tv Farage GB News May 2, 2023 12:00am-1:01am BST
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for. since for- since 1953, i for— since 1953, i watched the coronation _ since 1953, i watched the coronation of— since 1953, i watched the coronation of her late majesty, queen— coronation of her late majesty, queen elizabeth— coronation of her late majesty, queen elizabeth ii. ' z coronation of her late majesty, queen elizabeth ii. ' “2 queen elizabeth ii. and as an eight— queen elizabeth ii. and as an eight year— queen elizabeth ii. and as an eight year old boy on our neighbours newly bought tv . now neighbours newly bought tv. now 70 years on and having spent much of my life researching and writing about the british monarchy, i'm about to witness our new king inaugurated in a slimmed down version of that same ceremony. it's more than pageantry, more even than the king's self dedicate nation before god. it's a profoundly political act because compressed it into two hours of pomp and circumstance are 1200 years of history . they explain how we
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history. they explain how we came to be governed with moderation and stability, not just to subjects, but as citizens , not beneath the king citizens, not beneath the king but in cooperation with him. that's the story i want to share with you now . with you now. this is westminster abbey, where kings and queens of england have been crowned for almost a thousand years. on may sixth, charles iii, will join their number. he'll be consecrated and crowned by the grace of god to the sound of organ and trumpets . but he also swear. oh oaths. these oaths amount to a contract between the king and his people. and the penalties for breaking those oaths have been terrible because england is a royal republic and any king who refuses to recognise that fact
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has paid the price of execution and the toppling of his crown. the last king to suffer that fate was also called king charles. i exercise the history of the english monarchy stretches back over 1500 years into the mists of the dark ages . but the story of the coronation begins here in bath , coronation begins here in bath, england's founding father , king england's founding father, king alfred the great, had united the engush alfred the great, had united the english to defeat the vikings and his descendants extend those conquests into an overlord lordship of the whole of britain , including wales, scotland and the western isles . now alfred's the western isles. now alfred's great grandson, edgar, wanted to cement his rule with a display of unprecedented grandeur . it's of unprecedented grandeur. it's whitsunday 973. whitsunday is the feast which celebrates the
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moment at which the holy spirit descended on christ's disciples and the day has been chosen by saint dunstan, the great bishop of england, to crown a crown in christian terms, the king of all the english. edgar it's going to be his second coronation, maybe even more, because now it's a quasi imperial. he's going to be crowned not simply king of the english, but over lord of all britain . saint dunstan has given britain. saint dunstan has given very careful thought to the ceremony , and he produces what's ceremony, and he produces what's called an ordo. that's a ceremonial which becomes a model not simply for england , but for not simply for england, but for hungary, for poland, for milan , hungary, for poland, for milan, and above all, for now. on may 6th, you're going to hear roughly what they heard on whit sunday, 973. why bath for an
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imperial coronation .7 because imperial coronation? because bath is both a great christian centre . we're here in the abbey, centre. we're here in the abbey, but right next door there is the grand este remains of roman britain. the baths possibly still with their great curved roof, though it may have been half in ruin. so it's a symbol of a world of christianity and rome and england. the service goes like this. it's so familiar to edgar begins because he's a pious king by taking an oath administered by saint dunstan. it's a threefold oath . the first it's a threefold oath. the first thing that he does is to swear to keep true peace to the church and people . and then because and people. and then because these are pretty rough times to repress rapine and iniquity. these are pretty rough times to repress rapine and iniquity . and repress rapine and iniquity. and then finally, little only the words which king charles will swear to do justice in mercy and in truth. so he sworn an oath.
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he's made a contract with god to be a good king. at that moment, you go back beyond rome, even you go back beyond rome, even you go back to the old testament . and at that point, you hear what we will hear. zadok the priest, and nathan the prophet, anointed solomon king. and edgar is anointed conce , secreted, is anointed conce, secreted, devoted to god . and then the devoted to god. and then the ceremony unfolds with all the apparatus, the regalia of monarchy. first, a ring is put upon a finger, then he's girded with a sword. and then at the climax the crown is put upon his head and he is offered the two sceptres the actual sceptre and the rod . he's acclaimed . he's the rod. he's acclaimed. he's king a christian king, and then it all relaxes a bit. and they have the coronation feast at which is reported because he's a
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very virtuous king that nobody gets too drunk . and nobody was gets too drunk. and nobody was more aware of this legacy of christian monarchy than hurley majesty queen elizabeth ii and that moment of her coronation that moment of her coronation that was private that we didn't see her anointing. so now, on the thousandth anniversary of edgars the thousandth anniversary of edgar's coronation she came here and she knelt to commemorate that first anointing , that that first anointing, that anointing is the central ritual of the elaborate ceremony. we'll see on saturday. we talk of the event as the coronation. that's to say , the putting of the to say, the putting of the corona, the crown on the monarch's head, but actually the most important, the most ancient bit going right back to the old testament is the idea of consecration , the anointing with consecration, the anointing with holy oils . it
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consecration, the anointing with holy oils. it was, of consecration, the anointing with holy oils . it was, of course the holy oils. it was, of course the bit of the service that the queen for her coronation back in 1953 insisted you didn't see. similarly, king charles has taken that decision on saturday. we will not actually see this bit. it consists of holy oils , a bit. it consists of holy oils, a particular kind of oil , an oil particular kind of oil, an oil of chrism. i suppose if i'm being a little bit irreverent, a kind of sacred bull cream that was in a receptacle called an ampulla and we have a version of it here that will actually be used for the ceremony . it here that will actually be used for the ceremony. but it here that will actually be used for the ceremony . but what used for the ceremony. but what we do have quite extraordinary. we have a mediaeval spoon that we know was used from the 14th century onwards and probably long, long before the oil is placed. well, basically, all over the monarch. why it's concealed isn't only that, it's sacred. in the middle ages, the monarch would have been
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stripped, stripped to the waist, if not more. the oil goes on the head. it goes on the shoulder blades. it goes on the breasts. it goes inside the arms there and on the hands. the oil, of course , is sacred oil . and on the hands. the oil, of course , is sacred oil. king course, is sacred oil. king charles's oil has been specially consecrated in jerusalem. so you've not simply got a monarch who is by divine right. you've got a monarch who is physically endowed with divine grace . how endowed with divine grace. how do you deal with that in a complicated polity ? yes, because complicated polity? yes, because no matter how sacred the person of the king no matter the religiosity of the coronation ceremony , monarchy was primarily ceremony, monarchy was primarily the embodiment of political power . and as such, it could be power. and as such, it could be subject to violent seizure and overthrow . so the anglo—saxon overthrow. so the anglo—saxon kings would experience this less than a century after edgar was crowned , because in 1066, a crowned, because in 1066, a dispute over the succession to the crown would change the
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course of our history. the crown would change the course of our history . arnie course of our history. arnie even the language which we speak. and you can see it all in the bio tapestry when the saintly king edward the confessor died without children , the crown fell to his brother in law, harold godwinson , who in law, harold godwinson, who crossed the english channel, was the ruthless and piratical william duke of normandy , armed william duke of normandy, armed with a formidable host of knights and what he claimed was a promise from the now dead king edward that he should inherit the crown of england . william the crown of england. william invaded and crushed the forces of his rival at the battle of hastings. he was crowned here at westminster abbey on christmas day , where every subsequent day, where every subsequent monarch but one is celebrated their coronation, including our new king charles iii .
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radio. i i'm i radio. i'm getting myself ready to do a lecture evening at the a lecture this evening at the british hungarian society on coronations . now, i british hungarian society on coronations. now, i find when i'm about to give a lecture, it focuses the old mind. the big idea came into my head. hungary is a republic, but it's got a crown on top of its coat of arms. so i thought, crown on top of its coat of arms. so i thought , aha, let's arms. so i thought, aha, let's do a lecture on the crowned repubuc do a lecture on the crowned republic of hungary and of britain, because in britain the king swears an oath and if he breaks it, do you know what he loses his crown. let's try it out . i'm a loses his crown. let's try it out. i'm a creature that wonderful denis grating phrase television historian. the sneer which the academic inflate act
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upon you. i remember once when the even worse term was flung at me. popular historian to which i responded, i suppose it's better than being an unpopular historian. anyway, it might seem strange that the rule of william the conqueror, who would seized and ruled england by brutal force, would eventually give way to a limited monarchy that depended on the consent of the people. however defined. but in order to rule effectively , order to rule effectively, william and his descendants knew that they had to keep their militarily powerful barons on side when they forgot this fact, as king john did in the early 13th century, the nobles were quick to remind them constantly raising taxes in order to pay for his disastrous wars in france. john face mounting noble resistance until in 1215 he was compelled to seal the document that became the foundation stone
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of the english constitution. man una carta, effectively a piece treaty between the warring sides . it put into writing 63 chapters, defining the rights and responsibilities of the crown and its subjects . no crown and its subjects. no sooner was the ink dry , however, sooner was the ink dry, however, than the king renounced it, triggering renewed civil war and a french invasion. paradoxically the situation was saved by john's death. the following yean john's death. the following year, his son henry , the third, year, his son henry, the third, was crowned within ten days. here in gloucester cathedral. he was just nine, wearing a set of child sized royal robes and crowned with one of his mother's bracelets . but there was bracelets. but there was politics behind the pageantry as the boys regents headed off opposition by reissuing magna carta in his name. but it was magna carta shorn of its contentious chapter 61, which had put real power in the hands
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of a committee of 25 barons and reduced the king to a mere figurehead . instead, a new forum figurehead. instead, a new forum for balancing crown and people was forged . it took its name was forged. it took its name from the french parle to speak. this is the palace of westminster, which from the late 13th century becomes more and more the regular meeting place of that peculiar english thing called parliament that most european kingdom homes have got estates in which the clergy and the first estate, the nobility , the first estate, the nobility, the first estate, the nobility, the second, and the common folk or their representatives meet separately. the english parliament is different, not three estates but two houses. the house of lords and the house of commons in the house of lords, though the great nobles, the duke marquesses, earls and so on, and the very rich and important bishops and abbots.
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thenin important bishops and abbots. then in the house of commons there are the representatives of there are the representatives of the counties and the towns , and the counties and the towns, and already by the 14th century you'll get the judges saying every law passed by parliament binds everybody in the kingdom because everybody's represented there either in person in the house of lords or by their representative in the house of commons. there's something else that's very peculiar about the engush that's very peculiar about the english parliament, the estates of most countries, frankly , are of most countries, frankly, are just a nuisance . they exist to just a nuisance. they exist to get in the way of royal government and to obstruct it. in england, parliament becomes part of royal government, an essential part. it's the only place you can make law. it's the only place you can legally raise taxation. and it's the creation. and here we get it so wrong. a strong king's not weak ones , but strong king's not weak ones, but it takes strong kings to manage
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it. the archetype of a strong king was edward the first and the archetype of a weak one was his son edward. the second. his nobles were immediately suspicious of him, and at his coronation in 1308, he was compelled to swear a new oath with an extraordinary additional clause to uphold the rightful laws and customs which the people shall have chosen . but people shall have chosen. but edward's weakness and favouritism meant that he repeatedly broke the promises he'd made, and that would lead to his end . here, this is the to his end. here, this is the guard room of berkeley castle in gloucestershire . here. it's gloucestershire. here. it's here. that king edward. the second was brought after he'd been defeated and captured by his outraged wife , queen his outraged wife, queen isabella of france, and her lover, roger mortimer earl of march . meanwhile, in london, march. meanwhile, in london, something unheard of was
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happening. a parliament was summoned to oversee the quasi legal dup position of a king, a dirty deed to be done in public. according to a sort of law. they drew up what were called the articles of accusation . the articles of accusation. the bafic articles of accusation. the basic charge was that edward had always listened to evil counsel and that he'd refused good counsel. all this meant that he'd done unworthy , unseemly he'd done unworthy, unseemly things , that he had lost out to things, that he had lost out to the scots , lost at bannockburn, the scots, lost at bannockburn, lost the great lands of england in france. it meant also that he had damaged the church . he had had damaged the church. he had murdered , stripped of their murdered, stripped of their lands , great nobles. and then lands, great nobles. and then the clause that summarises everything. it turns back to the coronation oath . it accused the coronation oath. it accused the king of having sworn to do
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justice and having failed to do justice and having failed to do just this and having failed to honour all the other clauses of his coronation oath . and his coronation oath. and finally, it said that he was in corrigible. in other words , that corrigible. in other words, that he'd broken a contract act. the oath has shifted . it's not an oath has shifted. it's not an oath has shifted. it's not an oath now , primarily between god oath now, primarily between god and the king. it's an oath , a and the king. it's an oath, a conditional oath between the king and his people . edward has king and his people. edward has broken it and very rarely has a breach of contract been punished more horribly . breach of contract been punished more horribly. he's murdered. and the two story of the murder one is that he's pressed to death on his bed under a table. the other, the one that schoolboys are always like that. a bull's horn was shoved up his fundament followed by a red hot poker . the people in fundament followed by a red hot poker. the people in parliament had asserted an unprecedented
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power using the coronation oath to impose terms upon the king and holding him to those terms by force . but just over half a by force. but just over half a century after edward the second was murdered, a new king came to the throne with a profoundly different sense of monarchy. because richard the second treated the idea of consecration at his coronation with profound reverence . his was rule by reverence. his was rule by divine right, and he wasn't going to be answerable to a rabble of petty nobles as this is the wilton diptych , one of is the wilton diptych, one of the most famous, if not the most famous mediaeval painting in the world. and it shows king richard the second here, kneeling in adoration before the virgin , the adoration before the virgin, the figure there with the halo carrying the baby, the golden baby with his halo, the christ child diptych means a painting
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of two halves to leaves, but again, there's another sense in which this is a painting of two halves. here we have of the aethereal vision of divine right monarchy . aethereal vision of divine right monarchy. but behind it there's something darker , much more something darker, much more dangerous . something darker, much more dangerous. gangsterish something darker, much more dangerous . gangsterish nasty. dangerous. gangsterish nasty. let's look at the aethereal first. richard is born on the 6th of january. that's the feast of the epiphany , when the three of the epiphany, when the three wise men having seen the star that manifests the fact that the baby jesus is actually divine is the son of god. travel to worship in the stable in bethlehem. and we've got here three kings. we've got richard himself, we've got behind saint edward edward the confessor, who was the founder, saint of the monarchy. and remember, it's in front of his tomb that richard was crowned . and if you look was crowned. and if you look carefully, you'll see edward is holding a ring.
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carefully, you'll see edward is holding a ring . richard would holding a ring. richard would actually have had that coronation ring of edward put on his finger because from the rebuilding of westminster abbey, they actually used edward the confessor's funeral regalia to crown the new king. the literal touching with the saint. and then here is another great engush then here is another great english royal saint. saint edmund king of the angles of the east saxons, who was defeated in battle by the vikings and shot to death with arrows before he had his head cut off because the vikings believed in doing things thoroughly. so you've got three kings, a living king of england, and two of his predecessors , and two of his predecessors, both sainted. but it's also the 6th of january. again this layering of religious belief, the 6th of january then was also the 6th of january then was also the feast of the baptism of christ by saint john. the baptist, who is here with islam , which is also the lamb of god , presenting richard to the
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virgin. and the christ child. that's the world of aethereal monarchy of the king, blessed by the multitude of saints at one with the kingdom of heaven. but it look a little bit more carefully . richard has got carefully. richard has got a collar around his neck, goes and hanging from it is the badge of the white hart . okay. all right. the white hart. okay. all right. all nicely symbolic. monarchs wear badges and chains, don't they ? look over here, though, they? look over here, though, and there's something really rather odd. we've got a signal that suddenly heaven has been taken over by england and probably by richard, because we can actually see one of the angels is holding the banner of saint george. and if you look very, very carefully at the top , you'll see there's the orb. the thing that richard had as his coronation that appears on his coronation that appears on his coronation that appears on his coronation portrait . you can his coronation portrait. you can see it up there. and again , this see it up there. and again, this minute quality of the picture
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over there england reflected over there is england reflected in the orb . but there's another in the orb. but there's another way in which this isn't just england. it's richard . because england. it's richard. because each one of the angels. do you know what is wearing a broom's court collar and the badge of the white hart? now, this is where some only the whole thing shifts from the aethereal to the brutal and the political. because what richard does is to underpin his claim to divine right by ruling effectively as a gangster. historians call these things the collars and the badges. they call them the symbols of feudalism. what had happenedin symbols of feudalism. what had happened in the hundred years war against france , of course, war against france, of course, was that the great nobility had built up military followings and to identify them in battle, they give them these symbols, they give them these symbols, they give them these badges. but of course, richard , his accession course, richard, his accession marks the collapse of england's efforts in france . richard tries
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efforts in france. richard tries to maintain peace with france and the nobles and their followers come . home and england followers come. home and england finds itself as a kind of gangster monarchy . the king had gangster monarchy. the king had got two choices. could he suppress feudalism ? um. well, suppress feudalism? um. well, richard makes a shot at it. i think it's just nominal. what he really chooses to do is to make himself the biggest feudal lord of them all richer, more powerful , of them all richer, more powerful, and of them all richer, more powerful , and with of them all richer, more powerful, and with more retainers. is cheshire archers, who also wear that and intimidate even parliament itself . if england's nobles itself. if england's nobles weren't going to stand for this intimidation option, but even in the face of rebellion, richard refused to depart from his belief in his divine right to rule . as shakespeare captures in rule. as shakespeare captures in his portrait of the king erg not all the water in the rough, rude
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sea can wash the balm off from an anointed king. the breath of worldly— an anointed king. the breath of worldly men— an anointed king. the breath of worldly men cannot— “ “22 2 the breath of worldly men cannot depose “ “22 “2 the breath of worldly men cannot depose the deputy— worldly men cannot depose the deputy elected— worldly men cannot depose the deputy elected by— worldly men cannot depose the deputy elected by the lord for every— deputy elected by the lord for every man. bolingbroke hath pressed— every man. bolingbroke hath pressed to— every man. bolingbroke hath pressed to lift— every man. bolingbroke hath pressed to lift shrewd steel against— pressed to lift shrewd steel against eut— pressed to lift shrewd steel against our golden crown god for his ttstttt— against our golden crown god for his richard hath— against our golden crown god for his richard hath in— against our golden crown god for his richard hath in heavenly pay , a his richard hath in heavenly pay , t ttettets— his richard hath in heavenly pay , a glorious angel— his richard hath in heavenly pay , a glorious angel .— his richard hath in heavenly pay , a glorious angel . well, then , , a glorious angel. well, then, if , a glorious angel. well, then, it attests— , a glorious angel. well, then, it tngets tatt— , a glorious angel. well, then, if angels fight ,_ , a glorious angel. well, then, if angels fight , weak men must if angels fight, weak men must fall if angels fight, weak men must tttt tet— if angels fight, weak men must fall for heaven. _ if angels fight, weak men must fall for heaven. still guards the— fall for heaven. still guards the tight— fall for heaven. still guards the tight . — fall for heaven. still guards the right. but— fall for heaven. still guards the right. but it- fall for heaven. still guards the right. c fall for heaven. still guards the right . c 22 the right. but it was no good. led by his own cousin , the led by his own cousin, the nobles were too strong and richard was deposed once again in a sort of parliamentary trial. he was accused of behaving as though the laws were in his mouth , as if he alone at in his mouth, as if he alone at to the make law and not the king in parliament in short, that he'd broken his coronation oath,
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us news. channel the deposition us news. channel- . the deposition and us news. channel— . the deposition and murder of ttstttt the— . the deposition and murder of richard the second— . the deposition and murder of richard the second-the- richard the second left, the nette— richard the second left, the noble dominated parliament. more power— noble dominated parliament. more power then— noble dominated parliament. more power then set— noble dominated parliament. more power than ever, so— noble dominated parliament. more power than ever, so powerful in test— power than ever, so powerful in test thet— power than ever, so powerful in test that p— power than ever, so powerful in fact, that it became impossible to tempt— fact, that it became impossible to control events— fact, that it became impossible to control events utterly unshackled_ to control events utterly unshackled by monarchical authority,— unshackled by monarchical authority, civil— unshackled by monarchical authority, civil war broke out. the— authority, civil war broke out. the was— authority, civil war broke out. the at— authority, civil war broke out. the wars of the— authority, civil war broke out. the wars of the roses pitted two hastens— the wars of the roses pitted two hastens at— the wars of the roses pitted two factions of the— the wars of the roses pitted two factions of the royal family against— factions of the royal family against each— factions of the royal family against each other and the strappe— against each other and the statppte at— against each other and the struggle of the— against each other and the struggle of the house of tahsastet— struggle of the house of lancaster and- struggle of the house of lancaster and the house of york tate— lancaster and the house of york tore the— lancaster and the house of york tore the kingdom _ lancaster and the house of york tore the kingdom apart. only in test— tore the kingdom apart. only in test was— tore the kingdom apart. only in test ahe— tore the kingdom apart. only in 1485 was one man— tore the kingdom apart. only in 1485 was one man capable of
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returning— 1485 was one man capable of returning the— 1485 was one man capable of returning the country to stahhhtw— returning the country to stahhhtw .— returning the country to stability . motty henry, the stability. motty henry, the seventh— stability. motty henry, the seventh a— stability. motty henry, the seventh a lancastrian by remote descent— seventh a lancastrian by remote descent, claimed— seventh a lancastrian by remote descent, claimed the throne and pnnptw— descent, claimed the throne and promptly married— descent, claimed the throne and promptly married elizabeth of hath— promptly married elizabeth of want, heaping— promptly married elizabeth of york, merging the two houses inta— york, merging the two houses into a— york, merging the two houses into a shatt— york, merging the two houses into a single dynasty, the haters— into a single dynasty, the haters as— into a single dynasty, the tudors as but— into a single dynasty, the tudors as but the strictly pathe— tudors as but the strictly police parameters of the english nananhw— police parameters of the english monarchy didn't— police parameters of the english monarchy didn't sit well with this— monarchy didn't sit well with this ambitious— monarchy didn't sit well with this ambitious and ruthless tanhw— this ambitious and ruthless tanhw ant— this ambitious and ruthless family and shortly into his reign— family and shortly into his .agn, henn— family and shortly into his reign, henry the seventh commissioned- reign, henry the seventh commissioned the making of a new nigger,— commissioned the making of a new crown. bigger, heavier and more sptentht— crown. bigger, heavier and more sptentht than— crown. bigger, heavier and more splendid than any— crown. bigger, heavier and more splendid than any before . it splendid than any before. it swnhahset— splendid than any before. it symbolised the— splendid than any before. it symbolised the resurgence of the monarchy. — symbolised the resurgence of the monarchy. the— symbolised the resurgence of the monarchy. the band of the crown attetnatet— monarchy. the band of the crown alternated the _ monarchy. the band of the crown alternated the crosses of tnptant— alternated the crosses of england with— alternated the crosses of england with the fleur de lis of hante— england with the fleur de lis of tant ant— england with the fleur de lis of france, and it— england with the fleur de lis of france, and it was— england with the fleur de lis of france, and it was surmounted by two intersecting— france, and it was surmounted by two intersecting arches which shpnhhet— two intersecting arches which signified imperial power. the new crown imperial hinted at the paantness— new crown imperial hinted at the paantness th— new crown imperial hinted at the grandness of henry— new crown imperial hinted at the grandness of henry the seventh anhhhtns. — grandness of henry the seventh ambitions. his— grandness of henry the seventh ambitions. his son, england's nost— ambitions. his son, england's most imperial— ambitions. his son, england's most imperial king, would
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stetth— most imperial king, would stretch the— most imperial king, would stretch the notion of limited ntnatthw— stretch the notion of limited ntnatthw ts— stretch the notion of limited monarchy to its— stretch the notion of limited monarchy to its breaking point . monarchy to its breaking point. we monarchy to its breaking point. the au— monarchy to its breaking point. we at tntw— monarchy to its breaking point. we all know that— monarchy to its breaking point. we all know that henry the tightn— we all know that henry the ttphth hat— we all know that henry the eighth had six— we all know that henry the eighth had six wives, but we're tess— eighth had six wives, but we're less familiar— eighth had six wives, but we're less familiar with— eighth had six wives, but we're less familiar with the fact that henn— less familiar with the fact that henw ptannet— less familiar with the fact that henw ptannet a— less familiar with the fact that henry planned a second coronation.— henry planned a second coronation. probably here in tort.— coronation. probably here in york. minster— coronation. probably here in york. minster where he came in the satntne— york. minster where he came in the summer of— york. minster where he came in the summer of 1541 with his thth — the summer of 1541 with his thth whe— the summer of 1541 with his fifth wife, catherine howard . fifth wife, catherine howard. ant— fifth wife, catherine howard. ant he— fifth wife, catherine howard. ant he even— fifth wife, catherine howard. and he even seems to have tanta— and he even seems to have tannet tat— and he even seems to have tannet out a— and he even seems to have carried out a revision of his tnphnat— carried out a revision of his original coronation oath , which original coronation oath, which he knew— original coronation oath, which he knew hw— original coronation oath, which he knew, by the— original coronation oath, which he knew, by the way, that he'd hasten— he knew, by the way, that he'd hasten town— he knew, by the way, that he'd broken down for— he knew, by the way, that he'd broken down for the event . and broken down for the event. and attaattw— broken down for the event. and attaattw this— broken down for the event. and actually, this is— broken down for the event. and actually, this is a— broken down for the event. and actually, this is a very close ttnnetttn— actually, this is a very close connection between the number of _ connection between the number of ant— connection between the number of ant the— connection between the number of wives and the plan— connection between the number of wives and the plan for a second ttatnattn. — wives and the plan for a second coronation. john— wives and the plan for a second coronation. john henry's first manage— coronation. john henry's first manage to— coronation. john henry's first marriage to catherine of aragon had marriage to catherine of aragon hat tetan— marriage to catherine of aragon hat began as— marriage to catherine of aragon hat hepan as a— marriage to catherine of aragon had begun as a love marriage , had begun as a love marriage, hat— had begun as a love marriage, put things— had begun as a love marriage, but things had— had begun as a love marriage, but things had cooled when tathenne— but things had cooled when catherine only— but things had cooled when catherine only gave him a tanghtea— catherine only gave him a taaphtea .— catherine only gave him a daughter. remember, no woman have— daughter. remember, no woman have sat— daughter. remember, no woman have sat tn— daughter. remember, no woman have sat on the— daughter. remember, no woman have sat on the throne of tnptant— have sat on the throne of tnptant vet— have sat on the throne of england yet, and also poor she— england yet, and also poor woman. she lost her figure and age— woman. she lost her figure and age anttttv— woman. she lost her figure and age quickly because of the aepeatet— age quickly because of the repeated failed— age quickly because of the repeated failed pregnancies. but
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what— repeated failed pregnancies. but what thanpett— repeated failed pregnancies. but what changed? everything was the aanvat— what changed? everything was the aanvat at— what changed? everything was the arrival at court— what changed? everything was the arrival at court of— what changed? everything was the arrival at court of anne boleyn. anne— arrival at court of anne boleyn. anne hat— arrival at court of anne boleyn. anne had been— arrival at court of anne boleyn. anne had been brought up in hant— anne had been brought up in france, where— anne had been brought up in france, where she had mastered the tanpaape— france, where she had mastered the language more importantly, hettne— the language more importantly, hetttne a— the language more importantly, become a mistress of the arts, of ttantv— become a mistress of the arts, of courtly love.— become a mistress of the arts, of courtly love. the result was that— of courtly love. the result was that she— of courtly love. the result was that she hat— of courtly love. the result was that she had men— of courtly love. the result was that she had men at her feet , that she had men at her feet, hnttathnp— that she had men at her feet, including principally henry v, the— including principally henry v, the two— including principally henry v, the two sh— including principally henry v, the two of them— including principally henry v, the two of them pledged to marry . oh— the two of them pledged to marry . oh the— the two of them pledged to marry . oh the ast— the two of them pledged to marry . oh the as th— the two of them pledged to marry . on the 1st of january 1527. t hey— . on the 1st of january 1527. they couldn't— . on the 1st of january 1527. they couldn't have chosen a hnt— they couldn't have chosen a worse time to— they couldn't have chosen a worse time to do— they couldn't have chosen a worse time to do it because at evatttv— worse time to do it because at evatttv that— worse time to do it because at exactly that moment, catherine's nephew— exactly that moment, catherine's nephew .— exactly that moment, catherine's nephew , the— exactly that moment, catherine's nephew , the how— exactly that moment, catherine's nephew , the holy roman emperor, nephew, the holy roman emperor, thaates— nephew, the holy roman emperor, thaates the— nephew, the holy roman emperor, charles the fifth,— nephew, the holy roman emperor, charles the fifth, was making hhnseh— charles the fifth, was making himself master— charles the fifth, was making himself master of italy , where himself master of italy, where his hoops— himself master of italy, where his tattps in— himself master of italy, where his troops in a— himself master of italy, where his troops in a month or two wtatt— his troops in a month or two would conquer— his troops in a month or two would conquer would sack rome and would conquer would sack rome ant attaaiiv— would conquer would sack rome and actually capture to the pope . hat— and actually capture to the pope . hat it— and actually capture to the pope . hat it the — and actually capture to the pope . put it the pope— and actually capture to the pope . but if the pope couldn't or wtaitn-t— . but if the pope couldn't or wouldn't give— . but if the pope couldn't or wouldn't give henry his divorce, he-t— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he-t have— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he-t have to— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he'd have to get— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he'd have to get it— wouldn't give henry his divorce, he'd have to get it in england , he'd have to get it in england, this— he'd have to get it in england, this meant— he'd have to get it in england, this meant rewriting all the antes— this meant rewriting all the antes th— this meant rewriting all the rules of church— this meant rewriting all the rules of church and state. some
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in imaginative— rules of church and state. some in imaginative historical research discovered that henry hat— research discovered that henry hat an— research discovered that henry had an imperial— research discovered that henry had an imperial power that meant that he— had an imperial power that meant that he ant— had an imperial power that meant that he and not— had an imperial power that meant that he and not the— had an imperial power that meant that he and not the pope , was that he and not the pope, was neat— that he and not the pope, was heat th— that he and not the pope, was heat of the— that he and not the pope, was head of the church . henry by head of the church. henry by them— head of the church. henry by careful management. and after six veaas— careful management. and after six years persuaded parliament to six years persuaded parliament tt agate— six years persuaded parliament tt ataee .— six years persuaded parliament tt agate . henn— six years persuaded parliament to agree . henry and anne were to agree. henry and anne were naaaiet— to agree. henry and anne were naaaiet in— to agree. henry and anne were married in january 1536, and she given— married in january 1536, and she given a— married in january 1536, and she was given a magnificent ttatnatitn— was given a magnificent coronation in— was given a magnificent coronation in may. but i'm ahait— coronation in may. but i'm afraid anne— coronation in may. but i'm afraid anne was- coronation in may. but i'm afraid anne was as unpopular as taniiia— afraid anne was as unpopular as taniiia in— afraid anne was as unpopular as camilla in the— afraid anne was as unpopular as camilla in the 1990s and the ttnttn— camilla in the 1990s and the ttnttn nth— camilla in the 1990s and the london mob at— camilla in the 1990s and the london mob at the coronation pattessitn— london mob at the coronation procession where— london mob at the coronation procession where there were, of tipheas— procession where there were, of course, ciphers for— procession where there were, of course, ciphers for henry and anne— course, ciphers for henry and anne sent— course, ciphers for henry and anne sent them _ course, ciphers for henry and anne sent them up as only the ttnttn— anne sent them up as only the ttnttn nth— anne sent them up as only the london mob can— anne sent them up as only the london mob can by raucous iatghten— london mob can by raucous iaaghtea. na— london mob can by raucous laughter. ha ha— london mob can by raucous laughter. ha ha ha . the marriage laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage tastet— laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage iastet toa— laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage lasted for barely— laughter. ha ha ha. the marriage lasted for barely three years hettae— lasted for barely three years hettae an— lasted for barely three years before an in— lasted for barely three years before an in turn was divorced ant— before an in turn was divorced and beheaded.— before an in turn was divorced and beheaded. but though he got rid and beheaded. but though he got ait th— and beheaded. but though he got ait of anne,— and beheaded. but though he got rid of anne, henry— and beheaded. but though he got rid of anne, henry clung on to those— rid of anne, henry clung on to those principles— rid of anne, henry clung on to those principles which had enatiet— those principles which had enabled him _ those principles which had enabled him to marry her. the
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attai— enabled him to marry her. the atvat sapaenatv— enabled him to marry her. the royal supremacy over the church, the itea— royal supremacy over the church, the itea th— royal supremacy over the church, the idea of the— royal supremacy over the church, the idea of the imperial crown of tngtant— the idea of the imperial crown of england and— the idea of the imperial crown of england and the shrewd management— of england and the shrewd management of parliament. and wett— management of parliament. and we-ti tint— management of parliament. and we-ti hint at— management of parliament. and we'll find all of— management of parliament. and we'll find all of them here in his revision— we'll find all of them here in his revision of— we'll find all of them here in his revision of the coronation tath. — his revision of the coronation tath. notw— his revision of the coronation oath. holy church becomes the thtath— oath. holy church becomes the thwth th— oath. holy church becomes the church of england. the church of whith— church of england. the church of whith tenn— church of england. the church of which henry was,— church of england. the church of which henry was, of course , the which henry was, of course, the heat— which henry was, of course, the heat ant— which henry was, of course, the heat ant at— which henry was, of course, the head and all the— which henry was, of course, the head and all the traditional patnises— head and all the traditional patnises to— head and all the traditional promises to keep the peace between— promises to keep the peace between church _ promises to keep the peace between church and people to aespett— between church and people to aespett the— between church and people to respect the ancient laws of the tingttn. — respect the ancient laws of the kingdom. they're— respect the ancient laws of the kingdom. they're all made sthiett— kingdom. they're all made satiett to— kingdom. they're all made subject to henry's rights as ting— subject to henry's rights as ting ant— subject to henry's rights as ting ant to— subject to henry's rights as king and to the— subject to henry's rights as king and to the powers of the inpeaiai— king and to the powers of the imperial crown— king and to the powers of the imperial crown of the realm. but what-s— imperial crown of the realm. but was aist— imperial crown of the realm. but what's also striking is that henn— what's also striking is that henw shows— what's also striking is that henry shows his knowledge and understanding— henry shows his knowledge and understanding of— henry shows his knowledge and understanding of parliament. so insteat— understanding of parliament. so insteat th— understanding of parliament. so instead of the— understanding of parliament. so instead of the vague promise that— instead of the vague promise that the— instead of the vague promise that the ting— instead of the vague promise that the king would rule atttating— that the king would rule according to— that the king would rule according to the laws chosen by the petpie, — according to the laws chosen by the petpie, henn— according to the laws chosen by the people, henry carefully waites— the people, henry carefully waites it— the people, henry carefully writes it all— the people, henry carefully writes it all out. he will rule atttating— writes it all out. he will rule atttating to— writes it all out. he will rule according to the— writes it all out. he will rule according to the laws chosen by the notes— according to the laws chosen by the nobles and— according to the laws chosen by the nobles and people. but it,
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as inteet— the nobles and people. but it, as indeed was— the nobles and people. but it, as indeed was the— the nobles and people. but it, as indeed was the case subject to the— as indeed was the case subject to the attai— as indeed was the case subject to the royal consent in an act of parliament.— to the royal consent in an act of parliament. henry understood naaiianent. — of parliament. henry understood parliament. he— of parliament. henry understood parliament. he even incorporates it in— parliament. he even incorporates it in thett— parliament. he even incorporates it in thett in— parliament. he even incorporates it in effect, in his— parliament. he even incorporates it in effect, in his new never tset— it in effect, in his new never used coronation— it in effect, in his new never used coronation oath . henry the used coronation oath. henry the eighth— used coronation oath. henry the eighth titt— used coronation oath. henry the eighth died the— used coronation oath. henry the eighth died the most powerful ting— eighth died the most powerful ting tngtant— eighth died the most powerful king england had ever had at the apex.— king england had ever had at the apex. att— king england had ever had at the apex. ttt iast— king england had ever had at the apex. ttt iast th— king england had ever had at the apex. not just of temporal but spiaittat— apex. not just of temporal but spiritual power. _ apex. not just of temporal but spiritual power. the crowning of his sn— spiritual power. the crowning of his son would— spiritual power. the crowning of his son would dramatise this new inpeaiai— his son would dramatise this new imperial monarchy— his son would dramatise this new imperial monarchy and its panneaship— imperial monarchy and its partnership with parliament. the ttatnatitn— partnership with parliament. the ttatnatitn th— partnership with parliament. the coronation of henry's son, the boy,— coronation of henry's son, the how ting— coronation of henry's son, the boy, king edward,— coronation of henry's son, the boy, king edward, as traditionally been seen as a aesttnting— traditionally been seen as a resounding statement of tudor atstittisn— resounding statement of tudor atstittisn .— resounding statement of tudor absolutism . um.— resounding statement of tudor absolutism . um. do you know what absolutism. um. do you know what i absolutism. um. do you know what ithintt— absolutism. um. do you know what ithintt ihis— absolutism. um. do you know what i think? this is— absolutism. um. do you know what i think? this is plain— absolutism. um. do you know what i think? this is plain wrong. titt— i think? this is plain wrong. ppa. atw— i think? this is plain wrong. erg. now, granted, the imperial that— erg. now, granted, the imperial crown that great— erg. now, granted, the imperial crown that great arch symbol of nenw-s— crown that great arch symbol of henw-s pwea— crown that great arch symbol of henw-s pteaw is— crown that great arch symbol of henry's power, is placed on the how-s— henry's power, is placed on the htv-s heat— henry's power, is placed on the boy's head after— henry's power, is placed on the boy's head after he's already teen— boy's head after he's already been crowned— boy's head after he's already been crowned with the saint ttwaat— been crowned with the saint edward crown _ been crowned with the saint edward crown .— been crowned with the saint edward crown . but when you come edward crown. but when you come to the— edward crown. but when you come to the aeviset— edward crown. but when you come to the revised coronation oath,
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it tetis— to the revised coronation oath, it tetis a— to the revised coronation oath, it tetis a very— to the revised coronation oath, it tells a very different story on the— it tells a very different story on the ten— it tells a very different story on the one hand,— it tells a very different story on the one hand, as you'd expect , we're now in a protestant aising— , we're now in a protestant rising england— , we're now in a protestant rising england traditional references— rising england traditional references to— rising england traditional references to saint edward and his iaws— references to saint edward and his laws. there— references to saint edward and his laws. there are all struck tat.— his laws. there are all struck out hat— his laws. there are all struck out. but when— his laws. there are all struck out. but when you come to the kings— out. but when you come to the kings tattiat— out. but when you come to the king's crucial promise to rule atttating— king's crucial promise to rule atttating to— king's crucial promise to rule according to the— king's crucial promise to rule according to the law , depher according to the law, depher iast— according to the law, depher iast tisten— according to the law, depher just listen to— according to the law, depher just listen to it— according to the law, depher just listen to it .— according to the law, depher just listen to it. do you grant to mate— just listen to it. do you grant to mate nt— just listen to it. do you grant to make no new— just listen to it. do you grant to make no new laws but such as shat— to make no new laws but such as shait he— to make no new laws but such as shait he to— to make no new laws but such as shall be to the— to make no new laws but such as shall be to the honour and glory of tot— shall be to the honour and glory of ttt ant— shall be to the honour and glory of ttt ant to— shall be to the honour and glory of god and to the— shall be to the honour and glory of god and to the good of the commonwealth,— of god and to the good of the commonwealth, and that the same shat— commonwealth, and that the same shait he— commonwealth, and that the same shait he natt— commonwealth, and that the same shall be made by— commonwealth, and that the same shall be made by the consent of wow— shall be made by the consent of wow petpte,— shall be made by the consent of wow petpie, as— shall be made by the consent of your people, as hath been accustomed.— your people, as hath been accustomed. there it is a tnsnt— accustomed. there it is a tnsnt in— accustomed. there it is a consent in parliament ex inpiititiv— consent in parliament ex implicitly spelled out . but this implicitly spelled out. but this vision— implicitly spelled out. but this vision th— implicitly spelled out. but this vision of a— implicitly spelled out. but this vision of a strong— implicitly spelled out. but this vision of a strong protestant itenaissante— vision of a strong protestant renaissance kingship came to nought— renaissance kingship came to ntaght aget— renaissance kingship came to nought aged just 15. edward the sixth— nought aged just 15. edward the sixth was— nought aged just 15. edward the sixth was struck— nought aged just 15. edward the sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis— sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis .— sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis. his sixth was struck down probably by tuberculosis . his eventual by tuberculosis. his eventual successor, mary— by tuberculosis. his eventual successor, mary i— by tuberculosis. his eventual successor, mary i the first sought— successor, mary i the first sought to— successor, mary i the first sought to bring- successor, mary i the first sought to bring england back to tathtiitisn — sought to bring england back to catholicism and— sought to bring england back to catholicism and burned some 300
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httestant— catholicism and burned some 300 protestant heretics— catholicism and burned some 300 protestant heretics ,_ catholicism and burned some 300 protestant heretics , including protestant heretics, including the tanta— protestant heretics, including the former archbishop thomas taanea— the former archbishop thomas t. hat— the former archbishop thomas cranmer. but when mary died thiitiess— cranmer. but when mary died childless henry— cranmer. but when mary died childless henry vii's will enttaset— childless henry vii's will endorsed most by act of parliament— endorsed most by act of parliament handed the throne to her parliament handed the throne to hea nah— parliament handed the throne to her half sister— parliament handed the throne to her half sister ,_ parliament handed the throne to her half sister , elizabeth. her half sister, elizabeth. ttizateth— her half sister, elizabeth. elizabeth was— her half sister, elizabeth. elizabeth was the offspring of henn— elizabeth was the offspring of henw vii-s— elizabeth was the offspring of henry vii's second marriage, whith— henry vii's second marriage, whith hat— henry vii's second marriage, which had launched the reformation, _ which had launched the reformation, and her mother was anne— reformation, and her mother was anne htievn— reformation, and her mother was anne boleyn, whose coronation pattessitn— anne boleyn, whose coronation procession had— anne boleyn, whose coronation procession had provoked mockery hon— procession had provoked mockery hon hath— procession had provoked mockery hon ntth th— procession had provoked mockery from much of the— procession had provoked mockery from much of the london crowd . from much of the london crowd. tiizaheth— from much of the london crowd. elizabeth was— from much of the london crowd. elizabeth was determined , elizabeth was determined, insteat,— elizabeth was determined, instead, that— elizabeth was determined, instead, that her own coronation ant— instead, that her own coronation ant pattessitn— instead, that her own coronation and procession would unify her. ant— and procession would unify her. ant she— and procession would unify her. ant she spent— and procession would unify her. and she spent a— and procession would unify her. and she spent a fortune on it. his— and she spent a fortune on it. ihis is— and she spent a fortune on it. ihis is the— and she spent a fortune on it. this is the tower— and she spent a fortune on it. this is the tower of london hetatse— this is the tower of london because as the _ this is the tower of london because as the old coronation pattessitn— because as the old coronation procession was much bigger and itngea— procession was much bigger and itngea than— procession was much bigger and longer than the— procession was much bigger and longer than the present one, it iett— longer than the present one, it iett hon — longer than the present one, it iett hon the— longer than the present one, it left from the tower and then it went— left from the tower and then it went tight— left from the tower and then it went right through the city aitng— went right through the city attng iieet— went right through the city along fleet street. and the shant— along fleet street. and the staant to— along fleet street. and the strand to westminster. so it was hon— strand to westminster. so it was hon hag, — strand to westminster. so it was hon hag, the— strand to westminster. so it was from here, the tower , that on from here, the tower, that on the— from here, the tower, that on the nth— from here, the tower, that on the nth th— from here, the tower, that on the 14th of january, 1559, queen
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tiizaheth— the 14th of january, 1559, queen elizabeth set— the 14th of january, 1559, queen elizabeth set forth— the 14th of january, 1559, queen elizabeth set forth on her coronation— elizabeth set forth on her coronation procession. she was weaaing— coronation procession. she was weaaing titth— coronation procession. she was wearing cloth of— coronation procession. she was wearing cloth of gold and she was reclining— wearing cloth of gold and she was reclining on— wearing cloth of gold and she was reclining on a cushion thithe— was reclining on a cushion thatne .— was reclining on a cushion thatne , aist— was reclining on a cushion throne , also covered in white throne, also covered in white tttth— throne, also covered in white titth th— throne, also covered in white titth tt gott— throne, also covered in white cloth of gold in— throne, also covered in white cloth of gold in a— throne, also covered in white cloth of gold in a great white titth— cloth of gold in a great white titth th— cloth of gold in a great white titth tt goit— cloth of gold in a great white cloth of gold litter with a tantpv— cloth of gold litter with a tantpv tv— cloth of gold litter with a canopy over it— cloth of gold litter with a canopy over it borne on two that— canopy over it borne on two gaeat htss— canopy over it borne on two great horses as— canopy over it borne on two great horses as she was sitting in hta— great horses as she was sitting in hta nah— great horses as she was sitting in her hair like— great horses as she was sitting in her hair like a— great horses as she was sitting in her hair like a bride in that tattatatinaw— in her hair like a bride in that extraordinary golden hair with a gtit— extraordinary golden hair with a gtit tiatitt— extraordinary golden hair with a gold circlet on— extraordinary golden hair with a gold circlet on her head and aiting— gold circlet on her head and aiting rast— gold circlet on her head and riding just behind was the man wht— riding just behind was the man wht was— riding just behind was the man who was closest— riding just behind was the man who was closest to her, her mastit— who was closest to her, her tnastat th— who was closest to her, her master of the— who was closest to her, her master of the horse , lord robert master of the horse, lord robert hatitv— master of the horse, lord robert hatttv .— master of the horse, lord robert pattev . attng— master of the horse, lord robert dudley . along the— master of the horse, lord robert dudley . along the processional dudley. along the processional attte— dudley. along the processional atttt .— dudley. along the processional atttt , theat— dudley. along the processional route , there were— dudley. along the processional route , there were pageants here route, there were pageants here in gracechurch _ route, there were pageants here in gracechurch street. it ttnsisttt— in gracechurch street. it consisted of— in gracechurch street. it consisted of three stages on the itwta— consisted of three stages on the ttwta stage — consisted of three stages on the lower stage were— consisted of three stages on the lower stage were elizabeth's hant— lower stage were elizabeth's grand parents,— lower stage were elizabeth's grand parents, henry the seventh and grand parents, henry the seventh ant tiizattth— grand parents, henry the seventh and elizabeth of— grand parents, henry the seventh and elizabeth of york. on the nittit— and elizabeth of york. on the nitttt stage.— and elizabeth of york. on the middle stage. her actual patents— middle stage. her actual parents, henry the eighth. and yes .— parents, henry the eighth. and yes , anne— parents, henry the eighth. and yes , anne boleyn. and then on yes, aime boleyn. and then on the yes, anne boleyn. and then on the thiit— yes, anne boleyn. and then on the third stage— yes, anne boleyn. and then on the third stage at— yes, anne boleyn. and then on the third stage at the top, ttizattth — the third stage at the top, elizabeth herself. that was her
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tvnastit— elizabeth herself. that was her dynastic claim _ elizabeth herself. that was her dynastic claim to— elizabeth herself. that was her dynastic claim to the throne heat— dynastic claim to the throne heat in— dynastic claim to the throne here in cornhill._ dynastic claim to the throne here in cornhill. the pageant shtwet— here in cornhill. the pageant shtwet the— here in cornhill. the pageant showed the virtues and the vices , hat— showed the virtues and the vices , tat thew-ve— showed the virtues and the vices , but they've been— showed the virtues and the vices , but they've been rejigged a bit , but they've been rejigged a hit the— , but they've been rejigged a bit the principal— , but they've been rejigged a bit the principal virtue is true aeiigitn— bit the principal virtue is true atiigitn tn— bit the principal virtue is true religion on that's— bit the principal virtue is true religion on that's protestantism and religion on that's protestantism ant the— religion on that's protestantism ant the thief— religion on that's protestantism and the chief vice— religion on that's protestantism and the chief vice is superstar iitian. — and the chief vice is superstar titian. that's— and the chief vice is superstar titian. that's potpourri or catholicism _ titian. that's potpourri or catholicism .— titian. that's potpourri or catholicism . the last pageant catholicism. the last pageant htat— catholicism. the last pageant heat in— catholicism. the last pageant was here in fleet— catholicism. the last pageant was here in fleet street at the ttgt— was here in fleet street at the ttgt tt— was here in fleet street at the ttgt tt the— was here in fleet street at the edge of the city,— was here in fleet street at the edge of the city, and it showed tiizahtth— edge of the city, and it showed ttizattth as— edge of the city, and it showed elizabeth as deborah, the female judge— elizabeth as deborah, the female ratgt ant— elizabeth as deborah, the female judge and general— elizabeth as deborah, the female judge and general of the ancient isaatiitts— judge and general of the ancient israelites. but— judge and general of the ancient israelites. but throughout the ptssin— israelites. but throughout the procession, something odd had happtntt— procession, something odd had happtntt. int— procession, something odd had happened. the queen had answered tath— happened. the queen had answered hatt. ant— happened. the queen had answered back. and there— happened. the queen had answered back. and there was— happened. the queen had answered back. and there was a reporter with— back. and there was a reporter with a— back. and there was a reporter with a tittie— back. and there was a reporter with a little notebook alongside her with a little notebook alongside hta rttting— with a little notebook alongside her jotting down _ with a little notebook alongside herjotting down everything, her jotting down everything, tvtwthing— her jotting down everything, everything that— her jotting down everything, everything that she said. and it patiishtt— everything that she said. and it was published in— everything that she said. and it was published in a pamphlet . and was published in a pamphlet. and the pattatt— was published in a pamphlet. and the pattatt tt— was published in a pamphlet. and the preface to the— was published in a pamphlet. and the preface to the pamphlet said that— the preface to the pamphlet said that the— the preface to the pamphlet said that the th— the preface to the pamphlet said that the city had— the preface to the pamphlet said that the city had become a stage in whith— that the city had become a stage in whith the— that the city had become a stage in which the people had seen and heat— in which the people had seen and htaat thtia— in which the people had seen and heard their queen—
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in which the people had seen and heard their queen on albie elizabeth's— heard their queen on albie elizabeth's coronation itself was a compromise between inhtaittt— was a compromise between inherited catholic ritual and the ttttn-s— inherited catholic ritual and the queen's undogmatic hinckley htttstant— the queen's undogmatic hinckley protestant convictions because htttstant— protestant convictions because htttstant .— protestant convictions because protestant , though she was, she protestant, though she was, she hat— protestant, though she was, she hat a— protestant, though she was, she hat a verti— protestant, though she was, she hat a vttw ttn— protestant, though she was, she had a very, um, protestant love of had a very, um, protestant love tt ttttnv— had a very, um, protestant love of ceremony and— had a very, um, protestant love of ceremony and music . this of ceremony and music. this wtttt— of ceremony and music. this wtttt ht— of ceremony and music. this would be one— of ceremony and music. this would be one bone of contention httwttn— would be one bone of contention between queen _ would be one bone of contention between queen and parliament, the stttssitn— between queen and parliament, the succession on— between queen and parliament, the succession on her marriage, ttatign— the succession on her marriage, ttatign ptiitv— the succession on her marriage, foreign policy and— the succession on her marriage, foreign policy and finance were tthtas— foreign policy and finance were tthtas ttt— foreign policy and finance were others, but the _ foreign policy and finance were others, but the tensions never got— others, but the tensions never gtt ttt— others, but the tensions never gtt tat tt— others, but the tensions never got out of hand.— others, but the tensions never got out of hand. since she was a nistatss— got out of hand. since she was a nistatss tt— got out of hand. since she was a mistress of the— got out of hand. since she was a mistress of the art— got out of hand. since she was a mistress of the art of compromise- mistress of the art of compromise and of the kind of iangaagt— compromise and of the kind of language which— compromise and of the kind of language which only a woman tttit— language which only a woman tttit st— language which only a woman tttit .— language which only a woman could use . so— language which only a woman could use . so well, though god could use. so well, though god hath— could use. so well, though god hath aaistt— could use. so well, though god hath raised me— could use. so well, though god hath raised me high, she told her hath raised me high, she told hta iast— hath raised me high, she told her last parliament in 1601. yet this— her last parliament in 1601. yet this i— her last parliament in 1601. yet this i account— her last parliament in 1601. yet this i account the— her last parliament in 1601. yet this i account the glory of my that— this i account the glory of my that i— this i account the glory of my crown that i have— this i account the glory of my crown that i have reigned with vtta— crown that i have reigned with vtta ttvts— crown that i have reigned with vtw itvts as— crown that i have reigned with your loves as in— crown that i have reigned with your loves as in the retrospect of your loves as in the retrospect tt what— your loves as in the retrospect of what would _ your loves as in the retrospect of what would follow it would
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elizabeth's death marked the end of elizabeth's death marked the end tt the— elizabeth's death marked the end tt tht ittta— elizabeth's death marked the end of the tudor dynasty. the virgin ttttn— of the tudor dynasty. the virgin ttttn hat— of the tudor dynasty. the virgin queen had spurned the advances of queen had spurned the advances tt tttntitss— queen had spurned the advances of countless suitors throughout her of countless suitors throughout hta atign— of countless suitors throughout hta atign .— of countless suitors throughout her reign , believing any husband her reign, believing any husband wttit— her reign, believing any husband wtttt sttt— her reign, believing any husband wtttt sttt tt— her reign, believing any husband would seek to control her and hta— would seek to control her and hen tingttn. — would seek to control her and her kingdom. so— would seek to control her and her kingdom. so it was that her ttt— her kingdom. so it was that her ttit tt — her kingdom. so it was that her crown fell to her— her kingdom. so it was that her crown fell to her cousin of the htast— crown fell to her cousin of the httst tt— crown fell to her cousin of the house of stuart— crown fell to her cousin of the house of stuart james, the sixth of house of stuart james, the sixth tt tartara, — house of stuart james, the sixth of scotland, and— house of stuart james, the sixth of scotland, and not since the tavs— of scotland, and not since the tavs tt— of scotland, and not since the tavs tt the— of scotland, and not since the days of the anglo—saxons had the two days of the anglo—saxons had the wt tstaiiv— days of the anglo—saxons had the two usually employ— days of the anglo—saxons had the two usually employ oddly hostile tingttns— two usually employ oddly hostile tingttns tttn— two usually employ oddly hostile kingdoms, been united under one crown. even the— kingdoms, been united under one crown. even the great war leader ttwaat— crown. even the great war leader ttwaat tht — crown. even the great war leader edward the first,— crown. even the great war leader edward the first, had failed to hing— edward the first, had failed to bring scotland— edward the first, had failed to bring scotland under his ttntatt— bring scotland under his control, though he had appatpaiatt— control, though he had appropriate covid the ancient
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ttatnatitn— appropriate covid the ancient coronation seat— appropriate covid the ancient coronation seat of the scots, the— coronation seat of the scots, tht sttnt— coronation seat of the scots, tht sttnt tt— coronation seat of the scots, the stone of scone, james's sixth— the stone of scone, james's sixth ntw— the stone of scone, james's sixth now also— the stone of scone, james's sixth now also james, the first of sixth now also james, the first tt ragga,— sixth now also james, the first of england, was— sixth now also james, the first of england, was determined to mate— of england, was determined to mate a— of england, was determined to make a success— of england, was determined to make a success of— of england, was determined to make a success of what he called the hitsstt— make a success of what he called the blessed union— make a success of what he called the blessed union ,_ make a success of what he called the blessed union , of which he the blessed union, of which he httant— the blessed union, of which he httant the— the blessed union, of which he became the physical embody meant his ptsititn— became the physical embody meant his ptsititn as— became the physical embody meant his position as a— became the physical embody meant his position as a unifier of crowns imbued— his position as a unifier of crowns imbued him with a unique atthtaitv— crowns imbued him with a unique atthtaitv .— crowns imbued him with a unique atthtaitv , ant— crowns imbued him with a unique authority , and having acceded to authority, and having acceded to the tngiish— authority, and having acceded to the english throne— authority, and having acceded to the english throne in unspoken tttiantt— the english throne in unspoken tttiantt tt— the english throne in unspoken defiance of henry— the english throne in unspoken defiance of henry vii's, will itsth— defiance of henry vii's, will itself endorsed— defiance of henry vii's, will itself endorsed by parliament, rants— itself endorsed by parliament, james believed— itself endorsed by parliament, james believed that the crown his— james believed that the crown his hw— james believed that the crown was his by indefeasible htattitaw— was his by indefeasible hereditary right for the first time— hereditary right for the first time sintt— hereditary right for the first time since the— hereditary right for the first time since the days of edward ii ant— time since the days of edward ii ant itithaat— time since the days of edward ii and richard. the— time since the days of edward ii and richard. the second here was and richard. the second here was a king— and richard. the second here was a king wht— and richard. the second here was a king who didn't— and richard. the second here was a king who didn't fully accept the constraints— a king who didn't fully accept the constraints placed on a tntah— the constraints placed on a tntah hw— the constraints placed on a monarch by english custom who monarch by engliin custom who had monarch by english custom who hat a— monarch by english custom who hat a nttitn— monarch by english custom who had a notion of— monarch by english custom who had a notion of kingship titvattt— had a notion of kingship elevated above the limitations of elevated above the limitations tt tngtish— elevated above the limitations of english law— elevated above the limitations of english law and resting painaaiiv— of english law and resting painaaiiv tn— of english law and resting primarily on divine right. of english law and resting primarily on divine right . james primarily on divine right. james was a clever man,— primarily on divine right. james was a clever man, sensitive to his— was a clever man, sensitive to his status— was a clever man, sensitive to his status as— was a clever man, sensitive to his status as an— was a clever man, sensitive to his status as an outsider in
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tngiant,— his status as an outsider in tngiant, ant— his status as an outsider in england, and although he ttiitvtt— england, and although he believed intellectually in the tivint— believed intellectually in the tivint tight— believed intellectually in the divine right of— believed intellectually in the divine right of kings, he understood— divine right of kings, he understood the necessity of keeping — understood the necessity of keeping england's parliament on side keeping england's parliament on site .— keeping england's parliament on site . hat— keeping england's parliament on site . hat tta— keeping england's parliament on side . but for his— keeping england's parliament on side . but for his son, charles, side. but for his son, charles, the— side. but for his son, charles, the hast— side. but for his son, charles, the first the _ side. but for his son, charles, the first the divine right asnt— the first the divine right wasn't simply an academic ptsititn— wasn't simply an academic ptsititn .— wasn't simply an academic ptsititn . nt— wasn't simply an academic position . he believed in it with position. he believed in it with all position. he believed in it with at his— position. he believed in it with at his htat— position. he believed in it with all his heart and— position. he believed in it with all his heart and soul. charles int— all his heart and soul. charles iht hast— all his heart and soul. charles iht first was— all his heart and soul. charles the first was the— all his heart and soul. charles the first was the most ceremonious- the first was the most ceremonious of kings, and his ttatnatitn— ceremonious of kings, and his coronation was— ceremonious of kings, and his coronation was one of the best taganistt— coronation was one of the best taganistt ant— coronation was one of the best organised and the— coronation was one of the best organised and the best recorded on organised and the best recorded tn tttt int— organised and the best recorded on record. the man in charge of aantsgtnt— on record. the man in charge of arrangements was— on record. the man in charge of arrangements was the future aathhishtp— arrangements was the future archbishop of— arrangements was the future archbishop of canterbury , archbishop of canterbury, viitiian— archbishop of canterbury, william laud.— archbishop of canterbury, william laud. he believed deeply in the— william laud. he believed deeply in the beauty— william laud. he believed deeply in the beauty of— william laud. he believed deeply in the beauty of holiness and the— in the beauty of holiness and the coronation— in the beauty of holiness and the coronation was an tpptnanitv- the coronation was an opportunity as it were, to atvtnist— opportunity as it were, to advertise his— opportunity as it were, to advertise his wares. indeed, one of advertise his wares. indeed, one tt his— advertise his wares. indeed, one tt his enemies— advertise his wares. indeed, one of his enemies described him as an ecclesiastical— of his enemies described him as an ecclesiastical master of ceremonies . so- an ecclesiastical master of ceremonies . so there were ceremonies. so there were atttativ— ceremonies. so there were actually rehearsals for the hast— actually rehearsals for the nnttnt— actually rehearsals for the first time, even- actually rehearsals for the first time, even even better, tttn— first time, even even better, htn tw— first time, even even better, from our point— first time, even even better, from our point of view. lord aaa— from our point of view. lord ttt, in— from our point of view. lord ttt, in the— from our point of view. lord god, in the text— from our point of view. lord god, in the text of the
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coronation _ god, in the text of the coronation service, keeps notes as tt— coronation service, keeps notes as tt what— coronation service, keeps notes as to what the— coronation service, keeps notes as to what the king actually did . ihis— as to what the king actually did . this enables— as to what the king actually did . this enables us— as to what the king actually did . this enables us to get right intt— . this enables us to get right intt tnt— . this enables us to get right into the mind— . this enables us to get right into the mind of— . this enables us to get right into the mind of charles, the hast.— into the mind of charles, the first ntw— into the mind of charles, the first. how we— into the mind of charles, the first. how we used that ancient ttatnatitn— first. how we used that ancient coronation regalia— first. how we used that ancient coronation regalia . normally the coronation regalia. normally the items— coronation regalia. normally the items weat— coronation regalia. normally the items were just— coronation regalia. normally the items were just touched against the items were just touched against tht ting— items were just touched against the ting ntt— items were just touched against the king not with— items were just touched against the king not with charles. he insists— the king not with charles. he insists tn— the king not with charles. he insists on actually placing his teet— insists on actually placing his feet with— insists on actually placing his feet with shoes— insists on actually placing his feet with shoes inside the antitnt— feet with shoes inside the ancient buskins or sandals. feet with shoes inside the ancient buskins or sandals . and ancient buskins or sandals. and ttat— ancient buskins or sandals. and ttat nttts— ancient buskins or sandals. and lord notes, there— ancient buskins or sandals. and lord notes, there was a risk of thing— lord notes, there was a risk of ttaaing tnt— lord notes, there was a risk of tearing the taffeta , the ancient tearing the taffeta, the ancient titth — tearing the taffeta, the ancient titth tt— tearing the taffeta, the ancient titth tt gag,— tearing the taffeta, the ancient cloth of gold, the— tearing the taffeta, the ancient cloth of gold, the anglo saxon ttnh— cloth of gold, the anglo saxon ttnh whith— cloth of gold, the anglo saxon comb, which as— cloth of gold, the anglo saxon comb, which as far as we know, hat— comb, which as far as we know, hat ntvta— comb, which as far as we know, had never actually— comb, which as far as we know, had never actually been used for ttnting— had never actually been used for ttnhing tnt— had never actually been used for combing the king's— had never actually been used for combing the king's hair after the tit— combing the king's hair after the tii tt— combing the king's hair after the oil of unction had been put tptn— the oil of unction had been put tptn it.— the oil of unction had been put aptn it. hitti— the oil of unction had been put upon it. well charles immaculate attat— upon it. well charles immaculate attat his— upon it. well charles immaculate about his appearance, carefully it— about his appearance, carefully it ntw— about his appearance, carefully uses it now. what's this ? is it uses it now. what's this? is it ttaitsitv— uses it now. what's this? is it ttaitsitv t— uses it now. what's this? is it curiosity ? motty?_ uses it now. what's this? is it curiosity ? motty? i think it's curiosity? motty? i think it's stntthing— curiosity? motty? i think it's something more— curiosity? motty? i think it's something more . now charles is something more. now charles is using— something more. now charles is using thtst— something more. now charles is using those ancient items of the atgaiia— using those ancient items of the atgaiia as— using those ancient items of the atgaiia as tint— using those ancient items of the regalia as kind of— using those ancient items of the regalia as kind of sacraments of ntnaathv— regalia as kind of sacraments of ntnaathv .— regalia as kind of sacraments of ntnaathv . int— regalia as kind of sacraments of monarchy . the touch made regalia as kind of sacraments of monarchy. the touch made him ntw— monarchy. the touch made him
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htiv tta— monarchy. the touch made him htiv tta tnt— monarchy. the touch made him holy for the first— monarchy. the touch made him holy for the first time, the ting— holy for the first time, the king was— holy for the first time, the king was making his respect for the iaws— king was making his respect for the iaws tt— king was making his respect for the laws of the— king was making his respect for the laws of the land in some way,— the laws of the land in some way, conditional— the laws of the land in some way, conditional on his own separate— way, conditional on his own separate royal— way, conditional on his own separate royal prerogative. in tthta— separate royal prerogative. in tthta wtats— separate royal prerogative. in other words, he _ separate royal prerogative. in other words, he put an authority inhtatnt— other words, he put an authority inhtatnt in— other words, he put an authority inherent in his— other words, he put an authority inherent in his person above his pws— inherent in his person above his powers, exercised— inherent in his person above his powers, exercised in parliament, chants— powers, exercised in parliament, thaaits was— powers, exercised in parliament, thaaits an— powers, exercised in parliament, charles was an uncomfortable fit for charles was an uncomfortable fit tta tnt— charles was an uncomfortable fit for the limited— charles was an uncomfortable fit for the limited english monarchy for the limited engliin monarchy in for the limited english monarchy in a— for the limited english monarchy in a taagtiv— for the limited english monarchy in a largely protestant country . nis— in a largely protestant country . his contempt— in a largely protestant country . his contempt for— in a largely protestant country . his contempt for parliament tt— . his contempt for parliament tt a— . his contempt for parliament came to a head— . his contempt for parliament came to a head dramatically in ranaaw— came to a head dramatically in ranaaw attt,— came to a head dramatically in january 1642, when he marched intt— january 1642, when he marched intt tnt— january1642, when he marched into the house— january 1642, when he marched into the house of— january 1642, when he marched into the house of commons to tenant— into the house of commons to ttnant tnt— into the house of commons to demand the arrest— into the house of commons to demand the arrest of his ptiititai— demand the arrest of his political opponents . when the political opponents. when the speaker— political opponents. when the sptatta tt— political opponents. when the speaker of the _ political opponents. when the speaker of the house was commanded— speaker of the house was commanded to- speaker of the house was commanded to give them up his response came to— commanded to give them up his response came to embody the idea the th— response came to embody the idea the tt tnt— response came to embody the idea the of the house— response came to embody the idea the of the house of— response came to embody the idea the of the house of commons as a thanhta— the of the house of commons as a chamber inviolable_ the of the house of commons as a chamber inviolable by monarchical- chamber inviolable by monarchical authority . i have monarchical authority. i have neither— monarchical authority. i have ntithta tvts— monarchical authority. i have neither eyes to— monarchical authority. i have neither eyes to see nor tongues to neither eyes to see nor tongues tt sptat— neither eyes to see nor tongues tt speak in— neither eyes to see nor tongues to speak in this— neither eyes to see nor tongues to speak in this place . but as to speak in this place. but as this— to speak in this place. but as this htast— to speak in this place. but as this house directs— to speak in this place. but as this house directs me, the speaker— this house directs me, the speaker said— this house directs me, the speaker said ,_ this house directs me, the speaker said , the battle lines
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speaker said, the battle lines of speaker said, the battle lines tt tngtant-s— speaker said, the battle lines of england's civil war had been taawn— of england's civil war had been taawn tn— of england's civil war had been drawn on one side,— of england's civil war had been drawn on one side, charles and his atvaiists— drawn on one side, charles and his royalists asserted his sapatnatv— his royalists asserted his supremacy over both church and state.— supremacy over both church and state. on— supremacy over both church and state. tn the— supremacy over both church and state. on the other, parliamentarians believed that the parliamentarians believed that tht ting— parliamentarians believed that the ting hat— parliamentarians believed that the king had exceeded his aattnt.— the king had exceeded his authority. his— the king had exceeded his authority. his powers must be iinittt— authority. his powers must be iinittt ant— authority. his powers must be limited and subject to law . so limited and subject to law. so in mating— limited and subject to law. so in making their— limited and subject to law. so in making their case, the parliamentarians referred to the antitnt— parliamentarians referred to the ancient customs— parliamentarians referred to the ancient customs of england . but ancient customs of england. but as the— ancient customs of england. but as the titer— ancient customs of england. but as the bitter wars— ancient customs of england. but as the bitter wars persisted thattghttt— as the bitter wars persisted throughout the— as the bitter wars persisted throughout the 1640s, there tntagtt— throughout the 1640s, there tntagtt a— throughout the 1640s, there emerged a new— throughout the 1640s, there emerged a new hard , a brand of emerged a new hard, a brand of paaiiantntaw— emerged a new hard, a brand of parliamentary soldier led by ptssihiv— parliamentary soldier led by possibly england's greatest gtntaat— possibly england's greatest gtntaat .— possibly england's greatest general , oliver cromwell, to general, oliver cromwell, to tatnwtti— general, oliver cromwell, to cromwell and _ general, oliver cromwell, to cromwell and his radical stttitas— cromwell and his radical stititas .— cromwell and his radical soldiers . charles was a tyrant soldiers. charles was a tyrant ant— soldiers. charles was a tyrant ant a— soldiers. charles was a tyrant and a traitor— soldiers. charles was a tyrant and a traitor who— soldiers. charles was a tyrant and a traitor who must be held to and a traitor who must be held tt atttnt— and a traitor who must be held to account for— and a traitor who must be held to account for his— and a traitor who must be held to account for his crimes , says to account for his crimes, says tatnwtii-s— to account for his crimes, says cromwell's new— to account for his crimes, says cromwell's new model army tatshtt— cromwell's new model army crushed royalist— cromwell's new model army crushed royalist forces. by the tnt— crushed royalist forces. by the tnt tt— crushed royalist forces. by the tnt tt tht — crushed royalist forces. by the end of the decade , captured the end of the decade, captured the ting— end of the decade, captured the ting ant— end of the decade, captured the king and brought— end of the decade, captured the king and brought him to trial htttat— king and brought him to trial htttat a— king and brought him to trial before a court— king and brought him to trial before a court appointed on the stit— before a court appointed on the stit atthtaitv— before a court appointed on the sole authority of— before a court appointed on the sole authority of the house of
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tttntntns— sole authority of the house of commons itself— sole authority of the house of commons itself ,_ sole authority of the house of commons itself, purged by the army— commons itself, purged by the aanv ant— commons itself, purged by the army and acting— commons itself, purged by the army and acting in the name of the pttpit— army and acting in the name of the pttpit tt— army and acting in the name of the people of england who are anttt— the people of england who are tntta ttt. — the people of england who are under god. the— the people of england who are under god. the original of all iast— under god. the original of all rust ptwea— under god. the original of all rust ptwta .— under god. the original of all rust ptwta . int— under god. the original of all just power . the charge under god. the original of all just power. the charge was that thaatts— just power. the charge was that thaaits hting— just power. the charge was that charles being entrusted with a tinittt— charles being entrusted with a limited power— charles being entrusted with a limited power had broken his ttatnatitn— limited power had broken his coronation oath— limited power had broken his coronation oath to govern by and atttating— coronation oath to govern by and atttating tt— coronation oath to govern by and according to the— coronation oath to govern by and according to the law of the land . ttwaat— according to the law of the land . ttwaat tht — according to the law of the land . edward the second and richard the stttnt— . edward the second and richard the second had— . edward the second and richard the second had faced the same atttsaitnt— the second had faced the same accusation, but— the second had faced the same accusation, but they were nwttatt— accusation, but they were murdered in _ accusation, but they were murdered in secret . charles was murdered in secret. charles was pahiitiv— murdered in secret. charles was publicly executed— murdered in secret. charles was publicly executed after a public hiat— publicly executed after a public taiai ant— publicly executed after a public trial and more— publicly executed after a public trial and more than an individual— trial and more than an individual king was intended to die individual king was intended to tie tn— individual king was intended to tie tn the— individual king was intended to die on the scaffold . on the 30th die on the scaffold. on the 30th of die on the scaffold. on the 30th tt januafyv_ die on the scaffold. on the 30th tt ranaaw, attt,— die on the scaffold. on the 30th of january, 1649, king charles the hast— of january, 1649, king charles the first, was— of january, 1649, king charles the first, was brought to the hangatting— the first, was brought to the banqueting house behind me here. it banqueting house behind me here. it was— banqueting house behind me here. it tnt— banqueting house behind me here. it was the throne— banqueting house behind me here. it was the throne room of his tit— it was the throne room of his tit paiatt— it was the throne room of his tit paiatt. nt— it was the throne room of his old palace. he stepped through the nittit— old palace. he stepped through the middle window onto a high, htatt— the middle window onto a high, hiatt taaptt— the middle window onto a high, black draped scaffold on which tntat— black draped scaffold on which thtat was—
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black draped scaffold on which thtat a— black draped scaffold on which there was a block— black draped scaffold on which there was a block on which he wttit— there was a block on which he wtttt ht— there was a block on which he would be beheaded . he addressed would be beheaded. he addressed the hishtp— would be beheaded. he addressed the hishtp .— would be beheaded. he addressed the hishtp , wht— would be beheaded. he addressed the bishop , who was would be beheaded. he addressed the bishop, who was guiding him spiaitaaitv— the bishop, who was guiding him spiaitaaiiv ant— the bishop, who was guiding him spiritually and said, i go from a corruptible_ spiritually and said, i go from a corruptible to— spiritually and said, i go from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown where a corruptible to an— incorruptible crown where there is nt — incorruptible crown where there is no disturbance,— incorruptible crown where there is no disturbance, no disturbance- is no disturbance, no disturbance at all. and he took the gantr— disturbance at all. and he took the garterjewel_ disturbance at all. and he took the garterjewel that he wore the garter jewel that he wore ttnt— the garter jewel that he wore ant his— the garter jewel that he wore around his neck— the garter jewel that he wore around his neck and handed it tt— around his neck and handed it tt ht— around his neck and handed it over to be given— around his neck and handed it over to be given to his eldest with— over to be given to his eldest with the— over to be given to his eldest son with the words rip member. ant— son with the words rip member. ant then— son with the words rip member. ant then he— son with the words rip member. and then he prostrated himself his htat— and then he prostrated himself his htat tn— and then he prostrated himself his head on the— and then he prostrated himself his head on the block. and as he tattnttt— his head on the block. and as he tattnttt his— his head on the block. and as he extended his hand,— his head on the block. and as he extended his hand, his head was taken— extended his hand, his head was taken ttt— extended his hand, his head was taken ttt hat— extended his hand, his head was taken off. but a— extended his hand, his head was taken off. but a single stroke . taken off. but a single stroke. int— taken off. but a single stroke. iht ting— taken off. but a single stroke. int king was— taken off. but a single stroke. the king was dead . but there was the king was dead. but there was an attempt— the king was dead. but there was now an attempt at— the king was dead. but there was now an attempt at actually ttstatving— now an attempt at actually destroying not— now an attempt at actually destroying not just the king but kingship— destroying not just the king but tingship .— destroying not just the king but tingship , int— destroying not just the king but kingship , the crown jewels were kingship, the crown jewels were snashtt— kingship, the crown jewels were snashtt tvtw— kingship, the crown jewels were smashed every single one of then. — smashed every single one of then. int— smashed every single one of them. the royal— smashed every single one of them. the royal possessions were stit— them. the royal possessions were stit ant— them. the royal possessions were sold and there— them. the royal possessions were sold and there was— them. the royal possessions were sold and there was an attempt at ttstatving— sold and there was an attempt at ttstatving tnt— sold and there was an attempt at destroying the very— sold and there was an attempt at destroying the very idea of gag,— destroying the very idea of tag, the— destroying the very idea of king the verv— destroying the very idea of king, the very word, the office
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was declared _ king, the very word, the office was declared .— king, the very word, the office was declared . unnecessary was declared. unnecessary htattns— was declared. unnecessary ttattns .— was declared. unnecessary burdens , awesome and dangerous , burdens, awesome and dangerous, and burdens, awesome and dangerous, ant was— burdens, awesome and dangerous, ant tt— burdens, awesome and dangerous, ant tt ht— burdens, awesome and dangerous, and was to be extirpated , hated and was to be extirpated, hated the ting— and was to be extirpated, hated the king was— and was to be extirpated, hated the king was dead. king she too, ttat— the king was dead. king she too, ttat .— the king was dead. king she too, ttat . at— the king was dead. king she too, was dead . at the— the king was dead. king she too, was dead . at the end of the was dead. at the end of the atign— was dead. at the end of the atign tt— was dead. at the end of the atign tt ting— was dead. at the end of the reign of king charles, the .
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good evening. you with gb news in a but in a moment headliners. but hast— in a moment headliners. but hast-hing— in a moment headliners. but first,-bring you- in a moment headliners. but first, bring you the first, let's bring you the iattst— first, let's bring you the latest news— first, let's bring you the latest news headlines and two tinti— latest news headlines and two final evacuation— latest news headlines and two final evacuation flights have taken— final evacuation flights have taken ttt— final evacuation flights have taken off from _ final evacuation flights have taken off from port sudan . taken off from port sudan. tight— taken off from port sudan. flight tracking— taken off from port sudan. flight tracking website flight attat— flight tracking website flight aataa saws— flight tracking website flight radar says one— flight tracking website flight radar says one plane has now ianttt— radar says one plane has now tanttt in— radar says one plane has now landed in cyprus— radar says one plane has now landed in cyprus and the other is tvpttttt— landed in cyprus and the other is tvpttttt tt— landed in cyprus and the other is expected to arrive in the taaw— is expected to arrive in the taaiv nttts— is expected to arrive in the early hours of— is expected to arrive in the early hours of this morning. sttn— early hours of this morning. soon annie's— early hours of this morning. soon annie's doctors working for the soon annie's doctors working for tnt-aat— soon annie's doctors working for tnt-tat antng— soon annie's doctors working for the-are among the- the nhs are among the passages— the nhs are among the passengers. a total of nearly mo— passengers. a total of nearly mo hats— passengers. a total of nearly 2200 brits have— passengers. a total of nearly 2200 brits have been airlifted out 2200 brits have been airlifted ttt tt— 2200 brits have been airlifted ttt tt tnt— 2200 brits have been airlifted out of the country. the government - out of the country. the government says royal navy warship— government says royal navy waaship nits— government says royal navy warship hms lancaster will remain on standby in the red sea to remain on standby in the red sea tt sapptn— remain on standby in the red sea tt sapptn anv— remain on standby in the red sea to support any further evacuations.- to support any further evacuations. meanwhile, sudan's anv— evacuations. meanwhile, sudan's aanv ant— evacuations. meanwhile, sudan's aanv ant tnt— evacuations. meanwhile, sudan's army and the rival— evacuations. meanwhile, sudan's army and the rival paramilitary ttatt— army and the rival paramilitary ttatt sav— army and the rival paramilitary force say they'll— army and the rival paramilitary force say they'll extend their ttasttht— force say they'll extend their ceasefire for— force say they'll extend their ceasefire for a— force say they'll extend their ceasefire for a further 72 htas — ceasefire for a further 72 hours. originally due to end this— hours. originally due to end this evening— hours. originally due to end this evening here, the general
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sttattatv— this evening here, the general sttattaw tt— this evening here, the general secretary of the— this evening here, the general secretary of the royal college of secretary of the royal college tt ttasing — secretary of the royal college of nursing has— secretary of the royal college of nursing has urged the health sttattaw— of nursing has urged the health sttattatv ntt— of nursing has urged the health secretary not to _ of nursing has urged the health secretary not to be disrespectful to nurses amid tnth— disrespectful to nurses amid thtiahiggtst— disrespectful to nurses amid their biggest strike yet. pat ttiitn-s— their biggest strike yet. pat cullen's comments come as steve haatiav— cullen's comments come as steve haatiav sait— cullen's comments come as steve barclay said the— cullen's comments come as steve barclay said the industrial atttn— barclay said the industrial attitn was— barclay said the industrial action was premature as other hatt— action was premature as other taatt nitns— action was premature as other trade unions meet to discuss the ttvtantn-st— trade unions meet to discuss the government's pay— trade unions meet to discuss the government's pay offer tomorrow . stat— government's pay offer tomorrow . staff in— government's pay offer tomorrow . staff in emergency departments , intensive— . staff in emergency departments , intensive care— . staff in emergency departments , intensive care units and cancer care began their 28 hour shitt— cancer care began their 28 hour staitt atttn— cancer care began their 28 hour strike action yesterday day. it tnts— strike action yesterday day. it tnts in— strike action yesterday day. it ends in about— strike action yesterday day. it ends in about an— strike action yesterday day. it ends in about an hour's time. int— ends in about an hour's time. iht tattta— ends in about an hour's time. the labour leader, sir keir staanta— the labour leader, sir keir staanta .— the labour leader, sir keir starmer , has— the labour leader, sir keir starmer , has accused the starmer, has accused the government— starmer, has accused the government of- starmer, has accused the government of not doing enough to government of not doing enough tt sttp— government of not doing enough tt sttp tnt— government of not doing enough to stop the strikes.— government of not doing enough to stop the strikes. way back htttat— to stop the strikes. way back before christmas. the nurses sait— before christmas. the nurses said if you come in and talk to us about pay , we won't go on us about pay, we won't go on strike. the government sat on its hands for weeks and weeks and weeks, made a bad situation worse. so everybody wants to see that resolved. think it is that resolved. i think it is important recognise the important to recognise the underlying this underlying causes of this because nurses and many others have seen a real drop in their wages and their living standards because of the cost of living crisis and the government has got to them about got nothing to say to them about that. i think, you know, that. so i think, you know, responsibility here lies at the
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door of number 10. sir keir starmer . door of number 10. sir keir starmer. now— 2 ha �*o sir keir starmer. now violence has tatpttt— starmer. now violence has taapttt in— starmer. now violence has erupted in france today during the traditional— erupted in france today during the traditional may day labour nantn— the traditional may day labour naath .— the traditional may day labour naath . int— the traditional may day labour march . the interior ministry march. the interior ministry saving— march. the interior ministry saving tntat— march. the interior ministry saying more than 780,000 people tttt— saying more than 780,000 people tttt tt— saying more than 780,000 people tttt tt tnt— saying more than 780,000 people took to the streets— saying more than 780,000 people took to the streets nationwide took to the streets nationwide tt patttst— took to the streets nationwide to protest against a change in the retirement— to protest against a change in the retirement age . erg. police the retirement age. erg. police hatt— the retirement age. erg. police tiatt ttat— the retirement age. erg. police tiatt ttaa gas— the retirement age. erg. police fired tear gas and— the retirement age. erg. police fired tear gas and used water with— fired tear gas and used water cannon with nearly 200 people being— cannon with nearly 200 people being arrested— cannon with nearly 200 people being arrested .— cannon with nearly 200 people being arrested . president being arrested. president macron's government pushed the ptnsitn— macron's government pushed the pension legislation through withttt— pension legislation through withttt a— pension legislation through without a final— pension legislation through without a final vote due to a tatt— without a final vote due to a iatt tt— without a final vote due to a lack of cross—party support . the lack of cross—party support. the ttatnta— lack of cross—party support. the ttatnta ts— lack of cross—party support. the former us president donald hamp— former us president donald pump, has— former us president donald trump, has visited his golf restat— trump, has visited his golf atstn in— trump, has visited his golf resort in scotland as building wtat— resort in scotland as building wtat tta— resort in scotland as building wtat tta a— resort in scotland as building work for a new— resort in scotland as building work for a new course begins at the ttattntnw — work for a new course begins at the ttattntnw nt— work for a new course begins at the ceremony. he named the course on the— the ceremony. he named the course on the menie estate after his ntthta— course on the menie estate after his mother stepping off his private— his mother stepping off his paivatt ttt— his mother stepping off his paivatt it in— his mother stepping off his private jet in aberdeen earlier on private jet in aberdeen earlier tn tttav— private jet in aberdeen earlier tn tttav .— private jet in aberdeen earlier tn tttav , ita— private jet in aberdeen earlier on today , mr trump told on today, mr trump told atptattas— on today, mr trump told reporters it's— on today, mr trump told reporters it's great to be home. he reporters it's great to be home. at iast— reporters it's great to be home. he last visited— reporters it's great to be home. he last visited in— reporters it's great to be home. he last visited in 2018 when he in— he last visited in 2018 when he in thitt— he last visited in 2018 when he was in office .— he last visited in 2018 when he was in office . he's— he last visited in 2018 when he was in office . he's also due to was in office. he's also due to visit— was in office. he's also due to visit his— was in office. he's also due to visit his course— was in office. he's also due to visit his course in— was in office. he's also due to visit his course in doonbeg on iatiant-s— visit his course in doonbeg on ireland's west—
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