>> welcome to "global 3000." today we look at the human cost of war. the recent escalation of violence in many regions -- including iraq, gaza, ukraine, and libya -- has pushed syria out of the headlines. there alone more than 190,000 , people have been killed. millions have fled their homes. many have landed up at the zaatari camp in jordan, which is already the second largest in the world. there life is tough, especially for women. in a moment we go there. and here's what else we have coming up over the next half-hour. running out of habitat. why conservation is becoming harder in congo.

desperate to make a living. nepalese workers risk all to work in qatar. and really getting away from it all, we visit a modern day robinson crusoe. "a wholly avoidable human catastrophe." that's how navi pillai, the u.n. high commissioner for human rights, described the syrian conflict recently. some three million syrians have fled the fighting over the past three years, mainly into neighboring countries. most of them have gone to lebanon and turkey. jordan has the third largest number. life in a refugee camp creates its own tensions as we see in jordon's zaattari camp. we meet a remarkable woman there trying to help those trapped between a deadly conflict at home and the everyday risks of being a refugee.

>> in the last two years, the refugee camp has become the second biggest in the world. it is in jordan's desert, barely 10 kilometers from the border to syria. home to over 100,000 people, it is one of the most densely populated parts of the country. the women and children have a guardian angel. >> i am so happy i run, what do you want? >> as a teenager, she fought hard to become a nurse and midwife. now over 60, she is retired. but here, her skills are in constant demand. >> they need me, the women, the children.

i have all this knowledge, why not give it? >> one of her patients fled syria in 2012. she shares a tent with her husband and mother. they left her siblings and the rest of the family behind. she is expecting her first child. she is painfully aware she is bringing a baby into a dangerous world. >> i worry my son will catch disease from the rats. my wishes to return home and bring up my son there. >> she goes to see the expectant mother every week. >> i discovered she does not know about her blood grouping. i told her not to visit any sick percent in the camp. >> many of the makeshift homes have their own satellite dish. the refugees have become used to living hand to mouth.

trade flourishes between the tents. she is the goto person for powdered milk, a valuable commodity here. >> i examine the woman. i tell her about advantages and disadvantages of breastmilk. >> life in the camp is fraught with dangers, especially for women. many marry young in order to protect themselves from attacks. she tells them what their options are. >> they like to get married young. they get children. if she is a teen or 20, they say she cannot get married later. she is finished. >> about 100 babies are born

among here -- a month here. >> sometimes when i go there, i feel so happy. i don't feel like i am tired from coming and going. they love my work. >> until they can go home, she does what she can to look after them. >> the largest refugee camp in the world is still in africa. the daadab camp in kenya hosts refugees from several african conflicts, including somalia. the democratic republic of congo is another country struggling for political stability. at the same time, the race is on to preserve what is left of its unique wildlife. so while conflict over land and resources is still raging in the east, on the other side of the country, near lake tumba, conservationists are hoping to make progress in saving the endangered bonobo chimpanzees.

>> the congo basin rainforests are the home of the bonobos. these great apes are extremely shy. anyone trying to film them needs patience. and luck. bonobos spend most of their time in the treetops, foraging for leaves and fruit. the worldwide fund for nature's conservation efforts in the west of the country have been underway for a few years. primatologist livia wittiger and her colleagues got up early to go and look for the bonobos.

>> bonobos build a nest every night out of branches that they weave together to make a sort of platform. it's a way of ensuring that they're protected, and of course it provides them with a place that's dry. this nest here is about 6 meters above ground, but you can find others that are up to 25 meters above ground. some of them are very high up. >> but even this doesn't guarantee the bonobos protection against their arch enemy, man. coming across bonobos who are still alive is always a relief for livia wittiger and her team. >> the bonobo is an endangered species only found in the democratic republic of congo. the bonobo population here in the rainforest numbers between

20,000 and 50,000. they live in just a few pockets of the forest. the main threat they face is loss of habitat due to farming and forest clearing. a further problem is bushmeat hunting. bonobos are still eaten. >> guy tshiwamba is the wwf conservation project's local coordinator. if the rainforests aren't protected, their riches are highly vulnerable to exploitation. the environmentalist wants to ensure that there is enough natural habitat for the bonobos in the long term. >> we've been working here on bonobo conservation in the malebo region for ten years, including getting them used to a human presence. as well as this long-term project, we're working closely with timber companies in the area, a local cattle farm, and local communities. these combined efforts are

designed to provide maximum protection of biodiversity, including the bonobos. >> the human population in the region is on the rise. and with it, hunting and farming. locals nevertheless support the conservation efforts, which unfortunately is the exception rather than the rule in the country. how much the environment gets protected is up to village chiefs to decide. >> the bonobos are not at risk here. it is our tradition to protect them. we don't hunt them. we don't kill them. and if we encounter them in the forest, we treat them with respect. we see them as human. >> but respect alone won't

ensure their survival. recent years have seen the wwf boost its conservation program, stepping up efforts to protect the congo basin rainforest. the region is home to great stretches of savanna and grassland. vast areas have been slashed and burned to make way for cattle farming. >> the biggest problem here is that trees grow up in the grazing areas. so we constantly have to burn them down. that obviously takes its toll on the forests, which is a serious problem. >> environmental awareness is an important first step. conservationists and farmers are working together to tackle the forest fire problem.

>> we train locals in forest management. this also crea for people trained in fire management. on the one hand we're helping look after the rainforest and boosting biodiversity, and on the other, we're boosting locals' incomes. >> the project area now encompasses about a million hectares of land, including a few timer companies. tropical wood is highly lucrative. the trade in timber needs to be factored into the conservation efforts. the wellbeing of the rainforest is key to climate protection. one local company has already announced plans to work more sustainably. the wwf works with timber companies because biodiversity

needs to be protected in areas where logging takes place. we need to protect the local flora and fauna. the wwf supports these companies' efforts to protect biodiversity in the areas where they're active. >> for the time being, those efforts are relatively modest. logging is forbidden on the fringes of the rainforest and the banks of streams. at least these areas are safe for the local wildlife. but the bonobos need a bigger habitat than that. their survival hinges on a fully intact rainforest. >> the emirate of qatar is one of the richest countries in the world thanks to its abundant supplies of oil and gas. this promises an easy life for most of the 300,000 qatari citizens.

not necessarily in terms of civil rights, but certainly when it comes to material comfort. the work is done largely by some 2 million migrant workers, mainly from india, pakistan or nepal. many more are due to join the workforce to build infra-structure for the 2022 fifa world cup being hosted by qatar. recruitment agencies in nepal procure these workers desperate to make a living. but as we found out, for some the promise of a better life turns into an exploitation nightmare. >> she still can't bear to talk about it. sangeeta nepali is still reeling from the news that her husband died of heatstroke on a construction site in qatar. it happened about a month ago. her mother-in-law podini nepali is equally devastated.

she still can't grasp that her eldest son won't ever be coming home. the family lives in the village of thansingh in the himalayas in nepal. >> we are poor people. my son left to work, to earn money so we could live better. now we have lost him, and we are trying to come to terms this tragedy. we don't what's going to happen. >> ganesh nepali, her husband, shows us photos of raju, his eldest son. he'd only been in qatar about two months. he was 35. he and sangeeta had got married just before his departure. >> letting him go was a terrible mistake. i realize this now. but what should we have done? there's no work here. we were desperate.

>> nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world. it has a youth unemployment rate of 80%, and not only in rural areas. things are no better in the capital kathmandu, some 50 kilometers away. many nepalese look for work abroad. over half a million of them have found jobs in qatar. they've been joined by another 100,000 this year alone and many more will follow. preparations for 2022, when it will host the fifa world cup, are still in the early stages. more than 1000 recruitment agencies in nepal specialize in sending workers abroad. they charge a fee around $1500 per person, a fortune for most nepalese. most of them borrow it from the agency and pay it back at an interest rate of up to 60%. this is the agency that sent raju nepali to qatar.

>> these things happen. everything is not written. we cannot say. we here believe in our luck. maybe destiny. i have heard there was a problem in the family, something genetic. >> not even astronomical fees and risks can deter anyone here from going abroad. 24-year-old kul bahadur only went to school for three years. he can't read and write very well. he comes from a remote part of the country, about 200 kilometers from kathmandu. he's never been to the capital, let alone to a foreign country. but now he's going to qatar. first, he needs to get his papers stamped, even though he doesn't really know what they say. all he has with him are the papers and a bag. the nepalese government is doing

nothing to stop what some say amounts to human trafficking. it says workers employed overseas bring money into the country. kul bahadur is flying to qatar today, a country about which he knows nothing. not even where it is. >> i am poor. there's no work here. i would have preferred to stay in my own country. but i have no choice. how else can my family and i survive? >> it's always the same story. rameswar nepal is director of the katmandu office of amnesty international. he's just returned from qatar. he describes conditions there as abject. the migrant workers slave away for up to 14 hours a day, six days a week. for $200 a month. >> their salary is not paid on

time, if they're even paid at all. their health and safety situation is not protected. this is the accommodation. there are six people living in this small room. this is where they cook their food and this is where they sleep. >> they have to stay for a minimum of two years. with their passports taken from them, they're denied freedom of movement. >> the migrant workers in qatar facing a big problem and are treated as animals. not as human beings. >> accidents and illness have claimed the lives of hundreds of migrant workers in qatar preparing for the 2022 world cup. the dead are returned to nepal. they are cremated as per local traditions. most of the casualties died of exhaustion or heatstroke -- like raju. back in the himalayas, his family is still struggling to make sense of his death. they are overwhelmed by the

immense grief at his loss. >> when the issue first surfaced last year, fifa president sepp blatter admitted that growing international pressure had forced football's world governing body to acknowledge the problem but added fifa could not control safety on building sites. now, have you ever considered doing something radical, like leaving your life behind and starting all over again on a desert island? well, there is one former businessman who actually did that. and out of all places, he chose the island where captain bligh landed after the mutiny on the bounty, with the few men who remained loyal to him. meet a modern day and real life robinson crusoe. >> robinson crusoe would have felt right at home here. no cannibals and no tourists. an island paradise. quasimodo has the place to himself. well, he shares it with his owner.

dave glasheen. a 71-year-old castaway. sort of. he wasn't ever actually shipwrecked. he chose to come here. and who can blame him? >> this is as close as it gets. as a human on the planet. everyday it's different. it's never the same. it's pretty amazing. >> restoration island. an unspoiled corner of the planet off the north coast of australia. the mainland isn't geographically far away. but it's another world. dave originally came here with a plan to boost its tourist potential. but he changed his mind and decided it was best left as it is. >> i come from a credit card society, where you give someone a bit of plastic. and that fixes things. but it doesn't fix anything. it buys you things you don't need.

what you need is the ability to do stuff. personally, it has nothing to do with money. absolutely nothing to do with money. it's all about in here. >> dave doesn't normally bother with bathing shorts. but he's dressed up for us. he's been living on restoration island for 17 years now. he's a seasoned hunter and gatherer. he's learnt to rely on himself. >> trial and error, practice, practice, practice. it's like being a piano player. like anything. you'll never become an expert until you start somewhere as a novice. i'm a bit more high-tech than that so i've got a freezer. if i catch a couple, i can put one in the freezer. i don't need to catch something every day, but it's nice to have a fresh one. >> dave has built himself a home under the palm trees. the roof might be made of tin, but it has solar panels. bananas, mangoes, and lemons grow on the trees that surround his makeshift home, and he grows

chilies and ginger in his herb garden. he's self-sufficient, but he does have a few creature comforts. including supplies such as salt, pepper and coffee. he stocks up on the mainland every few weeks. today he's making prawns, which he got from local fishermen. in exchange for some home-brewed beer. >> we don't really trade directly. i have alcohol which they want, , and they have prawns, which i want. we won't directly trade because that would be an illegal act. so we gift to each other. i give them some beer and they give me some prawns. >> some might call dave a drop-out. in fact, he used to be a high-flying businessman in sydney, who made a fortune investing in gold mines. but then he lost millions in the 1987 stock market crash. he lost his family too. he built a new life for himself on restoration island. it was a steep learning curve.

>> i was out of my comfort zone, taking that sort of risk. but i'm used to risk. this was a big one. basically packing up and leaving your life and forming a new one. i discovered a whole new life, and you don't get many opportunities in life to discover another one. >> dave has never really looked back. 17 years ago, at lockhart river on the mainland opposite, dave began making friends with indigenous australians. just 600 people live there, and dave has become something of a local celebrity. but first they had to get used to him. they were hostile initially. the aborigines are used to having land taken away from them. but over the years, he gained their trust. now they respect him.

>> you could light a fire with sticks. if you come in the way we did, in the way our society operates, it doesn't work here. that's what i learned. it was really a matter of understanding how important the land is. the aboriginal people are connected to the land in a very different way than my society is. >> back on restoration island. even here, the weather isn't always perfect. tropical rain and rough seas are part and parcel of living with nature. dave isn't only up against natural enemies. he and his former partner were going to go into business here together and leased 1/3 of the island from the australian government. but that lease required them to develop fishing facilities and tourist accommodation. dave never did that. but he's resisting all attempts to eject him from his natural paradise. it's his home now. >> i want to die here.

why not. a good place to die, a great place. and you should die in the best place on your own terms. and my terms are very simple. i just want to do the best that i can, as long as i can. >> if this is giving you some ideas now, well, there are way more than half a million uninhabited islands still to go around the world. and that's all for this week's edition of "global 3000." there's plenty more online. but for now from me and the whole global team here in our berlin studios, thanks for watching and bye bye! captioned by the national captioning institute --www.ncicap.org--

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