown. but when you come he he revhea— edward crown. but when you come to the revised coronation oath, it to the revised coronation oath, h rehe— to the revised coronation oath, h hehhe a— to the revised coronation oath, h hehhe a verv— to the revised coronation oath, it tells a very different story on it tells a very different story eh rhe— it tells a very different story eh hhe ee— it tells a very different story on the one hand,— it tells a very different story on the one hand, as you'd expect , we're now in a protestant herma— , we're now in a protestant rising england— , we're now in a protestant rising england traditional references— rising england traditional references to— rising england traditional references to saint edward and his references to saint edward and he have.— references to saint edward and his laws. there— references to saint edward and his laws. there are all struck ear.— his laws. there are all struck ear. har— his laws. there are all struck out. but when— his laws. there are all struck out. but when you come to the hag-e— out. but when you come to the hag-e emera— out. but when you come to the king's crucial promise to rule aeeerehp— king's crucial promise to rule aeeerahp he— king's crucial promise to rule according to the— king's crucial promise to rule according to the law , depher according to the law, depher ther— according to the law, depher tweh herea— according to the law, depher just listen to— according to the law, depher just listen to it— according to the law, depher just listen to it .— according to the law, depher just listen to it. do you grant to just listen to it. do you grant he make— just listen to it. do you grant he make me— just listen to it. do you grant to make no new— just listen to it. do you grant to make no new laws but such as shah— to make no new laws but such as ehahh he— to make no new laws but such as ehahh he he— to make no new laws but such as shall be to the— to make no new laws but such as shall be to the honour and glory of shall be to the honour and glory er hea— shall be to the honour and glory er eea ama— shall be to the honour and glory er heat and he— shall be to the honour and glory of god and to the— shall be to the honour and glory of god and to the good of the commonwealth,— of god and to the good of the commonwealth, and that the same shah— commonwealth, and that the same ehahh he— commonwealth, and that the same ehahh he made— commonwealth, and that the same shall be made by— commonwealth, and that the same shall be made by the consent of wear— shall be made by the consent of wear peephe— shall be made by the consent of wear peephe, ae— shall be made by the consent of your people, as hath been accustomed.— your people, as hath been accustomed. there it is a cement— accustomed. there it is a eeememh h— accustomed. there it is a consent in parliament ex hmphehhhv— consent in parliament ex implicitly spelled out . but this implicitly spelled out. but this vehem— implicitly spelled out. but this vhhem er— implicitly spelled out. but this vhhem er a— implicitly spelled out. but this vision of a strong— implicitly spelled out. but this vision of a strong protestant hemaheeahee— vision of a strong protestant renaissance kingship came to mewphh— renaissance kingship came to mewahh aged— renaissance kingship came to nought aged just 15. edward the ehvhh— nought aged just 15. edward the ehvhh wa— nought aged just 15. edward the sixth was struck— nought aged just 15. edward the sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis— sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis .— sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis. his sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis . his eventual by tuberculosis. his eventual successor, mary— by tuberculosis. his eventual successor, mary i— by tuberculosis. his eventual successor, mary i the first eewphh— successor, mary i the first eewphh he— successor, mary i the first

sought to bring- successor, mary i the first sought to bring england back to cahhehehm — sought to bring england back to catholicism and— sought to bring england back to catholicism and burned some 300 rreheehahh— catholicism and burned some 300 protestant heretics— catholicism and burned some 300 protestant heretics ,_ catholicism and burned some 300 protestant heretics , including protestant heretics, including the protestant heretics, including hhe rermer— protestant heretics, including the former archbishop thomas crammer— the former archbishop thomas c . har— the former archbishop thomas cranmer. but when mary died ehhheheee— cranmer. but when mary died childless henry— cranmer. but when mary died childless henry vii's will ehaereee— childless henry vii's will endorsed most by act of parliament— endorsed most by act of parliament handed the throne to her hat— parliament handed the throne to her half sister— parliament handed the throne to her half sister ,_ parliament handed the throne to her half sister , elizabeth. her half sister, elizabeth. rhzahehh— her half sister, elizabeth. elizabeth was— her half sister, elizabeth. elizabeth was the offspring of mem— elizabeth was the offspring of hemrv vrr-s— elizabeth was the offspring of henry vii's second marriage, whheh— henry vii's second marriage, whheh hae— henry vii's second marriage, which had launched the reformation, _ which had launched the reformation, and her mother was ame— reformation, and her mother was ame hehevh— reformation, and her mother was anne boleyn, whose coronation peee— anne boleyn, whose coronation procession had— anne boleyn, whose coronation procession had provoked mockery hem— procession had provoked mockery hem mach— procession had provoked mockery hem mweh er— procession had provoked mockery from much of the— procession had provoked mockery from much of the london crowd . from much of the london crowd. rhzahehh— from much of the london crowd. elizabeth was— from much of the london crowd. elizabeth was determined , elizabeth was determined, heheah— elizabeth was determined, instead, that— elizabeth was determined, instead, that her own coronation aha— instead, that her own coronation aha peee— instead, that her own coronation and procession would unify her. aha— and procession would unify her. me she— and procession would unify her. me she spent— and procession would unify her. and she spent a— and procession would unify her. and she spent a fortune on it. rhe— and she spent a fortune on it. me he— and she spent a fortune on it. me he he— and she spent a fortune on it. this is the tower— and she spent a fortune on it. this is the tower of london heeawee— this is the tower of london because as the _ this is the tower of london because as the old coronation peeee— because as the old coronation procession was much bigger and render— procession was much bigger and hence hhah— procession was much bigger and longer than the— procession was much bigger and longer than the present one, it reh— longer than the present one, it heh hem — longer than the present one, it heh hem rhe— longer than the present one, it left from the tower and then it went— left from the tower and then it wehh aphr— left from the tower and then it went right through the city arena— went right through the city aheha rheeh— went right through the city along fleet street. and the shape— along fleet street. and the shape he— along fleet street. and the strand to westminster. so it was hem— strand to westminster. so it was hem here, — strand to westminster. so it was hem here, he— strand to westminster. so it was from here, the tower , that on

from here, the tower, that on he— from here, the tower, that on he warh— from here, the tower, that on he rrhh er— from here, the tower, that on the 14th of january, 1559, queen rhzahehh— the 14th of january, 1559, queen elizabeth set— the 14th of january, 1559, queen elizabeth set forth— the 14th of january, 1559, queen elizabeth set forth on her coronation— elizabeth set forth on her coronation procession. she was wearhp— coronation procession. she was wearhp ehehh— coronation procession. she was wearing cloth of— coronation procession. she was wearing cloth of gold and she was reclining— wearing cloth of gold and she was reclining on— wearing cloth of gold and she was reclining on a cushion hhrehe— was reclining on a cushion hhrehe .— was reclining on a cushion hhrehe , ahee— was reclining on a cushion throne , also covered in white throne, also covered in white ehehh— throne, also covered in white ehehh er— throne, also covered in white ehehh er pere— throne, also covered in white cloth of gold in— throne, also covered in white cloth of gold in a— throne, also covered in white cloth of gold in a great white ehehh— cloth of gold in a great white ehehh er— cloth of gold in a great white ehehh er pere— cloth of gold in a great white cloth of gold litter with a eahepv— cloth of gold litter with a eahepv eve— cloth of gold litter with a canopy over it— cloth of gold litter with a canopy over it borne on two prear— canopy over it borne on two great he— canopy over it borne on two great horses as— canopy over it borne on two great horses as she was sitting in great horses as she was sitting h her— great horses as she was sitting h her hah— great horses as she was sitting in her hair like— great horses as she was sitting in her hair like a— great horses as she was sitting in her hair like a bride in that evhaerhharv— in her hair like a bride in that extraordinary golden hair with a pere— extraordinary golden hair with a aeha eheheh— extraordinary golden hair with a gold circlet on— extraordinary golden hair with a gold circlet on her head and riding— gold circlet on her head and riding her— gold circlet on her head and riding just behind was the man whe— riding just behind was the man whe wae— riding just behind was the man who was closest— riding just behind was the man who was closest to her, her aehe— who was closest to her, her aehe er— who was closest to her, her master of the— who was closest to her, her master of the horse , lord robert master of the horse, lord robert haehev— master of the horse, lord robert hwahev .— master of the horse, lord robert prehev . along— master of the horse, lord robert dudley . along the— master of the horse, lord robert dudley . along the processional dudley. along the processional reare— dudley. along the processional rewhe .— dudley. along the processional rewhe , here— dudley. along the processional route , there were— dudley. along the processional route , there were pageants here route, there were pageants here in gracechurch _ route, there were pageants here in gracechurch street. it eehehehee— in gracechurch street. it consisted of— in gracechurch street. it consisted of three stages on the ever— consisted of three stages on the hewer ehape — consisted of three stages on the lower stage were— consisted of three stages on the lower stage were elizabeth's graha— lower stage were elizabeth's grand parents,— lower stage were elizabeth's grand parents, henry the seventh and rhzahehh— grand parents, henry the seventh and elizabeth of— grand parents, henry the seventh and elizabeth of york. on the meme— and elizabeth of york. on the meme ehape— and elizabeth of york. on the middle stage. her actual parehhe— middle stage. her actual parents, henry the eighth. and yes ,— parents, henry the eighth. and vee , ame— parents, henry the eighth. and yes , anne boleyn. and then on

yes, aime boleyn. and then on the yes, anne boleyn. and then on he hhha— yes, anne boleyn. and then on the third stage— yes, anne boleyn. and then on the third stage at— yes, anne boleyn. and then on the third stage at the top, rhzahehh — the third stage at the top, elizabeth herself. that was her evhaehe— elizabeth herself. that was her dynastic claim _ elizabeth herself. that was her dynastic claim to— elizabeth herself. that was her dynastic claim to the throne here— dynastic claim to the throne here he— dynastic claim to the throne here in cornhill._ dynastic claim to the throne here in cornhill. the pageant ehewee— here in cornhill. the pageant ehewea rhe— here in cornhill. the pageant showed the virtues and the vices , har— showed the virtues and the vices , huh they've— showed the virtues and the vices , but they've been— showed the virtues and the vices , but they've been rejigged a bit , but they've been rejigged a er rhe— , but they've been rejigged a bit the principal— , but they've been rejigged a bit the principal virtue is true rehpheh— bit the principal virtue is true rehpheh eh— bit the principal virtue is true religion on that's— bit the principal virtue is true religion on that's protestantism and he— religion on that's protestantism and he ehher— religion on that's protestantism and the chief vice— religion on that's protestantism and the chief vice is superstar rhhah. — and the chief vice is superstar titian. that's— and the chief vice is superstar titian. that's potpourri or catholicism _ titian. that's potpourri or catholicism .— titian. that's potpourri or catholicism . the last pageant catholicism. the last pageant here— catholicism. the last pageant here h— catholicism. the last pageant was here in fleet— catholicism. the last pageant was here in fleet street at the edge— was here in fleet street at the edge er— was here in fleet street at the edge er rhe— was here in fleet street at the edge of the city,— was here in fleet street at the edge of the city, and it showed rhzahehh— edge of the city, and it showed rhzahehh ae— edge of the city, and it showed elizabeth as deborah, the female judge— elizabeth as deborah, the female judge ahe— elizabeth as deborah, the female judge and general— elizabeth as deborah, the female judge and general of the ancient hraehhee— judge and general of the ancient israelites. but— judge and general of the ancient israelites. but throughout the peeee— israelites. but throughout the procession, something odd had happened.— procession, something odd had happened. rhe— procession, something odd had happened. the queen had answered each.— happened. the queen had answered haeh. ahe— happened. the queen had answered back. and there— happened. the queen had answered back. and there was— happened. the queen had answered back. and there was a reporter whh— back. and there was a reporter whh a— back. and there was a reporter whh a the— back. and there was a reporter with a little notebook alongside her tehhp— with a little notebook alongside her jotting down _ with a little notebook alongside herjotting down everything, her jotting down everything, evervhhhp— her jotting down everything, everything that— her jotting down everything, everything that she said. and it pwhhehea— everything that she said. and it was published in— everything that she said. and it was published in a pamphlet . and was published in a pamphlet. and the was published in a pamphlet. and he preface— was published in a pamphlet. and the preface he— was published in a pamphlet. and the preface to the— was published in a pamphlet. and the preface to the pamphlet said har— the preface to the pamphlet said that he— the preface to the pamphlet said that he eth— the preface to the pamphlet said that the city had— the preface to the pamphlet said that the city had become a stage in that the city had become a stage he whheh— that the city had become a stage he whheh rhe— that the city had become a stage in which the people had seen and

heart— in which the people had seen and heard her— in which the people had seen and heard their queen— in which the people had seen and heard their queen on albie elizabeth's— heard their queen on albie elizabeth's coronation itself was a compromise between hherhea— was a compromise between inherited catholic ritual and the inherited catholic ritual and he eweeh-e— inherited catholic ritual and the queen's undogmatic hinckley heheehahh— the queen's undogmatic hinckley protestant convictions because heheehahh— protestant convictions because heheehahh .— protestant convictions because protestant , though she was, she protestant, though she was, she hae— protestant, though she was, she had a— protestant, though she was, she had a very— protestant, though she was, she had a very am— protestant, though she was, she had a very, um, protestant love of had a very, um, protestant love er eeremehv— had a very, um, protestant love of ceremony and— had a very, um, protestant love of ceremony and music . this of ceremony and music. this weara— of ceremony and music. this wewha he— of ceremony and music. this would be one— of ceremony and music. this would be one bone of contention hehweeh— would be one bone of contention between queen _ would be one bone of contention between queen and parliament, the between queen and parliament, hhe eweeeeeheh— between queen and parliament, the succession on— between queen and parliament, the succession on her marriage, rerehm— the succession on her marriage, rerehah pehev— the succession on her marriage, foreign policy and— the succession on her marriage, foreign policy and finance were ethere— foreign policy and finance were ehhere har— foreign policy and finance were others, but the _ foreign policy and finance were others, but the tensions never got— others, but the tensions never get ear— others, but the tensions never get ear er— others, but the tensions never got out of hand.— others, but the tensions never got out of hand. since she was a mheheee— got out of hand. since she was a mheheee er— got out of hand. since she was a mistress of the— got out of hand. since she was a mistress of the art— got out of hand. since she was a mistress of the art of compromise- mistress of the art of compromise and of the kind of hahawage— compromise and of the kind of language which— compromise and of the kind of language which only a woman cepha— language which only a woman eewhe ee— language which only a woman eewhe .— language which only a woman could use . so— language which only a woman could use . so well, though god could use. so well, though god hath— could use. so well, though god hahh raheee— could use. so well, though god hath raised me— could use. so well, though god hath raised me high, she told her her— hath raised me high, she told her last parliament in 1601. yet hre— her last parliament in 1601. yet the r— her last parliament in 1601. yet this i account— her last parliament in 1601. yet this i account the— her last parliament in 1601. yet this i account the glory of my har— this i account the glory of my that r— this i account the glory of my crown that i have— this i account the glory of my crown that i have reigned with your— crown that i have reigned with vewr hevee— crown that i have reigned with vewr hevee ae— crown that i have reigned with your loves as in— crown that i have reigned with your loves as in the retrospect

of your loves as in the retrospect er whar— your loves as in the retrospect of what would _ your loves as in the retrospect of what would follow it would hhe — of what would follow it would the a— of what would follow it would seem like a golden age . but.

elizabeth's death marked the end of elizabeth's death marked the end er rhe— elizabeth's death marked the end er hhe rater— elizabeth's death marked the end of the tudor dynasty. the virgin eweeh— of the tudor dynasty. the virgin eweeh hae— of the tudor dynasty. the virgin queen had spurned the advances of queen had spurned the advances er eewhheee— queen had spurned the advances of countless suitors throughout her reten— of countless suitors throughout her rehph .— of countless suitors throughout her reign , believing any husband her reign, believing any husband weare— her reign, believing any husband wewha eeeh— her reign, believing any husband wewha eeeh he— her reign, believing any husband would seek to control her and her— would seek to control her and her hhaaem. — would seek to control her and her kingdom. so— would seek to control her and her kingdom. so it was that her reh— her kingdom. so it was that her rehh he — her kingdom. so it was that her crown fell to her— her kingdom. so it was that her crown fell to her cousin of the heree— crown fell to her cousin of the hewee er— crown fell to her cousin of the house of stuart— crown fell to her cousin of the house of stuart james, the sixth of house of stuart james, the sixth er seehahh — house of stuart james, the sixth of scotland, and— house of stuart james, the sixth of scotland, and not since the have— of scotland, and not since the have er— of scotland, and not since the have er rhe— of scotland, and not since the days of the anglo—saxons had the two days of the anglo—saxons had the we weaahhv— days of the anglo—saxons had the two usually employ— days of the anglo—saxons had the two usually employ oddly hostile hhgaeme— two usually employ oddly hostile hhpeeme heeh— two usually employ oddly hostile kingdoms, been united under one crown. even the— kingdoms, been united under one crown. even the great war leader reward— crown. even the great war leader reward hhe — crown. even the great war leader edward the first,— crown. even the great war leader edward the first, had failed to hang— edward the first, had failed to bring scotland— edward the first, had failed to bring scotland under his

eehheh— bring scotland under his control, though he had appreprhahe— control, though he had appropriate covid the ancient cerehaheh— appropriate covid the ancient coronation seat— appropriate covid the ancient coronation seat of the scots, rhe— coronation seat of the scots, hhe ehehe— coronation seat of the scots, hhe ehehe er— coronation seat of the scots, the stone of scone, james's ehhh— the stone of scone, james's ehhh ew— the stone of scone, james's sixth now also— the stone of scone, james's sixth now also james, the first of sixth now also james, the first er metaph— sixth now also james, the first of england, was— sixth now also james, the first of england, was determined to make— of england, was determined to make a— of england, was determined to make a success— of england, was determined to make a success of— of england, was determined to make a success of what he called the make a success of what he called hhe hheeeee— make a success of what he called the blessed union— make a success of what he called the blessed union ,_ make a success of what he called the blessed union , of which he the blessed union, of which he heame— the blessed union, of which he heame rhe— the blessed union, of which he became the physical embody meant his became the physical embody meant he peehheh— became the physical embody meant he peehheh ae— became the physical embody meant his position as a— became the physical embody meant his position as a unifier of crowns imbued— his position as a unifier of crowns imbued him with a unique awhherhv— crowns imbued him with a unique awhherhv .— crowns imbued him with a unique awhherhv , aha— crowns imbued him with a unique authority , and having acceded to authority, and having acceded to the authority, and having acceded to he mpheh— authority, and having acceded to the english throne— authority, and having acceded to the english throne in unspoken aehahee— the english throne in unspoken aehahee er— the english throne in unspoken defiance of henry— the english throne in unspoken defiance of henry vii's, will heeh— defiance of henry vii's, will itself endorsed— defiance of henry vii's, will itself endorsed by parliament, ramee— itself endorsed by parliament, james believed— itself endorsed by parliament, james believed that the crown hre— james believed that the crown hhe by— james believed that the crown was his by indefeasible herehharv— was his by indefeasible hereditary right for the first hme— hereditary right for the first hme ehe— hereditary right for the first time since the— hereditary right for the first time since the days of edward ii aha— time since the days of edward ii and heharh— time since the days of edward ii and richard. the— time since the days of edward ii and richard. the second here was and richard. the second here was a king— and richard. the second here was a he whe— and richard. the second here was a king who didn't— and richard. the second here was a king who didn't fully accept the constraints— a king who didn't fully accept the constraints placed on a meah— the constraints placed on a meah by— the constraints placed on a monarch by english custom who monarch by engliin custom who had monarch by english custom who me a— monarch by english custom who had a heheh— monarch by english custom who had a notion of— monarch by english custom who had a notion of kingship ehevahea— had a notion of kingship elevated above the limitations of elevated above the limitations er mpheh— elevated above the limitations of english law— elevated above the limitations of english law and resting prhmarhhv— of english law and resting prhmarhhv eh— of english law and resting primarily on divine right. of english law and resting primarily on divine right . james primarily on divine right. james was a clever man,—

primarily on divine right. james was a clever man, sensitive to he— was a clever man, sensitive to he ehahe— was a clever man, sensitive to he ehahe ae— was a clever man, sensitive to his status as an— was a clever man, sensitive to his status as an outsider in metaph— his status as an outsider in england aha— his status as an outsider in england, and although he hehevea— england, and although he believed intellectually in the three— believed intellectually in the hvhe aphr— believed intellectually in the divine right of— believed intellectually in the divine right of kings, he understood— divine right of kings, he understood the necessity of heephp — understood the necessity of keeping england's parliament on side keeping england's parliament on ehee .— keeping england's parliament on ehee . har— keeping england's parliament on ehee . huh rer— keeping england's parliament on side . but for his— keeping england's parliament on side . but for his son, charles, side. but for his son, charles, rhe— side. but for his son, charles, hhe her— side. but for his son, charles, the first the _ side. but for his son, charles, the first the divine right waeh— the first the divine right wasn't simply an academic peehheh— wasn't simply an academic peehheh .— wasn't simply an academic peehheh . he— wasn't simply an academic position . he believed in it with position. he believed in it with all position. he believed in it with at he— position. he believed in it with at he heam— position. he believed in it with all his heart and— position. he believed in it with all his heart and soul. charles rhe— all his heart and soul. charles rhe her— all his heart and soul. charles he he wae— all his heart and soul. charles the first was the— all his heart and soul. charles the first was the most ceremonious- the first was the most ceremonious of kings, and his cerehaheh— ceremonious of kings, and his coronation was— ceremonious of kings, and his coronation was one of the best ereameea— coronation was one of the best eraameea ahe— coronation was one of the best organised and the— coronation was one of the best organised and the best recorded on organised and the best recorded eh eeera rhe— organised and the best recorded on record. the man in charge of arrahemehphe— on record. the man in charge of arrangements was— on record. the man in charge of arrangements was the future arehhhehep— arrangements was the future archbishop of— arrangements was the future archbishop of canterbury , archbishop of canterbury, whhham— archbishop of canterbury, william laud.— archbishop of canterbury, william laud. he believed deeply in william laud. he believed deeply he he— william laud. he believed deeply he he beauty— william laud. he believed deeply in the beauty of— william laud. he believed deeply in the beauty of holiness and he— in the beauty of holiness and the coronation— in the beauty of holiness and the coronation was an epperhmhv- the coronation was an opportunity as it were, to aaverhee— opportunity as it were, to advertise his— opportunity as it were, to advertise his wares. indeed, one of advertise his wares. indeed, one er hre— advertise his wares. indeed, one er hhe ehemhe— advertise his wares. indeed, one of his enemies described him as an ecclesiastical— of his enemies described him as an ecclesiastical master of ceremonies . so- an ecclesiastical master of ceremonies . so there were ceremonies. so there were aehahhv— ceremonies. so there were actually rehearsals for the her— actually rehearsals for the hehhme— actually rehearsals for the first time, even- actually rehearsals for the first time, even even better,

hem— first time, even even better, hem ear— first time, even even better, from our point— first time, even even better, from our point of view. lord coa— from our point of view. lord eeh h— from our point of view. lord eeh he he— from our point of view. lord god, in the text— from our point of view. lord god, in the text of the coronation _ god, in the text of the coronation service, keeps notes as coronation service, keeps notes ae he whar— coronation service, keeps notes as to what the— coronation service, keeps notes as to what the king actually did . rhhe— as to what the king actually did . this enables— as to what the king actually did . this enables us— as to what the king actually did . this enables us to get right hre— . this enables us to get right he he— . this enables us to get right into the mind— . this enables us to get right into the mind of— . this enables us to get right into the mind of charles, the her.— into the mind of charles, the her. mew— into the mind of charles, the first. how we— into the mind of charles, the first. how we used that ancient cerehaheh— first. how we used that ancient coronation regalia— first. how we used that ancient coronation regalia . normally the coronation regalia. normally the heme— coronation regalia. normally the heme wee— coronation regalia. normally the items were just— coronation regalia. normally the items were just touched against the items were just touched against hhe king— items were just touched against hhe hear her— items were just touched against the king not with— items were just touched against the king not with charles. he hehehe— the king not with charles. he hehehe eh— the king not with charles. he insists on actually placing his feet— insists on actually placing his feet whh— insists on actually placing his feet with shoes— insists on actually placing his feet with shoes inside the anaem— feet with shoes inside the ancient buskins or sandals. feet with shoes inside the ancient buskins or sandals . and ancient buskins or sandals. and here— ancient buskins or sandals. and here heeeh— ancient buskins or sandals. and lord notes, there— ancient buskins or sandals. and lord notes, there was a risk of heathe— lord notes, there was a risk of hearhp rhe— lord notes, there was a risk of tearing the taffeta , the ancient tearing the taffeta, the ancient ehehh — tearing the taffeta, the ancient ehehh er— tearing the taffeta, the ancient ehehh er perh— tearing the taffeta, the ancient cloth of gold, the— tearing the taffeta, the ancient cloth of gold, the anglo saxon eeme,— cloth of gold, the anglo saxon eemh, whheh— cloth of gold, the anglo saxon comb, which as— cloth of gold, the anglo saxon comb, which as far as we know, hae— comb, which as far as we know, me never— comb, which as far as we know, had never actually— comb, which as far as we know, had never actually been used for eemhhg— had never actually been used for eemhhp rhe— had never actually been used for combing the king's— had never actually been used for combing the king's hair after the combing the king's hair after he eh— combing the king's hair after he eh er— combing the king's hair after the oil of unction had been put apeh— the oil of unction had been put apeh h.— the oil of unction had been put wpeh h. wett— the oil of unction had been put upon it. well charles immaculate ahewh— upon it. well charles immaculate ahewh hre— upon it. well charles immaculate about his appearance, carefully h— about his appearance, carefully h pew— about his appearance, carefully uses it now. what's this ? is it uses it now. what's this? is it ewrheehv— uses it now. what's this? is it ewrheehv e— uses it now. what's this? is it curiosity ? motty?_ uses it now. what's this? is it curiosity ? motty? i think it's curiosity? motty? i think it's eemehhhp— curiosity? motty? i think it's something more— curiosity? motty? i think it's something more . now charles is something more. now charles is rehe— something more. now charles is wehp heee— something more. now charles is using those ancient items of the regatta— using those ancient items of the regatta ae— using those ancient items of the regatta ae kha— using those ancient items of the regalia as kind of— using those ancient items of the regalia as kind of sacraments of

meharehv— regalia as kind of sacraments of meharehv .— regalia as kind of sacraments of meharehv . rhe— regalia as kind of sacraments of monarchy . the touch made regalia as kind of sacraments of monarchy. the touch made him hehv— monarchy. the touch made him hehv rer— monarchy. the touch made him hehv her he— monarchy. the touch made him holy for the first— monarchy. the touch made him holy for the first time, the king— holy for the first time, the hhp wae— holy for the first time, the king was making his respect for the king was making his respect for he have— king was making his respect for he have er— king was making his respect for the laws of the— king was making his respect for the laws of the land in some way— the laws of the land in some way, conditional— the laws of the land in some way, conditional on his own eeparahe— way, conditional on his own separate royal— way, conditional on his own separate royal prerogative. in ether— separate royal prerogative. in ehher werew— separate royal prerogative. in other words, he _ separate royal prerogative. in other words, he put an authority hherehh— other words, he put an authority hherehh h— other words, he put an authority inherent in his— other words, he put an authority inherent in his person above his pewere— inherent in his person above his powers, exercised— inherent in his person above his powers, exercised in parliament, charhee— powers, exercised in parliament, charhee wae— powers, exercised in parliament, charhee ah— powers, exercised in parliament, charles was an uncomfortable fit for charles was an uncomfortable fit her he— charles was an uncomfortable fit for the limited— charles was an uncomfortable fit for the limited english monarchy for the limited engliin monarchy in for the limited english monarchy h a— for the limited english monarchy h a tapew— for the limited english monarchy in a largely protestant country . hre— in a largely protestant country . his contempt— in a largely protestant country . his contempt for— in a largely protestant country . his contempt for parliament he— . his contempt for parliament he a— . his contempt for parliament came to a head— . his contempt for parliament came to a head dramatically in january— came to a head dramatically in january heee,— came to a head dramatically in january 1642, when he marched hre— january 1642, when he marched he he— january1642, when he marched into the house— january 1642, when he marched into the house of— january 1642, when he marched into the house of commons to demand— into the house of commons to demand rhe— into the house of commons to demand the arrest— into the house of commons to demand the arrest of his pehheah— demand the arrest of his political opponents . when the political opponents. when the speaker— political opponents. when the speaker er— political opponents. when the speaker of the _ political opponents. when the speaker of the house was commanded— speaker of the house was commanded to- speaker of the house was commanded to give them up his response came to— commanded to give them up his response came to embody the idea the response came to embody the idea he er— response came to embody the idea he er rhe— response came to embody the idea the of the house— response came to embody the idea the of the house of— response came to embody the idea the of the house of commons as a chamber— the of the house of commons as a chamber inviolable_ the of the house of commons as a chamber inviolable by monarchical- chamber inviolable by monarchical authority . i have monarchical authority. i have hehher— monarchical authority. i have hehher evee— monarchical authority. i have neither eyes to— monarchical authority. i have neither eyes to see nor tongues to neither eyes to see nor tongues he epeah— neither eyes to see nor tongues he epeah h— neither eyes to see nor tongues to speak in this— neither eyes to see nor tongues to speak in this place . but as to speak in this place. but as rhe— to speak in this place. but as the heree— to speak in this place. but as this house directs—

to speak in this place. but as this house directs me, the epeaher— this house directs me, the speaker said— this house directs me, the speaker said ,_ this house directs me, the speaker said , the battle lines speaker said, the battle lines of speaker said, the battle lines er england's— speaker said, the battle lines of england's civil war had been drawn— of england's civil war had been drawn eh— of england's civil war had been drawn on one side,— of england's civil war had been drawn on one side, charles and his drawn on one side, charles and he revahehe— drawn on one side, charles and his royalists asserted his ewpremaev— his royalists asserted his supremacy over both church and ehahe— supremacy over both church and ehahe. oh— supremacy over both church and ehahe. he he— supremacy over both church and state. on the other, parliamentarians believed that the parliamentarians believed that hhe king— parliamentarians believed that he hhp hae— parliamentarians believed that the king had exceeded his wheth— the king had exceeded his authority. his— the king had exceeded his authority. his powers must be hmhee— authority. his powers must be hmhea ahe— authority. his powers must be limited and subject to law . so limited and subject to law. so in limited and subject to law. so he mahhp— limited and subject to law. so in making their— limited and subject to law. so in making their case, the parliamentarians referred to the ahehehh— parliamentarians referred to the ancient customs— parliamentarians referred to the ancient customs of england . but ancient customs of england. but as ancient customs of england. but ae rhe— ancient customs of england. but ae hhe ether— ancient customs of england. but as the bitter wars— ancient customs of england. but as the bitter wars persisted hhreaphewh— as the bitter wars persisted throughout the— as the bitter wars persisted throughout the 1640s, there emerged— throughout the 1640s, there emergea a— throughout the 1640s, there emerged a new— throughout the 1640s, there emerged a new hard , a brand of emerged a new hard, a brand of parhamehharv— emerged a new hard, a brand of parliamentary soldier led by peeehhhv— parliamentary soldier led by possibly england's greatest generat— possibly england's greatest geherah .— possibly england's greatest general , oliver cromwell, to general, oliver cromwell, to cremwehh— general, oliver cromwell, to cromwell and _ general, oliver cromwell, to cromwell and his radical eehhere— cromwell and his radical eehhere .— cromwell and his radical soldiers . charles was a tyrant soldiers. charles was a tyrant ahe— soldiers. charles was a tyrant and a— soldiers. charles was a tyrant and a traitor— soldiers. charles was a tyrant and a traitor who— soldiers. charles was a tyrant and a traitor who must be held to and a traitor who must be held he aeeewhh— and a traitor who must be held to account for— and a traitor who must be held to account for his— and a traitor who must be held to account for his crimes , says to account for his crimes, says cremwehh-e— to account for his crimes, says cromwell's new— to account for his crimes, says cromwell's new model army erwehea— cromwell's new model army crushed royalist— cromwell's new model army crushed royalist forces. by the ehe— crushed royalist forces. by the end er— crushed royalist forces. by the end er hhe — crushed royalist forces. by the end of the decade , captured the end of the decade, captured the hhg— end of the decade, captured the hhg ahe— end of the decade, captured the king and brought— end of the decade, captured the king and brought him to trial heree— king and brought him to trial

herere a— king and brought him to trial before a court— king and brought him to trial before a court appointed on the eehe— before a court appointed on the eehe awhherhv— before a court appointed on the sole authority of— before a court appointed on the sole authority of the house of cemmehe— sole authority of the house of commons itself— sole authority of the house of commons itself ,_ sole authority of the house of commons itself, purged by the army— commons itself, purged by the army aha— commons itself, purged by the army and acting— commons itself, purged by the army and acting in the name of the peephe— army and acting in the name of the peephe er— army and acting in the name of the people of england who are anaer— the people of england who are upper eee- — the people of england who are under god. the— the people of england who are under god. the original of all her— under god. the original of all tweh pewer— under god. the original of all tweh pewer .— under god. the original of all tweh pewer . rhe— under god. the original of all just power . the charge under god. the original of all just power. the charge was that charhee— just power. the charge was that hate hehg— just power. the charge was that charles being entrusted with a hmhea— charles being entrusted with a limited power— charles being entrusted with a limited power had broken his cerehaheh— limited power had broken his coronation oath— limited power had broken his coronation oath to govern by and aeeerhhg— coronation oath to govern by and aeeerhhg he— coronation oath to govern by and according to the— coronation oath to govern by and according to the law of the land . reward— according to the law of the land . reward hhe — according to the law of the land . edward the second and richard the . edward the second and richard hhe eee— . edward the second and richard the second had— . edward the second and richard the second had faced the same aeeweaheh— the second had faced the same accusation, but— the second had faced the same accusation, but they were murdered— accusation, but they were murdered in _ accusation, but they were murdered in secret . charles was murdered in secret. charles was pwhhehv— murdered in secret. charles was publicly executed— murdered in secret. charles was publicly executed after a public hhah— publicly executed after a public hhah ahe— publicly executed after a public trial and more— publicly executed after a public trial and more than an individual— trial and more than an individual king was intended to die individual king was intended to he eh— individual king was intended to he eh rhe— individual king was intended to die on the scaffold . on the 30th die on the scaffold. on the 30th of die on the scaffold. on the 30th er january,— die on the scaffold. on the 30th er rahaarv, here,— die on the scaffold. on the 30th of january, 1649, king charles the of january, 1649, king charles hhe hee— of january, 1649, king charles the first, was— of january, 1649, king charles the first, was brought to the hahgwehhg— the first, was brought to the banqueting house behind me here. it banqueting house behind me here. h wae— banqueting house behind me here. h rhe— banqueting house behind me here. it was the throne— banqueting house behind me here. it was the throne room of his ehe— it was the throne room of his ehe parace— it was the throne room of his ehe pahaee. he— it was the throne room of his old palace. he stepped through the old palace. he stepped through hhe mhaahe— old palace. he stepped through the middle window onto a high,

hhaeh— the middle window onto a high, hhaeh hapea— the middle window onto a high, black draped scaffold on which here— black draped scaffold on which hhere wae— black draped scaffold on which hhere a— black draped scaffold on which there was a block— black draped scaffold on which there was a block on which he weare— there was a block on which he wewha he— there was a block on which he would be beheaded . he addressed would be beheaded. he addressed the would be beheaded. he addressed hhe hhehep— would be beheaded. he addressed hhe hhehep .— would be beheaded. he addressed the hhehep , whe— would be beheaded. he addressed the bishop , who was would be beheaded. he addressed the bishop, who was guiding him ephhhahhv— the bishop, who was guiding him ephhhahhv aha— the bishop, who was guiding him spiritually and said, i go from a corruptible_ spiritually and said, i go from a corruptible to— spiritually and said, i go from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown where a corruptible to an— incorruptible crown where there is incorruptible crown where there he he — incorruptible crown where there is no disturbance,— incorruptible crown where there is no disturbance, no disturbance- is no disturbance, no disturbance at all. and he took the disturbance at all. and he took hhe gamer— disturbance at all. and he took the garterjewel_ disturbance at all. and he took the garterjewel that he wore the garter jewel that he wore hepa— the garter jewel that he wore aehe hre— the garter jewel that he wore around his neck— the garter jewel that he wore around his neck and handed it he— around his neck and handed it he he— around his neck and handed it over to be given— around his neck and handed it over to be given to his eldest whh— over to be given to his eldest whh rhe— over to be given to his eldest son with the words rip member. aha— son with the words rip member. aha hheh— son with the words rip member. aha rheh he— son with the words rip member. and then he prostrated himself his and then he prostrated himself he heae— and then he prostrated himself he heae eh— and then he prostrated himself his head on the— and then he prostrated himself his head on the block. and as he exhehaea— his head on the block. and as he eaheheea hre— his head on the block. and as he extended his hand,— his head on the block. and as he extended his hand, his head was haheh— extended his hand, his head was taken eh.— extended his hand, his head was taken eh. har— extended his hand, his head was taken off. but a— extended his hand, his head was taken off. but a single stroke . taken off. but a single stroke. rhe— taken off. but a single stroke. rhe heg— taken off. but a single stroke. the hhg wae— taken off. but a single stroke. the king was dead . but there was the king was dead. but there was ah ahemph— the king was dead. but there was now an attempt at— the king was dead. but there was now an attempt at actually eeehevhg— now an attempt at actually destroying not— now an attempt at actually destroying not just the king but hhgehhp— destroying not just the king but hhgehhp .— destroying not just the king but hhgehhp , rhe— destroying not just the king but kingship , the crown jewels were kingship, the crown jewels were emaehea— kingship, the crown jewels were emaehea everv— kingship, the crown jewels were smashed every single one of hhem. — smashed every single one of hhem. rhe— smashed every single one of them. the royal— smashed every single one of them. the royal possessions were eeha— them. the royal possessions were eehe aha— them. the royal possessions were sold and there— them. the royal possessions were sold and there was— them. the royal possessions were sold and there was an attempt at eeehevhg— sold and there was an attempt at eeehevhg rhe— sold and there was an attempt at destroying the very— sold and there was an attempt at destroying the very idea of

hhg— destroying the very idea of hhg, rhe— destroying the very idea of hhg, rhe verv— destroying the very idea of king, the very word, the office was declared _ king, the very word, the office was declared .— king, the very word, the office was declared . unnecessary was declared. unnecessary haraehe— was declared. unnecessary haraehe .— was declared. unnecessary burdens , awesome and dangerous , burdens, awesome and dangerous, and wae— burdens, awesome and dangerous, and he— burdens, awesome and dangerous, and he he— burdens, awesome and dangerous, and was to be extirpated , hated and was to be extirpated, hated the and was to be extirpated, hated hhe hhg— and was to be extirpated, hated hhe hhg wae— and was to be extirpated, hated the king was dead. king she too, aeah— the king was dead. king she too, aeah .— the king was dead. king she too, aeah . ah— the king was dead. king she too, was dead . at the— the king was dead. king she too, was dead . at the end of the was dead. at the end of the rehgh— was dead. at the end of the rehgh er— was dead. at the end of the rehgh er hhg— was dead. at the end of the reign of king charles, the . first ii'mi first i'm jacob rees—mogg, the member of parliament for north east somerset government somerset and a former government minister. for have minister. for years i have warhea— minister. for years i have warhea rhe— “ for years i have walked the corridors power in walked the corridors of power in perh— walked the corridors of power in both westminster— walked the corridors of power in both westminster city of both westminster and the city of repreh— both westminster and the city of rehaehlheea— both westminster and the city of london.-need to— both westminster and the city of london. need to have the london. we need to have the argwmeme— london. we need to have the arguments, discussions on arguments, the discussions on hew— arguments, the discussions on hew-h— arguments, the discussions on how-it better- arguments, the discussions on how-it better crop. how we make it better crop rahharee— how we make it better crop failures, famine— how we make it better crop failures, famine in war, ewherhg— failures, famine in war, suffering on- failures, famine in war, suffering on a scale completely

wmmaghahhe— suffering on a scale completely unimaginable .— suffering on a scale completely unimaginable . we are putting the unimaginable. we are putting the cart unimaginable. we are putting the eah heree— unimaginable. we are putting the cart before the— unimaginable. we are putting the cart before the horse . as cart before the horse. as charhee— cart before the horse. as charles the _ cart before the horse. as charles the first said at the eeahehh— charles the first said at the scaffold, he _ charles the first said at the scaffold, he was— charles the first said at the scaffold, he was the true aerehaer— scaffold, he was the true defender of _ scaffold, he was the true defender of liberty. v422“ defender of liberty. yeah, i eemphehehv— defender of liberty. yeah, i completely derailed the conversation. join me monday to rhwreaav— conversation. join me monday to rhwreaav ah— conversation. join me monday to rhwreaav ah 8— conversation. join me monday to thursday at 8-on- conversation. join me monday to thursday at 8-on gb- 2“ join me monday to thursday at 8 on gb news thursday at 8 pm. on gb news weehmheher— thursday at 8 pm. on gb news westminster is— thursday at 8 pm. on gb news westminster is going around in eeereaehg— westminster is going around in ever decreasing circles followed by he — ever decreasing circles followed by the meta. — ever decreasing circles followed by the media. “ by the media. britain is broken. how on earth did we get into this mess? but more importantly, how do we get out of it? join me at 7 pm. how do we get out of it? join me are p.m. heheav— how do we get out of it? join me at 7 pm. monday to— 22h 22 7 join me at 7 pm. monday to thursdays 22 22 7 join me at 7 pm. monday to thursdays on rarage— at 7 pm. monday to thursdays on rarage here— at 7 pm. monday to thursdays on rarage here eh— at 7 pm. monday to thursdays on farage here on gb— at 7 pm. monday to thursdays on farage here on gb news. �*vvh�*2 at 7 pm. monday to thursdays on farage here on gb news. �*xvh2 cc farage here on gb news. we will have— farage here on gb news. we will have aper— farage here on gb news. we will have open rational debate . we've have open rational debate. we've got to work out how britain

us hello . good he— hello . good evening. us hello . good evening. it's me, hello. good evening. it's me, jacob— hello. good evening. it's me, raeep heee-wegg— good evening. it's me, jacob rees—mogg on state of the

waheh. — jacob rees—mogg on state of the waheh. remghh— jacob rees—mogg on state of the nation. tonight it's— jacob rees—mogg on state of the nation. tonight it's a sluggard epeehah— nation. tonight it's a sluggard epeehah .— nation. tonight it's a sluggard special , everything from the special, everything from the heaehhah— special, everything from the industrial inaction to the four day— industrial inaction to the four day werhhg— industrial inaction to the four day working week. imagine werhhg— day working week. imagine werhhg zeta— day working week. imagine working 20% less of the time, her— working 20% less of the time, huh hehg— working 20% less of the time, her hehg para— working 20% less of the time, but being paid exactly the same. it but being paid exactly the same. h eemree— but being paid exactly the same. h eewpea hee— but being paid exactly the same. it sounds too good— but being paid exactly the same. it sounds too good to be true. ree— it sounds too good to be true. ree geea— it sounds too good to be true. ree geea he— it sounds too good to be true. ree geee he he— it sounds too good to be true. too good to be true, that is. uhheee— too good to be true, that is. uhheee er— too good to be true, that is. unless, of course,- too good to be true, that is. unless, of course, it's the taxpayer— unless, of course, it's the taxpayer footing the bill. well, hhah-e— taxpayer footing the bill. well, hate her— taxpayer footing the bill. well, that's just what— taxpayer footing the bill. well, that's just what the indolent eewhehhhere— that's just what the indolent councillors of— that's just what the indolent councillors of south cambridge cewhehh— councillors of south cambridge cewhehh are— councillors of south cambridge council are -on - councillors of south cambridge council are on your council are doing on your ehhhhhg— council are doing on your ehhhhhg .— council are doing on your shilling . and— council are doing on your shilling . and after having had shilling. and after having had the shilling. and after having had he hemerhv— shilling. and after having had the temerity to— shilling. and after having had the temerity to increase your eeahehh— the temerity to increase your eewhehh hav— the temerity to increase your council tax and— the temerity to increase your council tax and it's what i've eahhea— council tax and it's what i've eahhea rhe— council tax and it's what i've called the charter for idlers in the called the charter for idlers in he harv— called the charter for idlers in the daily mail— called the charter for idlers in the daily mail next up in the her— the daily mail next up in the the ef— the daily mail next up in the list of sluggards, it's the industrial— list of sluggards, it's the industrial inaction hitting our ehhhheh— industrial inaction hitting our ehhhheh h— industrial inaction hitting our children in the— industrial inaction hitting our children in the sick. it's hard to children in the sick. it's hard he keep— children in the sick. it's hard he keep up— children in the sick. it's hard to keep up with— children in the sick. it's hard to keep up with the strikes at the to keep up with the strikes at he memeh— to keep up with the strikes at the moment. today it's nurses ahe— the moment. today it's nurses and—teachers.- the moment. today it's nursesi and—teachers. and and tomorrow it's teachers. and ever-weekend— and tomorrow it's teachers. and over-weekend they- and tomorrow it's teachers. and over weekend they announced over the weekend they announced hheh— over the weekend they announced their intention— over the weekend they announced their intention to— over the weekend they announced their intention to their their intention to use their ehaehhe— their intention to use their students political tools students as political tools across multiple unions involving pehehhahhv— across multiple unions involving potentially half— across multiple unions involving potentially half a— across multiple unions involving potentially half a million of hhem. — potentially half a million of them. that's— potentially half a million of them. that's a— potentially half a million of them. that's a lot of inaction . them. that's a lot of inaction. rh— them. that's a lot of inaction. r-hh he— them. that's a lot of inaction. rhh he rehea— them. that's a lot of inaction. i'll be joined by— them. that's a lot of inaction. i'll be joined by a— them. that's a lot of inaction. i'll be joined by a teacher live in i'll be joined by a teacher live he he— i'll be joined by a teacher live in the studio.— i'll be joined by a teacher live in the studio. plus— i'll be joined by a teacher live in the studio. plus this evehhge— in the studio. plus this evening's dumas inaya solves the trench— evening's dumas inaya solves the french teaching— evening's dumas inaya solves the french teaching us— evening's dumas inaya solves the french teaching us for a change. rhe— french teaching us for a change.

the he— french teaching us for a change. erg the originators of haute