>> hello and welcome to global 3000, your weekly check on global developments that affect us all. coming up in today's program -- effecting change in the arab world -- we meet young leaders who are working to create a culture of democracy. powering el salvador -- high hopes for hot springs in central america and if you can't beat the forces of nature, join them -- artificial glaciers in the himalayas

but first we meet two people who want to help shape our future. mina al oraibi is a journalist from iraq who doesn't just report on what she sees, she works to foster civil society across the arab world. just like tamim khallaf, an egyptian diplomat. he wants to be part of a culture of democracy. neither of them was surprised by the force of this revolution once the wall of fear towards the regimes was broken down. here's the final part of our young global leaders series on the arab awakening. there have been some changes, positive changes which have actually taking place for the past ten years. but they weren't really matching the aspirations of the people. governments were very much disconnected from the people. which really led to this revolution.

it didn't come as a surprise in terms of the reasons why, they where quite clear. but what was surprising was the fact that it became a movement that people really did break the barriers of fear. i think it's an awakening. i think it has forced everyone to seriously reconsider the way things are in the arab world. i think the role of education in the years ahead is going to be extremely important for social activism, for political participation, for volunteering. all of these are issues which really have to be dealt with at a very young level among young egyptians. i'm tamim khallaf. i'm a diplomat in the egyptian ministry foreign affairs.

>> too often it's said that there is no real civil society in the arab world, which is not true. are we talking about organizations that work as advocacy groups and are able to actually influence policy and governments? there are very few. but there's the other side of civil society: the organizers, the community organizers, those who have a small ngos and working to better their local environment. we have many, many examples of those. and they really are success stories. mina al oraibi, i'm assistant editorial chief for asharq alawsat newspaper in london. >> democracy is not a process, it's a culture. it is embedded within people and

they are brought up to it ever since from their young ages, from their early ages and early childhood. they are growing up with it. >> from the political view youth got a word to say, good ideas. yes, we are young, we are still dreamers. but we need a chance to get experience and that's what i want for arab youth. >> we just have to give them a chance to express themselves. >> we are a team of 12 street artists and we do communicate our street arts creation as you can see on our booth via printing on different supports. we can just turn your life into a beautiful landscape.

we need to start from ourselves. and when we start, other people can join us. >> once we get an educational system right and encourage people to have profound democratic values and to accept one another and be tolerant of others. than all of this will lead to a much more democratic culture. >> our product is a set designed of two components. the first one is the frame, designed by cans, recycled cans. and the second component is the card. the card is recycled from newspaper and any waste paper. >> nowadays we have global warming and acid rain. yes, and all the wood starting to disappear >> i know it's impossible, but it's good to be a dreamer >> nothing is impossible,

everything is possible. >> but i don't wanna hear about wars no more. i would definitely want end of war, keeping arms only in the hands of governments. ending the role of militias, ending the role of non state actors who can use violence to intimidate people. but also making sure that the government is responsible in it's use. there is no faith in the rule of law. because for so long the leader systems have been so abused from those in power. and there is no faith in them. so until we have reinstituted faith in the rule of law then it wont happen. >> i think institutional building is probably the most important aspect which will be a substantive challenge for a country such as egypt and another arab countries which have gone through revolutions. building institutions, whether there are political institutions or economic or even social or participial institutions. >> there are so many knock-off effects from whets happen in the arab world. i do think that there is a

geneal frustration with leadership that we are seeing in the occupy-wall street movement in us, we see discontent in greece. i think the fact that there were these really historic instrumental changes in the arab world made leaders all over but also made civil society advocates realized that anything is possible. the fact that people found their voice that is really a historic milestone and we have to stop and appreciate it. >> and yet there's little time to marvel at this historic change as country after country in the region makes the shift from a restrictive regime to running elections. and now it's time to hear what globalization means to one of our global 3000 viewers. today we hear from sasha saskin in ukraine.

>> i'm sascha skaskin, i'm 26 years old and i live in the ukrainian capital of kiev. i studied philosophy at university. now i work as a radio announcer and music editor at a ukrainian radio station. on the one hand, for me, globalization means different cultures exchanging views and influencing each other and

learning more about other people and nations. on the other hand, it also means a loss of individuality. so i can't say whether i think globalization's good or not. my family, my friends and my work. that's it. i don't need anything else. my favorite food is the simplest dish in the world: fried potatoes and meat. when i was small, my mother and i dreamed of traveling to australia to see kangaroos and talk with crocodiles.

now i'm an adult, but i still want to go to australia. but first i want to see more of europe. >> considered somewhat exotic just a few decades ago, the japanese specialty sushi has long since taken the world by storm. a fact much lauded by nutritionists. but the growing appetite for premium fish is depleting global tuna stocks and some blue fin tuna species have already been pushed to the brink of extinction. as a result, japanese fish traders are even coming to europe to snatch up mediterranean catches. this insatiable appetite for tuna is driving up prices for what could soon be the last of their species. >> fish dealer yukata kurihara says the meat of the tuna should be dark red, and firm but smooth. this is a fine example.

kurihara has found what he's looking for. today is a big day for the dealers at the tsukiji market in toyko. it's japan's biggest wholesale market for fish and seafood, including blue-fin tuna. there are 800 tuna up for auction -- almost twice as many as usual. they've been caught in the atlantic, the mediterranean or in the pacific ocean off the coast of japan. kurihara wants to take part in the bidding. he already has potential customers for two or three fish, if he can get them for the right price. >> these cost up to 6-thousand yen per kilo -- the big ones back there will fetch up to 12- thousand yen for sure. >> that means a 150-kilo fish can cost up to 18-thousand euros. but that's even a bargain. blue-fin tuna prices in japan have doubled in recent years. demand is surging, but the fish population isn't. the worldwide fund for nature says the species could be wiped out in the mediterranean by next

year. but the japanese government has blocked moves to impose tougher catch quotas. >> previously, the tuna problem happened, the whale and dolphin problem happened to us. and the japanese government just furiously rejected any accepted treaty about the dolphin limitations. the tuna again, we have to seriously think about this problem. >> the bidding gets going ... and soon, kurihara's choice tuna is on the auction block. less than 10 minutes later, all of the fish have been sold off. >> i'm quite happy. i bought two fish. both were caught in the pacific, off the coast of aomori prefecture in northern japan.

>> there's a sushi shop just two streets down from the market. the sushi-zanmai chain sells a thousand tons of tuna every year in its tokyo locations alone. an estimated 500-thousand tons are sold annually across the country. the sushi chefs start slicing up the tuna in the morning. few people here are worried that supplies could soon run out.pbas the first to start cutting up the fish. yutaka kurihara's family business is now in its fifth generation. like the 230 other traders at the tsukiji market, tuna is his livelihood. if the fish becomes extinct, japan would lose a key industry. >> i'm also responsible for the large fish here at the market. i talk with the producers and the fishermen to see if they're

sticking to the catch quotas and obeying the rules. you can't catch immature tuna, just adults. and fishermen should only use permissible fishing methods. >> environmental advocates doubt those principles are being followed. they've accused the traders of contributing to the tuna shortage and soaring prices. critics say some of the catch is held back and stored in large freezers to drive up the price. kurihara denies those claims. >> that's wouldn't work. the price rises and falls over the course of the year. we might be able to store the tuna for a short time and wait for the price to rise, but that doesn't work in the long-term. >> and the global appetite for tuna isn't sustainable in the

long-term, either. experts estimate that nearly 80 percent of blue-fin tuna caught in the atlantic is sold at japan's fish markets. but as japanese cuisine becomes more popular, and more sushi bars open up in europe and the us, demand for tuna is rising there, too. >> well, it's sad. if we are really forced to stop eating tuna, because myself, is a very lover to eat tuna. but if we have to think about the conservation of the resources, and as i said, without finding some alternative way to provide the tuna meat, maybe we have to stop or we have to reduce eating the amount of the tuna. >> but until then, it's business as usual at the tsukiji market. kurihara sells 13-and-a-half kilos of fish to the owner of a sushi restaurant. the restaurant owner might take even more later -- if there's any left.

>> in the himalayas, some 50 000 glaciers store water in winter which is then slowly released into the rivers when temperatures rise. but because of climate change the glaciers are disappearing -- a threat to the people who live there. that's why a local engineer decided: if you can't beat the forces of nature -- you have to join them, so he simply started building glaciers himself. >> it seems as if chewang norphel has won the struggle against climate change -- at least here in his village, leh, in one of india's most arid regions. norphel is a 75-year-old civil engineer who's trying to outwit nature. >> people are very worried about a future with less water. farmers fear they might have to move away someday.

>> low-lying glaciers used to supply the area with sufficient meltwater. but global warming means the glaciers scarcely exist anymore. water from high in the himalayas doesn't reach the villages in the foothills until summer. norphel wanted to live in peace with nature but be less dependent on it. so he built an artificial glacier. >> there's the diversion channel where the water enters the artificial glacier. only a very small amount of water at a time comes in, so it freezes instantly. the ice-retaining walls are only made of dry masonry. when the glacier melts, the water seeps out slowly, so there's no damage to the structure. >> norphel's glacier is as large as a football pitch. in late autumn, when there's a great deal of meltwater from the

mountains, he diverts some of it to artificial collecting pools. the pools get little sunlight, so the water in them soon becomes a giant ice cube. norphel uses locally available construction material, and everyone pitches in. that keeps costs down to about 55-hundred euros per glacier. he's been able to build more than a dozen of them. >> i want villagers to be able to make glaciers on their own, so they can be more independent. they can repair them or build a new one without me. >> in spring the artificial glacier begins to melt. 200 hectares of land can be irrigated with the water it supplies. that's enough for 300 village famiies.

it's been years since they've harvested potatoes this big. >> we're farmers and the crops we grow are the only livelihood for us and our families. without them, it would be very difficult for us to survive and build a future for our children. there aren't many other jobs around here. >> if we keep getting a constant supply of water, we can definitely produce a better barley crop. >> confronting climate change creatively -- that's what chewang norphel has managed to do with his artificial glacier. >> at the other end of the planet, in el salvador, engineers are harnessing the earth's heat to cut down on co2 emissions. a geothermal power plant in berlin in the south of the country is already providing green energy.

beneath the earth's surface the potential is endless -- hot springs could even allow the country to become independent of fossil fuels. >> a few books are all that remains of the school in comasagua, a town near the capital of el salvador. a few days before this was filmed, a torrential rainfall triggered a landslide that destroyed the building. it's the only school in the area, and it's now in ruins. many homes across el salvador have been destroyed by mudslides. more than a hundred people died during the last rainy season. >> i'm afraid it will keep getting worse. we probably can't stay here. we'll have to move. if it starts raining again,

we'll have to leave, right away. >> people here believe they're feeling the impact of climate change. the government hopes clean geothermal energy will help counter its effects. here, in the municipality of berlin, is one of the two main plants producing geothermal energy. power generated from underground volcanic steam now covers around a quarter of el salvador's electricity needs. rainer schroer from the german association for international cooperation is helping to make even more efficient use of this energy. he meets with oscar salvador valle, the manager of the la geo geothermal plant. one of the plant's wells is 26- hundred meters deep and the other goes down 11-hundred meters.

the plant generates a large part of the country's energy. but it could produce even more. steam escaping from the plant's turbines is now being wasted. the engineer is looking for ways to capture it. drilling new wells would also increase capacity. but drilling is very capital- intensive. schröer is helping la geo find a company that can drill more cheaply. >> we have these two plants now but we're planning more. right now we're checking out two additional drilling fields. then we'd have four fields in all. we want to increase our market share. now we're covering a quarter of the market but we want to expand.

the resources are available, so we will definitely build more. so now we're examining two additional fields. >> volcanic hot springs are common in seismically-active el salvador. in some villages, families even wash their clothes in the hot water. even though the water smells of sulfur, it's very useful. >> washing is much faster, and because the water is so hot, we don't have to use much soap. >> just a short distance away, the hot springs are even more impressive. here at the foot of the tecapa volcano, hot water is bubbling to the surface.

geothermal power could potentially supply all of the country's energy needs, sustainably, with no increase in co2 emissions. there are 22 active volcanoes in el salvador. but only a small fraction of that volcanic energy is currently being harnessed. a few businesses in el salvador are beginning to benefit from geothermal energy. this nursery is planning to move some of its greenhouses near a geothermal plant. that will allow them to use the cheaper electricity. they held talks with the plant's operator. >> we have to negotiate with them. for the very special price for us. it's green electricity, from a

geothermal plant, so we don't have to worry about any co2 emissions. it's green energy for electricity and energy for your plants. >> our electricity bill is about 40-thousand us dollars per month. this electricity is mainly used for ventilators, for pumps, for cooling systems. and in heating, we spend about 400,000 dollars in oil per year. we will definitely save money. but it's important for us to produce in a cleaner and more sustainable way. it's not only about money. >> they also hope to be a role model for other companies in the region. hot springs are abundant in central america. and that means there's an abundance of green energy, just waiting for someone to tap into it. >> and that's all we have time for on this edition of global 3000. thanks for watching and don't forget to tune in again in seven days' time. but for now from me and the

entire global team here in our berlin studios: thanks for watching! captioned by the national captioning institute --www.ncicap.org--