the list of those iiividuals, i would say that the vast majority got their start working on a campaign, or associated with the caucus, or working with the caucus and college republicans or democrats. i have a lot of students that's their story. second thing, these candidates are going into colleges. if it was juju a primimy, you would hope that people would show up. we have had candidates in the republican field that for instance, rand paul has directly targeted millennials. and every single one candidate is going to select areas and engage them. i think that the cauaus iss exactly the vehicle, to personalize the millennials and make the case that your voice will be heard. on that night in the caucus, it doesn't matter if you are the

brand-new freshman in college and you may hesitate. one vote, one vote. i thinkt's pererct for millennials and both parties are reaching out to them. >> professor hagle, do you see a disconnect of the students us teach and what they say in class or the papers before you. and if they actually get involved in the political process. it's ironic, there was the referencncto randpaul. and go back two elections, ron paul, and older gentlemen that had the unique ability to bring in younger people. that this older guys in his 70s was able to bring in so many young people, how did that work? >> regardless of the age of the candidate, ron paul, or i would go back to barack obama, the candidate is able toapture the

or how you want to phrase it. barack obama did that for the democrats and ron paul did it four years ago. and something about that and bernie sanders has a lot of pport for young people. and at least with those last two examples i tell people that i wonder if like the grandpa or uncle that irritates your parents. and young people kind of get the parents upset about something. but besides that it's the person, regardless of age, the candidate has an authentity. and hear something in what that candidate is saying to inspire them and get them involved. that's something that we work to do on campus, we try to get students involved and volunteer. and many times i have seen my

washington, d.c. and work and sometimes other things. it's a really good opportunity for the students to get involved and get good experience, and sometimes go to other things or perhaps stay i i politics. >> professor covington, in campuses around the country, is there a difference in how college students in iowa participate in the process. compared to a campus in the state that is at the tail end of the caucus? >> that's a matter of stimulus response, when the canandates put in effort reaeaing out to the students. they will respond before a state that effort is not made. if the candidates show up to iowa state, and other campuses around the state, gets a response from the students. that wouldn't happen otherwise. i think we have sububantially

participation than other states. but it's not intrinsically different but the candidates getting the students involved. iowa being the first in the nation, it's a unique opportunity to get on thee ground floor and become very involved. like tim, i have stories i tell my students of someone that came in and putting out yard signs and good at it. and answered phone and became someone that oversaw events. and with the right candidate and hired for the national campaign. and then had a job in the white house when theyere done. the sky i i the limit and iowa is a place to start. and i think that attracts students as well. >> i want to find out what viewers at home think but first this lady. >> i am lisa green douglas, and

i would like you toto talk about how the two parties caucus differently when they choose theipreferred candidate. and how you think that difference inntyle might affect the participation? >> i saw you nodding your head, dr. mcguire. >> you have to be very public about who you are for. because you are going to walk to a corner and say i am for this candidate. and by the way, congratulations on your election. but you are going to say, i am for this person and to the neighbors or the guy that you go the grocery store with, who might be mad because he's with that guy. when you have these discussions it can be personal. jeff talks about his but yours is a vote than a true getting democracy in action like ours is. >> we vote, but the vote can be kept to yourself. but the speech and interaction can sometimes get vvy heated.

republican caucus, every single candidate is going to receive some votes. and keep that particular percent. for instance, we have 12 -- i call them varsity candidates. if one candidate gets that 1%, that 1%1% will carry on. . i think if y y have a candidate that will finish in seventh or eighth or ninth place, you can be sure that your candidate won't disappear in the caucus. that candidate will be maintained throughout. and that might lend support for that candidate, that they stay with that candidate all the way through. different styles but the end sult is the same. the grassroots speak, we listen. >> professor hagle, in some states the elected officials, oftentimes the governor and members of congress, pick sides pretty early on and support a candidate. that's not always the case in

iowa, why do you think that is? >> the basiceason we want everyone to come here, and dr. kaufmann mentioned this, we want everyone to come and have a level playing field. if our governor said i endorse this particular candidate. then other candidates may shy away from the state. we sort of that had that happen in '92 in the democrats when our senator harkin decided to run and others didn't compete hard. and the same thing might happen if our office holders by and large started to endorse people well ahead of the caucuses. other candidates might think the fix is in, i will go elsewhere. we don't want that. we think everyone should compete in iowa. and the way to do that is for state officials to stay neutral.

you dr. mcguire the two parties maintain that first process. if i follow what professor hagle is saying, if state officials start to divide along party lines. it gives ammunition for other states to say forget iowa, we want it to be here, is that correct? >yes, i think if everyone did it would be a problem. it's a free country and some will gi with a certain candidate. and inside of the structure, county chairs go with a person. and that is fair, and we don't want to hold them back. we want at the top of fhe structure, jeff and myself, we stay neutral and try to make sure it's a fair process. yes, i think one thing that iowans think about is making this a fair process. i know people that have endorsed one candidate but have the other candidate if -- in their home to

we are fair about how they feel about the issues even if we pick the candidate. >> a lot of great discussion here in space one, but our viewers to do talk, karen, what do you have for us? >> several things, mark, people are interested in this and appreciate the explanation of the caucus. a couple of comments, caucus schedules cater to those that have three to four hours to caucus, as compared to those of us with kids. and frfr said, caucuses has become a side show. i felt more represented in a primary state. i feel that both parties havee too much ability to manipulate the caucus due to the formalness of the process.

caucuses get criticized because iowa is overwhelming white and not diverse of the u.s., is this a fair representation of the people of iowa? >> professor covington, iowa is a white state, is that a problem? >> you have to ask yourself compared to what. ifif you go to aig state, candidates that don't have a lot of money or name recognition, they won't be able to compete. if you g to a smallll state, it's lacking in diversity. in the absolute, sure you can criticize iowa on those grounds. but what is a better ste to go to? it's hard to find a right answer. the way that the parties responded by adding more states, and going to north carolina is

other states set the table before the rest weigh in. if you take those four states in total, you have a representative process. i don't think that iowa carries undue, and by the way, white iowa helped put barack obama over the top. >> professor, iowa may not have the diversity but other aspects. the technology and farm lands to academia. you have other diversity that perhaps some states may not have. >> including idealogy diversity. we talked about before whether you have more extreme or call committed people that go to the caucuses, that may or may not be true.

and we see that with the candidates who supports who. and we are first but not the last. we don't determine who will be the nominee for either party. we tell people what we think, and try to do a good job of vetting the candidates and let other states what they think about when it's their turn. >> back to the live audience. >> i am martha hedburg, i amhe current chair of t t johnson county democrats and i live here in iowa city. my question, what happens after the caucuses? what happens to the parties? what do they do other than sit down and relax after a lot of hard work, what do we do after the caucuses. >> start with the blue party, what do you think. >> nice to talk to you martha, we build on it. we are going to pick a presidential preference on that night. but like we talked about, this is party building. when we talk about our platform

and the division of where we want our party to go. conventions. but the day after and a couple of days after we talk about how we use that information we gotot that night. all the data that came and we build on that in november. that's how you win in november, caucus. i will tell you, there is a check box if you are interesting in running for office. we get a lot of candidates around the state. they will check, i will check the box and congressman cardinal ended up checking that box. there is lot we do to build to november. >> can you give general numbers, in a presidential cycle. six month before the caucus, and two or three months following. is that the biggest period of

registration efforts? or spread throughout that four-year cycle or leading into the general eleltion? >> we try to spread it out and a lot of interest and we try to capitalize on that interest. in the next 10 days you can register and that nighgh youan register. there is a big push because so much intensity in this now. and that helps with the registration. and the independentnt have to register as a republican or democrat. and that helps our registration. and we are doing that all year long. >> let's go to the red party side. certainly each party likes to get people to change party registration. is there is a general time frame when you lose them or gain them? after the caucuses, is there a particular time we look at, wow,

>> every month the secretary of state has a report, and the changes are incremental. any time there is a pending election you will see more change. one interestg phenomena and see if it plays out. donald trump says he has a tremendous amount of democrats that are going to switch. there is a lot of difference saying what you have and being told. and converting that to a three-hour visit at a caucus. sometimes candidates will drive that change. sometimes there is a particular candidate that will drive. i thinknk it picks up as you approach that election. and in terms of caucuses are easier to manipulate. i want to be specific about this, our microsoft system we have now is one of the safest in the country and would be easier to manipulate a primary, that is

>> i have one more question to the red side. throughout years we have had elected officials usually in the senate and self-identified and caucus with one party or another. if someone comes to you how is the decision made as independentnt you canun as a democrat or republican, is that a discussion point you have? or certain obstacles to go through, yeahah you are a bona fide republican or democrat, how does that work? >> eltimately the primary or caucus goer will decece, someone will dig that up. if you run on a republican candidate and you gave to a democratic candidate. believe me your republican colleagues will bring that up. that's up to the electorate. you make your case, what is beautiful about iowa.

this way before and vote this way or that way. u can take itt to the people. you don't have to worry about other people defining you. you don't have to be limited by 30-secondound bytes, you say these are the facts and why you should vote for me. a caucus state i believe asks and calls and beckons for more diversity in ourcandidateses becacae it allows the candidates to move beyond 30-second sound bytes. i bet that iowa will vet those candidates better than a primary statat and a state that has hundreds of million as opposed to 3 million. >> we are back to live audience, sir tell us who you are. >> i am jackson, i live in rural iowa, and thehe was speak about

to be run by the parties than the state? >> the importance is who does the work. and it's private citizens who are volunteers with the party, as opposed to state-paid officials. i know some states that had some primarys in the past, if they are facing a budget crunch, will switch to a caucus to say [inaudible] at the end of the day though, i don't think it has an impact on the outcome. because the people tt do the volunteer work are committed and they want this to work well. the last thing they want is a problem to show up or to have done something wrong. it will blow back on them and their party. i don't ththk in the actual operation it makes a difference. it's who is doing the work and who is doing a good job.

spot, what other state has that? >> small western statas, don't hold me to it, utah and colorado and arizona. >> any kind of consistency in those statesnd you are the big dog in the caucuses, do they speak of their tips and how to improve? >> they talk to us a lot of time and because we have a well-run caucus. and approach us how you do this, it's a very good learning. >> lots of great discussions and topics at public space 1, but we have been getting comments on the eternet. and check in with our social media desk. >> thank you, mark, so many comments from twitter and

#yourvoiceyourfuture, and facebook, kgancbs2. we have seen several comments that want to know aaut the process, and this comment, first in the country it's great but caucus is archaic, and few participate, including me. i think we should change it. that was one comment. brett asked couldn't the national polls and the ad campaigns choose the candidate? >> dr. mcguire. >> no, we don't want national polls and sound bytes off of tv to pick our next leader. vetted. and i don't want somebody that can't speak to mend answer the questions, and convince me of their vision for the country. that's what we need and what iowa does so well. i would say that is not good.

that w wpick our leaders based on how they interact with actual people. and i think iowans do that. and just think of sound bytes.s. >> s s you are saying that we shouldn't have people picking it up off the sound bytes and tv, though a well-thought out analysis by cbs 2 and fox 28 >> with that exception but think of how people can hide from the public. they can't hide when you are in iowa. you cansk them anything. everything comes up and everything is on the table. this is the process that we talked about makes them a better candidate. and d is is the type of process that a p psident should go through, if they can't go through this, they won't make a good president. >> dr. kaufmann, am in sioux city, and i am in military and i

can't be in my high school gym. why am i left out? >> this year you can participate. >> explain that process. >> the reason you haven't been to this point and the reason we have to be careful with that question in the new hampshire constitutiont says they are the first primary state. we cannot do anything that appears to be like a primary. people asked me why can't we absentee vote. because when you start absentee voting, then we become a primary state and lose our first nation status. but both parties this year will allow our over-sea veterans to vote. there will be among republicans we will have a separate precinct. that has all the security measures and we are getting the word out as we speak to the military organizations. see how it goes.

grow and get better. this year we doll -- we will do that, but it's more difficult than i thought because we can't be a primary process. >> we are doing something similar, if you off in active duty and you can push a button to give your preference, and just like a caucus, and not like an asentee ballot. and people overseas and peace corp will be involved in that. >> sir, tell us your question. >> i am matt wells, in rural johnson count, i im the crew chairman in johnson county. i have a question of what happened in the current caucus cycle. it seems like a governor me out against onee candidate. i am afraid that may jeopardize

>> anything more specific? >> well, governono terry branstead came out and said, anybody but cruz. and think when you -- if the governor had said he was going to remain neutral andndot endorse anybody. i understand that you don't come out and say that. >> professor hagle, let's assume a year from now ted cruz is inaugurated as the next president, does that create problems looking back. because you say, you know what? why do you guys have this position, i have a person stake in it, andd goes back to what you discussed earlier, let the officials stay as neutral as possible. to maintain that status. that is a potential land mme. >> it is, and more generally we sometimes joke but only half so.

caucus and goeoe on to win the president, we are worried to lose that status. in the case that the gentleman was suggesting, es, governor branstead came out and doesn't favor ted cruz, and in iowa they democrats. and that's an issue important to iowa's economy and ethanol and senator cruz has come against it. and for the purpose of economy, what the governor was getting at, to have that for the iowa economy. and in terms of the caucus, i don't know if it affects it long term, and what happens on caucus night, whether it affects senator cruz's polls and we he to wait and see. but it raises some questions that are legitimate.

addressed this, iowa has not picked the winners, and you have had eventual presidential elections that you picked second or third or fourthlace in last 20 or 30 years? >> s, there is three tickets out of iowa, the one exception of john mccain when he didn't campaign here and that's the exception.n. but it's b bk to the idea that iowa tells us who the strong candidates are. and the weak candidates similarly get identified and are weeded out. and taking the question of ted cruz reflects how neutral is the stste and how fair. >> professor, just a moment, i have to say good-bye to our live

to our regular programming. but we are streaming the entire event at cbs2.com. stay with us. professor, please continin. >> this iss one of the things that make me chuckle. i am old enough to remember presidential nominations before 1972, and any party offial looking at theeystem today would rol the world a president has to grapple with, sometimes you can't even imagine. that's the job. and she's prepared for it like no other. a tireless secretary of state, standing up against the abuse of women and girls. negotiating a cease-fire in gaza, leading the diplomacy that keeps us out of war. the presidency is the toughest job in the world... and she's the one leader who has what it takes to get every part of the job done.

congress doesn't regulate wall street... wall street regulates congress. it's a rigged economy that sends most new wealth to the top 1%. and it's held in place by a c crupt political system where wall street banks and billionaires buy elections. my campaign is funded by over two and a half million small contributions. people who know you can't level the playing field by taking more money from wall street. i'm bernie sanders, and i approve this message.