captioning funded by cbs and ford. we go further, so you can. >> shot, looked. shot, looked. shot, looked. shot, looked, stopped. >> pelley: he hit them all? >> oh, yeah, they were dead. >> pelley: tonight you will hear eyewitness accounts of the attacks as they unfolded. people who lived through the terror on the streets of paris and in the concert hall. [gunfire] when you realized there were multiple gunmen, what did you think? >> i just realized that they were here to kill as many people as possible. it was going to be a bloodbath. >> pelley: have you spoken to the president? >> yeah, a number of times. >> pelley: since you became speaker? >> yeah. >> pelley: you feud man you

can work with? >> yeah. this is the job. >> pelley: paul ryan didn't want the thankless job of leading a fractured majority that can't keep its promises. besides, he preferred his house in janesville, wisconsin, to the people's house in washington. >> it has been polarizing. it has been dysfunctional. and at this time in our country's history, we can't afford to keep this dysfunction going. >> kroft: not since football was nearly banned 100 years ago has the sport been under the microscope the way it is today, and all of it has to do with matters of the brain. you think the game's safer than it's ever been before? >> i do. i am convinced of it. i think the changes we've made have had real results. >> kroft: can you take the violence out of football? >> no. >> i'm steve kroft. >> i'm lesley stahl. >> i'm morley safer. >> i'm bill whitaker. >> i'm scott pelley. those stories tonight on "60 minutes." the future belongs to the fast.

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due to an increased risk of serious infection. serious side effects can occur including fatal infections. cases of lymphoma and lung cancer have been reported. tell your doctor if you're prone to or have any infection like an open sore, the flu, or a history of copd, a chronic lung disease. orencia may worsen your copd. if you're not getting the relief you need... ask your doctor about orencia. orencia. see your ra in a different way. >> kroft: two days after the paris terror attacks, there are these developments. cbs news is reporting there were

eight attackers, seven of whom are dead. one is at large. paris is on edge. french police have recovered a car outside the city they believe the surviving attacker used to make his escape. it contained three ak-47 assault rifles. seven people have been detained in belgium as part of the investigation. isis has claimed responsibility for the series of attacks, which left at least 129 people dead. hundreds more were injured, including nearly 100 in critical condition. scott pelley is in paris for us. >> pelley: on this sunday night, the great bells of notre dame paid tribute to the dead and to the wounded. you're about to meet two witnesses to the assault on paris. one of them was shot as he played dead inside the concert hall where most of the victims were killed. the other watched innocent people shot down by one of the terrorists.

together they paint a picture of the day darkness descended on the city of light. what was the very first thing you saw? >> colclough: a gunman. dressed in black. black boots, black trousers, tight, a black sweater of sorts, no collar. and standing in a very clear gun position, shooting position. he was holding a weapon, and had it shoulder... had it shouldered, and was shooting quite deliberately and precisely. >> pelley: mark colclough, a danish psychotherapist, was walking with a friend toward the bonne biere cafe. where was he shooting? >> colclough: the french have a habit of having chairs outside the cafe, so you can sit with your back to the window, and just watch the world go by. and people were doing that. and he shot three of them, just like that. the three that were sitting

outside, he shot very quickly. >> pelley: so, as he opens fire on the crowd outside the cafe... >> colclough: three people. there wasn't a crowd. he had positioned his leg so he would... he would stand in a kind of tripod kind of way. had the rifle up to his left shoulder. and quite deliberately shot, looked, shot, looked, shot, looked, stopped. >> pelley: what happened to those three people? >> colclough: they fell of their chairs. >> pelley: he hit them all? >> colclough: oh yeah, they were dead. or they fell off their chairs, we could see that. that's the first thing i saw. he was shooting that way, down to his right. then he gyrated back and he shot straight ahead into a car that was parked, that was at the crossroads next to the cafe. >> pelley: this is the scene. there's the car. and these are the people who "fell off their chairs." the man recording this video says to himself, "poor people, it can't be true, it can't be

true." what happened next? >> colclough: he then stepped forward and then he turned right and walked into the cafe that the three people had been sitting in front of. >> pelley: it didn't appear to you that he had the weapon set on automatic, and he was just sweeping the room? >> colclough: no. it wasn't random. >> pelley: but he was picking out his targets, shooting them one at a time? moving to the next target? >> colclough: he shot the three, then he shot into the car. then he moved into the cafe. looked right, panned right with his weapon, didn't shoot. panned left, duck-duck-duck. pause. duck-duck-duck. pause. >> pelley: the shooting stopped. the gunman fled. mark colclough and his friend went to see if they could help. when you went into the cafe what did you see? >> colclough: wounded.

some were, i could see one guy had been shot in his thigh. i could see another woman had... already been given an oxygen mask, and was... i could see the paramedics had put themselves on either side of her so i thought she was more critically wounded. and then towards the bar i could see on our left, i could see there were three of four dead bodies lying in front of the bar. civilians. so, i looked down, and i saw big puddles of blood. puddles. not little droplets, but puddles. >> pelley: tables turned over? >> colclough: yeah. >> pelley: chairs flipped over? chaos? >> colclough: and the... again, the smell of gunpowder in the room. >> pelley: half a mile away, an american band was playing to a packed house at the bataclan music hall. francois was by the stage. he's asked us to use only his first name. >> francois: there was about 1,500 people inside.

so, people were standing and dancing at the ground floor. >> pelley: on the ground floor, there are no seats? it's all open? >> francois: no seats. there is the bar at the back and people dancing at the front. >> pelley: what was the first thing you noticed? >> francois: i so, i heard the- the gunshots, about ten. i look back. and i saw this man shooting a rifle. >> pelley: describe him to me. >> francois: he was shooting shot by shot to make sure he was targeting the people. i don't know. every-everything was methodic. very precise and-and he was trained, he was clearly trained. >> pelley: clearly trained? >> francois: yeah. >> pelley: did they have to stop and reload? >> francois: i saw him reloading very, very fast.

>> pelley: you think he was experienced? >> francois: yeah. >> pelley: trained like a soldier? >> francois: yeah. >> pelley: francois was hit, a grazing bullet to the back. he fell to the dance floor and played dead. >> pelley: what are you seeing around you? were other people wounded nearby? >> francois: yes. yes. i saw people hurt. the... i saw people laid on the ground not moving. they were probably dead or... several injured. there was... there was blood all over the ground. and-and yeah, it was a nightmare. >> pelley: and when you realized there were multiple gunmen, what did you think? >> francois: i just realized that they were... they were here to kill as many people as possible.

so i just thought it was... it was going to be a bloodbath, it was really hell. like, people were just all pushing to the... to the exit. it was it was really packed of people trying to get above each other, trying to ex... trying to escape. >> pelley: he made a break for it through this exit. those are people hanging from the windows above. as you're escaping through this door, was it difficult to get through that? >> francois: there was a lot of people on me for about 30 seconds. >> pelley: on top of you? >> francois: yeah, on top of me. >> pelley: crawling over you? >> francois: yeah. it was about two people over me trying to escape. and it was really long to-to get out of the building. >> pelley: neighbors opened

their apartments to the wounded. a stranger used a shirt to stop francois's bleeding. later, he overheard the police assault on the terrorists. >> pelley: what happened then? >> francois: then we-we waited about two hours in-in the apartment. the-the police came to us, making sure everybody was okay in the building. >> pelley: can you show me where you were hit? >> francois: yes. so, i was shot here, at the... so, at the... on the back, just below my shoulder. and the bullet came out here. >> pelley: that's where the exit wound is? >> francois: yeah. the exit wound right here, close to the spine. >> pelley: what did the doctors tell you about the course that the bullet took? >> francois: they told me i was extremely lucky.

because the bullet didn't touch any muscles or bones. >> pelley: so lucky to be alive? >> francois: yeah. yeah. yeah. >> bauer: unfortunately if it happens here it will replicate somewhere else. >> pelley: they tested the concept here. >> bauer: yeah. >> pelley: alain bauer is a former security advisor to the french government who helped new york city set up its counter terrorism unit after 9/11. >> pelley: is it possible that they could get that to the united states? >> bauer: i think they will try. we are only the second worst country in the world for them. u.s. are first. >> pelley: six locations were hit in 33 minutes. alain bauer believes that the main target was the soccer match between france and germany, broadcast live across europe. the french president was there. but outside the stadium only one victim was killed. >> bauer: they arrived too late. >> pelley: they arrived too late? after all this planning, they got there late? >> bauer: it happens.

>> pelley: bauer says one terrorist failed to get into the stadium with a propane tank rigged to explode in a backpack full of nails and bolts. the bomber blew himself up. >> bauer: the main issue was, clearly, to create a lot of chaos. and it did not happen the way they wanted. so we had a lot of luck. >> pelley: bauer sees paris as a turning point. >> bauer: and it shows how people that are not very well equipped can have such a determination, first, to kill, bullet by bullet, people they never see, and prepare to kill themselves to show their case. this is a big change in the level of determination and of violence. >> pelley: too often we think of these things in isolation. but here, in just the last few weeks now, isis blew up the russian jetliner in egypt, it attacked its enemies with a bomb

in lebanon, and now, a few days later, this attack in paris. >> pelley: when you connect the dots this is not over for the western democracies. >> bauer: it's just the beginning. isis said it. it's just the beginning. they are... they are right. you need to listen to them, read them, understand they say, the way they say it, and what they want. and they say it all the time. >> pelley: you take them at their word. >> bauer: of course. why not? >> pelley: paris was smaller today. so many dead. so many wounded. it seemed everyone knew someone lost to the violence. children, who didn't understand, were shown how to pay respects by parents who would never let go of their hands so easily again. ( bells tolling )

tonight the city turned to its familiar traditions, a comfort against a future suddenly uncertain. ( bells tolling ) >> cbs money watch update sponsored by: >> glor: good evening. france's maybe securities market euronext will be open tomorrow but with extra security in place. more than 2,000 union workers at the plumbing manufacturer kohler going on strike, and retailers are expected to hire about 75,000 temporary workers this holiday season. i'm jeff glor, cbs news.

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september when the speaker of the house unexpectedly resigned, his designated successor refused the job, and paul ryan, the only leader republicans could agree on, turned them down. ryan didn't want the thankless job of leading a fractured majority that can't keep its promises. besides, he preferred his house in janesville, wisconsin, to the people's house in washington. but tonight, much to his surprise, ryan is speaker-- at 45, the youngest in more than 140 years, and on his terms. he's an expert on the budget, mitt romney's running mate in 2012. and we met him in his hometown on his second week in the job. have you spoken to the president? >> paul ryan: yeah, a number of times. >> pelley: since you became speaker? >> ryan: uh-huh. >> pelley: and the substance of those conversations has been what? >> ryan: varied on a number of different issues. and much of it discussed about things we can get working together on, things that we have to get done by the end of the

year. and just, you know, courtesy issues. we talk about... we talk about having teenage daughters, too. >> pelley: but you found a man you can work with? >> ryan: sure. yeah, look, this is the job. absolutely. >> pelley: well, it hasn't been... >> ryan: he's president of the united states. my president, too. >> pelley: it hasn't... the job hasn't been getting done these last several years... >> ryan: i agree with that. but nevertheless, this government does have to work. >> pelley: on your first day as speaker, you said you were going to wipe the slate clean. >> ryan: uh-huh. >> pelley: and then in your very first news conference, you said the president has "proven himself untrustworthy on immigration." that's not wiping the slate clean; that's blowing chalk dust in the president's face. >> ryan: well, i think wiping the slate clean was about wiping the slate clean in congress and getting congress, the house functioning again. but on this particular issue, he tried to go around congress and write the law unilaterally. >> pelley: but when people hear this, they think, "here we go again. nothing's going to change." >> ryan: i think you can walk and chew gum at the same time. i think you can oppose the president on some issue that you fundamentally disagree with, but

also work with the other party on issues you do agree with. that's what i've been doing. look, if we can find common ground... we can on highways, we will on funding the government, hopefully. we can on tax policy. those are three things that will produce certainty in this economy in the next few months. let's go do that. >> pelley: there was a time on capitol hill when the other guy had a bad idea, and now, on capitol hill, the other guy's a bad guy. >> ryan: yeah, i think that's right. >> pelley: how do you heal that animosity? it's your job now. >> ryan: leadership, by the example, is the way i look at it. somewhere in this, we got into impugning people's character and motives if we didn't like their ideas. we've got to get back to just debating ideas. and also, i think we need to sort of... you know, we have two ears and one mouth. we got to use those in that proportion. >> pelley: his mother betty taught him to listen more and speak less. we met her, his wife janna, and cousin adam in a favorite neighborhood restaurant. janna, how did you first hear that paul was being asked to be

speaker of the house? >> janna ryan: i am a big thrift store shopper, and i was in my car in front of the salvation army here in janesville when the phone rang. and he said "well, this is coming our way. and you think i should say no, right?" and i said, "oh, yeah, you should say no." and that's how it started. >> pelley: and it's speaker of the house-- i mean, how do you say no? >> janna ryan: for our family, for the rhythm of our life, for what we saw our path, it just seemed like too much. it seemed like the pressure for him to travel, to be in so many places, to be so much to so many people would leave too little of him for his role as father and husband. >> pelley: mr. speaker, how did you get from "no" to "yes"? you said "hell, no!" >> ryan: yeah. i see myself as more of a policy maker than a political leader. i do politics in order to do policy. i came into it no. then, i realized the situation

in our caucus was fairly dire, and that i sort of had an obligation and a duty to step up and do it. and then the question was, can i redesign the job so that i can do it well, so i can be happy and successful? and the fact that we live here in janesville-- we don't live in washington, and our kids are ten, 12 and 13 years old. it's mostly an empty-nester that gets this job, who spends his or her weekends flying around america fundraising. i'm not going to spend my saturdays and sundays flying around america fundraising. i'm going to spend them here, where i need to be. and so, once i learned i could redesign the job, then i decided to do it. and now that i'm doing it, i feel it's a great honor. i'm actually excited about it. >> janna ryan: and now it's one of those things that i can't imagine that it wouldn't have happened. i'm not saying that there aren't moments that you think, "wow, how did this happen? you know, how am i on '60 minutes' right now talking about paul being speaker?" but it was... it just... it felt right. >> pelley: mr. speaker, i... >> ryan: i go by "paul," so if

it's okay with you... >> pelley: would you prefer that? because people aren't going to call you that. >> ryan: yeah, well, i prefer it if i... they are... ( laughter ) >> pelley: what adversity in your life has made you the person you are today? >> ryan: probably losing my dad when i was 16. >> pelley: what happened? >> ryan: he died of a heart attack. my mom was off with my aunt visiting my sister in denver. i worked the late shift at mcdonald's the night before. and i was going to sleep in, wake up, mow the lawn. and my dad's office called asking where he was. and i went to find him and he was... you know, he had died over... in his sleep of a heart attack. >> pelley: what did you learn from it? >> ryan: i learned tragedy. i learned perseverance. and i learned a lot about myself and about my mom and about my family. >> pelley: your father, your grandfather, your great- grandfather all died in their 50s. does that put a fire under you? >> ryan: it does, so i focus on just being healthy. i don't want this to happen to

my kids, to janna. and it does. it gave me the other sense that life is short, you better make the most of it. >> pelley: janna, this is an extremely rare opportunity for a reporter. you don't do interviews. i wonder why that is. why not? >> janna ryan: because i've always wanted our family to be a refuge from politics, to be seen... when people to see us as a family, to think of us as janna and paul and charlie, liza, and sam; not as "here comes the speaker of the house" or "here comes that guy who has those votes i don't like," or whatever it would be. i want to be as a family here in janesville, a very included, normal-- whatever that means-- regular family. >> pelley: mr. speaker-- or paul, if you insist-- you don't have a home in washington. >> ryan: no, we live here in janesville. >> pelley: where do you sleep? >> ryan: for about a decade, i've been sleeping on a cot in my office. it's very efficient to me. >> pelley: you sleep every night in washington on a cot in your office?

>> ryan: yeah, i work a lot. all i do is work there. i get up very early in the morning, i work out. and then i work till about 11:00, 11:30 at night, do the same thing the next day. >> pelley: where do you get cleaned up? >> ryan: in the gym. i work out every morning, and i shower in the gym and i go on with my day. >> pelley: one of the things that you said during this period of time that you were telling the republican caucus that you didn't want the job was that you were concerned that the job would open up your children to ridicule. >> ryan: well, they're coming of age. >> pelley: what does that say about politics in our country? >> ryan: yeah, that's a good point. politics has become a blood sport that goes beyond just the person whose name is on the ballot. basically, our kids are getting to the age where they start paying attention, and they're going to see things about their dad that, you know, won't be flattering because i'll take controversial positions on policy issues. and i just wanted to make sure our kids have a normal upbringing, a normal life like we had here in janesville. >> pelley: janesville, southern wisconsin, is getting on pretty well, even though the g.m. plant

closed after 90 years. 64,000 people, mostly german and irish. >> ryan: we have 67 cousins is our last count here in janesville, and we all live within about eight blocks of each other. >> pelley: his party's frontrunner for president proposes to deport all illegal immigrants. what's your immigration plan? >> ryan: i think it starts with border enforcement. i think it starts with enforcing the rule of law. but you need to have a vibrant legal immigration system. legal immigration is america. my name's ryan... >> pelley: but some sort of a pathway to citizenship for the 11 million illegal immigrants... >> ryan: i don't agree with that. i don't agree with that. i think you could have a pathway to legal status. that's been what i have proposed in the past is a pay... a way to make amends with the law-- effectively, go on probation and earn your way to legal status, but not to citizenship. >> pelley: i take it you don't advocate rounding up 11 million illegal immigrants and deporting them. >> pelley: i do not. >> pelley: that's not going to happen while you're speaker of the house. >> ryan: i can't imagine how it could happen, so no. >> pelley: you have proposed

having only two tax brackets, 10% and 25%. that still your position? >> ryan: yeah, i've always liked that plan. and our tax code really punishes our small businesses, which is where most of our jobs come from. i mean, look, we're sitting here in wisconsin. overseas-- which, to us, means lake superior, you know-- the canadians are taxing their businesses at 15%. the top tax rate on successful small businesses in america, here in wisconsin, is 44.6%. how can you compete like that? how can you have jobs? how can working families get ahead with a tax system like that? >> pelley: give me three things you would do on tax reform, very specifically. >> ryan: well, i'd simplify the code dramatically. i would collapse the rates down to two or three. and i would change the way we tax ourselves internationally, so businesses can take their money and bring it back home so american businesses stay american businesses. and we have to drop our rates on our businesses. i think those three things right there are what i would do. >> pelley: with this new job, what are the stakes of failure? >> ryan: the country stays on the path it is on-- deep

poverty, flat wages, working families falling behind, a wreck of national security, oh, followed up by a debt crisis. >> pelley: and what is the elephant in the room? >> ryan: well, i think it's our entitlement programs, it's our budget deficits... >> pelley: social security? >> ryan: it's social security, it's medicare, it's medicaid. and the good news on these issues is that if we reform them for the next generation now, we can guarantee-- guarantee-- that people in or near retirement don't have any changes in their benefits. >> pelley: most people don't realize that two-thirds of the federal budget is social security, medicare, medicaid, and the pentagon. the u.s. government is an insurance company with an army. >> ryan: that's right. >> pelley: so, in terms of social security, in your view, we're going to have to raise the retirement age? >> ryan: we haven't as a caucus decided this issue yet. so as speaker of the house, i help manage and bring to a consensus. i'm not dictator of the house. but i have always believed, and i've been public about this for many years, for younger people,

when they age, we should change the retirement age to reflect longevity. because that just to make the program finances work. >> pelley: not dictator of the house, but he did start with an ultimatum to about 40 conservatives called the "freedom caucus". if he was going to leave his dream job, chairman of ways and means-- the tax committee-- he demanded their support by the end of the week. they agreed. and ryan promised to open the process to their ideas and amendments. but when it comes to a vote, he expects their support. >> pelley: do you work for the "freedom caucus," or do they work for you? >> ryan: they... we work for the american people. that's a nice, clever question. but you know who i work for? i work for the first district from wisconsin. >> pelley: but those people are generally happy with you, and the "freedom caucus" is not generally happy with you all the time. and i just wonder how you're going to keep them corralled. >> ryan: i think you try to lead people-- lead people to consensus, lead people to laying a positive agenda and a vision out there, and that is what i intend to do.

and i think that's not corralling, but that's leading. >> pelley: how long do you imagine you might be speaker? >> ryan: i have no idea. 14 months, for now, is what i know, for the rest of this term. >> pelley: do you think of this as a long-term occupation for you? >> ryan: i really haven't. i was just planning on serving out my tenure at ways and means chair, and then going finding out something else to do with my life. >> pelley: leaving the congress? >> ryan: so, yeah, i really don't know how long this is going to last. this wasn't something i was planning on doing in the first place. >> pelley: but to do the job, he told us, you have to be willing to lose the job. >> ryan: you have to take risks on policy. you can't be a politician, wringing your hands, worried about what the public opinion polls are saying, or worried about the negative attacks. if you believe in something, go fight for it. if you think you have a good idea and a good reform and you're going to get criticized for it, do it anyway, because i think that's what people in this country want to see. and so, yes, you have to be willing to lose these jobs-- meaning you have to be a political leader, willing to lose an election if you want to do what's right. that's the way the founders envisioned this in the whole first place.

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>> kroft: if you are one of the millions of people who watched football before this broadcast, many of you on this network, you know that nfl players get their brains rattled on a weekly basis. and for some of them, the long- term consequences may eventually offset the glory of playing the game. after a decade of denying a link between on-field concussions and brain impairment later in life, the nfl finally acknowledged the connection and is now trying to re-engineer the sport to fit the

medical science. it's changing the rules, trying to reinvent equipment, and funding scientific research that might endanger its future, both as the country's most popular sport and as a multi-billion dollar industry. not since football was nearly banned a hundred years ago has the sport been under the microscope the way it is today, and all of it has to do with matters of the brain. >> josh mccown gets rocked by a helicopter hit. >> kroft: just minutes into the very first sunday of this nfl season, cleveland browns' quarterback josh mccown knocked heads at the goal line. it was the kind of violent hit that millions tune in every week to see. in years past, mccown might have stayed in the game. but after he failed a concussion assessment, he was taken off the field, and not allowed to return to action for two weeks. these days, if a concussion is even suspected, players are

removed from the game, even if they don't like it. >> arian foster tossing gatorade jug. >> kroft: it's just one of 39 changes that have been made to make the game safer. helmet-to-helmet hits are now illegal. the kickoff, one of the most dangerous plays in football, has been moved up to discourage returns and high-speed collisions. and independent neurologists are not only stationed on both sidelines to look for signs of brain trauma... >> tag it, 94. okay. >> kroft: ...there are now athletic trainers high above every stadium with the authority for the first time to stop the game if they believe an injury has gone undetected. >> ooh, tag it. he got up but he got drilled. >> kroft: all of this has happened under the watch of nfl commissioner roger goodell, who told us that concussions are down 35% since 2012. you think the game is safer than it's ever been before? >> roger goodell: i do. i'm convinced of it. i think the changes that we've made have had real results, and

we're seeing that. >> kroft: but do you believe it's safe? >> goodell: i do believe it's safer. but injuries are part of... of active sports and they're certainly part of football. football is a contact sport. >> kroft: despite the changes and the reduction of concussions, there are still a lot of them-- on the average, a half a dozen a week, according to the nfl's own figures. can you take the violence out of football? >> ed reed: no. >> kroft: ed reed retired earlier this year after 12 seasons as one of the nfl's all- time great safeties. during his career, he dished out as many hits as he took. >> reed: football is a reaction sport. >> kroft: you can't choreograph it. >> reed: you can't. it's not a movie. we always said it's not suit and tie on the football field. >> kroft: how many concussions do you think you've had? >> reed: that i remember? ( laughs ) i'd say three or four. >> kroft: you think about the future? do you worry about the fact that you've banged your head and had a lot of high speed collisions? >> reed: yeah, i am worried about it. i think about it because

something could come out of me have been running into people all my life. >> kroft: what worries reed and the nfl, and what's behind all of these changes, is something called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or c.t.e., a degenerative brain disease that was primarily associated with boxers until 13 years ago. that's when a neuropathlogist in pittsburgh, dr. bennet omalu, found it in the brain of steelers hall of fame center mike webster during an autopsy. c.t.e. can only be diagnosed in the dead. the late hall of fame tight end john mackey had it, and so did 87 other former nfl players with serious symptoms whose families donated their brains to an ongoing study being conducted at boston university. >> kroft: do we really know that playing football causes c.t.e.? >> robert stern: do we really know that smoking causes cancer? >> kroft: dr. robert stern, who

directs the clinical research for boston university's c.t.e. center, says the science is still in its infancy, but the evidence indicates a strong connection. >> stern: we know from all the neuropathologically confirmed cases of c.t.e. that every case has had one thing in common, a history of repetitive head impacts. that means that... >> kroft: it's not good for you. >> stern: ...it's not good for you. it's a necessary variable to get this disease. but just because you hit your head a bunch, doesn't mean you're going to get the disease. so we have to figure out why one person gets it and another person doesn't. >> kroft: to be clear, most nfl players don't. stern says the number of confirmed cases is still small. thousands of former nfl players seem to be unaffected. >> kevin guskiewicz: one of the challenges, steve, is that concussions are sort of like snowflakes, there are no two alike. >> kroft: and none of them good, according to dr. kevin guskiewicz, who has been researching the link between football and brain trauma at the university of north carolina for more than a decade.

his studies indicate that players are five times more susceptible to dementia later in life if they've sustained three or more concussions. he and his team have examined 650 former nfl players. >> guskiewicz: four out of every five that come through our door look pretty good. it's... it's sort of what is it that creates this perfect storm that puts somebody on that slippery slope at a younger age toward developing this neuro- degenerative disease. >> kroft: and there's no consensus. dr. stern at boston university isn't convinced there is a direct link between concussions and c.t.e. he thinks it may be tied to the accumulation of thousands of lesser sub-concussive hits, the kind that linemen absorb on every play. >> stern: we're talking about the overall exposure to repetitive head impacts, not a single injury, not a single concussion. >> kroft: that's an occupational hazard. >> stern: that's an occupational hazard. that's part of playing the game of football.

>> kroft: to reduce the amount of head banging, the nfl and the players association have limited the number of full contact practices during training camp and the regular season. and the league is spending millions to try and soften the blows. in seattle, the university of washington and a company called vicis are developing and testing a new kind of helmet with seed money from the nfl. the materials and technology are so secret, vicis wrapped the outer shell so competitors wouldn't get a peek at it. they're hoping to reduce concussions by 50%. jeff miller is the nfl's senior vice president for health and safety. >> jeff miller: i'm not going to suggest that there's any one idea that's a silver bullet. i think that we're going to be able to, over time, disrupt the helmet industry. >> kroft: what do you mean disruptive? >> miller: helmets are fantastic at doing what they were intended to do, which is prevent skull fracture. but to be designed against concussive injury is a much bigger challenge. but to the extent that the nfl can encourage other inventors,

two guys in a garage somewhere, to come up with a better helmet, then we're taking that on as our responsibility to do so. >> kroft: the nfl is also providing money to develop materials to put underneath the turf to cushion impacts. the league estimates that 7% of all concussions are caused by heads slamming into the turf. that's what happened with kansas city's jeremy maclin in october. >> kroft: the nfl has sent one of its biggest checks- $30 million-- to the national institutes of health for research primarily focused on the brain. six million of that is going to boston university, which has produced some of the most damaging evidence linking football to brain injuries and is trying to determine how widespread c.t.e. is. are you concerned about what they may find? are you worried that... >> goodell: no, we don't, steve. >> kroft:...that you're sowing the seeds of your own destruction? >> goodell: no. we want the facts. we think the facts will help us develop better solutions, and that's why we're advancing medical research. that's why we're funding

directly to boston university on some of this research. >> kroft: the big breakthrough will come if and when a test is developed to diagnose c.t.e. in the living. >> stern: that's the focus of pretty much every day of my life. >> kroft: how close are you? > stern: i am pretty confident that we're going to be able to diagnose people while they're alive pretty accurately, somewhere in five to ten years. >> kroft: if it happens, there will finally be answers to a lot of questions, but some tricky new ones will also be raised. who would have access to the information and how would it be used? if they'd had a test when you were playing, would you have wanted to take that test? >> reed: if they're going to give me this test, and this test is going to be a negative towards me as a player and i got to go home now and i can't play this game anymore, no. i don't want to know till after. i don't want to know until when i'm retired. no guy would want that. no player would want it.

>> kroft: there has already been one controversy over another test that involves putting sensors in football helmets. >> guskiewicz: these are the six single-axis accelerometers... >> kroft: kevin guskiewicz and his staff at north carolina have been using the tar heel football team as lab rats to collect data, measuring the frequency and the force of every hit to the head. >> this is one impact? this is one impact. >> kroft: guskiewicz used information from the sensors to help persuade the nfl to move its kickoff in 2011. but keeping track of the number of hits has become a political football. the nfl outfitted two of its teams with the sensors for half a season in 2013, then pulled the plug. we asked the nfl's jeff miller why. >> miller: the results were not what we were hoping they would be. and the players association, in large part, wanted to discontinue the testing. and we... we respect that decision. >> kroft: what do you mean not

what you were hoping for? >> miller: we were... we were hoping for more... for more accurate analysis. it just wasn't, yet. >> guskiewicz: yeah. well, i sit on their committee and i'm able to tell them i disagree. >> kroft: if you want a sense of how much contact we're talking about, a study using helmet sensors on the high school level showed that players can average 650 hits to the head per season. that seems like a lot of head banging. >> goodell: well, that's why we're making the changes. and those changes are going all the way through to high school and youth football, which is "you don't need to train the way you trained before. you don't need to teach the way you taught before." >> kroft: seattle seahawks coach pete carroll is tinkering with the very essence of the sport, tackling. >> pete carroll: hi, this is coach pete carroll of the seattle seahawks. >> kroft: he's teaching the virtues of what he calls "hawk tackling," where players use their shoulders and not their heads to bring down an opponent, rugby style. carroll knows it won't work on every play.

football is too fast. he was one of the people who initially argued against changing the game. you were late to this party in a way, weren't you? i mean, in terms of the new rules and safety rules. >> carroll: well, yeah, because i... i was an old-school guy. i was fighting for the... the way the game had always been played, and the first thing that hit when you're trying to make a play is your head. the whole thing about concussions has brought to light a total new awareness. and out of that a new awareness has brought adaptation. and you either evolve with it or you're... we're going to mess it up. >> kroft: carroll is still concerned about the future of the sport and worries that mothers may stop allowing their kids to play tackle football. but ed reed has no regrets about the life he chose. >> reed: now that i know the dangers? yes, i still would do it again. why? because look at me, look at my family. they're able to eat, they're able to have food and shelter over their head. would i play football again? yes. >> kroft: we've talked to a lot of people. they seem to be worried about the survival of the game.

>> reed: you hearing people saying the game is going to... i don't see football going nowhere. it's evolving. it's not going anywhere. shh, calm down. >> kroft: you're not worried about it? >> reed: no way! football is not going anywhere. >> kroft: the game has been in this place before. in 1905, president teddy roosevelt had to intervene to save football after 19 deaths on the field led to calls to ban the sport. as a result, the forward pass was introduced to reduce impacts, and later the leather helmet. until now, the game has always been able to adapt. you think the game will survive on its own. >> goodell: i think the game will survive because we will continually seek to find the facts and adjust when we see those opportunities to make our game safer. and i think people want to see the game safer. we certainly want to see the game safer, and we want those facts more than anyone.

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>> kroft: now, an update on a story we called "the new burma." last sunday, burma-- now called myanmar-- conducted elections. the party led by the nation's symbol of democracy, aung san suu kyi, whom bill whittaker interviewed, won in a landslide. the military junta's constitution disqualifies her from the presidency. but because she runs the party, she is now in charge. i'm steve kroft. we'll be back next week with another edition of "60 minutes." did you know only 1% of supplements have earned the usp mark... an independent certification for quality and purity? i recommend nature made because they've earned the most of any brand. nature made. the number 1 pharmacist recommended fish oil brand. when a moment turns romantic why pause to take a pill? or stop to find a bathroom? cialis for daily use is approved to treat both erectile dysfunction

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