and ford. we go further, so you can. >> there's a lot of debate about immigration reform and border security right now. tonight, we'll show you what human smuggling on an industrial scale looks like on the mexican- american border. >> after secretary of education betsy devos visited the parkland high school on wednesday, some of the students sent out angry tweets. "you came to our school just for publicity, and avoided our questions." "betsy devos came to my school, talked to three people, and pet a dog." >> i have asked to head up a

task force that will really look at what states are doing. see, there are a lot of states that are addressing these issues in very cohesive and coherent ways. >> do you feel a sense of urgency? >> yes. >> because this sounds like talking, instead of acting. >> no, there is a sense of urgency. >> make sure you're playing nice with your friends. >> we first learned of the trauma-informed care happening in milwaukee from a series in the local newspaper. it's one of the poorest cities in the nation. and something else drew us to milwaukee. it's the city where i grew up. poor. a lot of negative experiences. sexual abuse and all of that. what's the difference between a really bad childhood and being able to overcome that, and a traumatic childhood and someone not being able to overcome that? >> really, it boils down to something pretty simple. and it's relationships. >> i'm steve kroft.

>> i'm lesley stahl. >> i'm scott pelley. >> i'm anderson cooper. >> i'm oprah winfrey. >> i'm bill whitaker. those stories, tonight, on "60 minutes." ♪ ♪ i can do more to lower my a1c. because my body can still make its own insulin. and i take trulicity once a week to activate my body to release it, like it's supposed to. trulicity is not insulin. it comes in a once-weekly, truly easy-to-use pen. the pen where you don't have to see or handle a needle. and it works 24/7. trulicity is a once-weekly injectable medicine to improve blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes when used with diet and exercise. it should not be the first medicine to treat diabetes, or for people with type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis. do not take trulicity if you have a personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer, if you have multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2,

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and a runny nose, plus nasal congestion, which pills don't. flonase helps block 6 key inflammatory substances. most pills only block one. and 6 is greater than 1. start your day with flonase for more complete allergy relief. flonase. this changes everything. >> pelley: immediately after president trump's inauguration in 2017, arrests of illegal immigrants on the southwest border plummeted to lows that hadn't been seen in years. but three months later, with immigration reform stalled in congress, the numbers started climbing again and have now returned to average. that comes to about half a

million immigrants arrested a year. a great deal has changed on the border. because of increased enforcement and control of the drug cartels on the mexican side, human smuggling has developed to an industrial scale. illegal immigrants, in the hands of professional smugglers, find themselves trapped in a system of cruelty, neglect, and death. there was no reason to notice the trailer in frio county, texas, except for the voice of a woman crying, "we don't want to die." >> ( translated ): we don't want to die. >> pelley: in 2015, the sheriff freed 39 men, women, and children overcome by heat. they were rushed to medical treatment and, this time, no one died.

18-wheelers packed with people are discovered at a rate of more than 100 a year, just in texas. last july, this one was found in san antonio with well over 100 mexican and central and south american migrants inside. >> cale chambers: it was eerily quiet. when the doors opened, i expected to see people standing. all we saw was people laying down. >> pelley: paramedic cale chambers reached for unconscious victims. >> chambers: extremely hot to the touch. >> pelley: physically hot to the touch? >> chambers: physically hot to the touch. people at the brink of death, that were at the end of their rope, and then people that were alive, but declining as we were there. >> pelley: you were losing them. >> chambers: sure, yeah. >> pelley: the trailer was designed to be refrigerated, so it was sealed tight. the cooling system was broken.

ten died, including two children. 29 were critically ill. >> jeremy slack: they're doing it outsesperation. people simply fear for their lives, and they have no other way of surviving. >> pelley: jeremy slack is a researcher, who has spent years interviewing immigrants in mexico. he's a professor at the university of texas, el paso. what is so terrible in central america and in mexico that it drives this migration? >> slack: well, we have intense levels of violence, both in central america and parts of mexico, where the population has been targeted in a way that we had never seen before. issues such as extortion are one of the main drivers for immigration, because gangs and drug cartels start extorting businesses, which eventually leads to the business being forced to close down. and now, not only do people have no economic sustenance, but they also have people trying to kill them. and those two factors are incredible drivers of migration.

>> pelley: we met some of the immigrants when they surrendered to the border patrol. a 16-year-old girl told us that she was threatened with rape by a gang in el salvador. this boy journeyed 1,000 miles from guatemala, alone, hoping to reach his parents in florida. they ended up in detention, where they can apply for asylum or eventually be deported. this traditional route, over the rio grande river and through the brush on foot, is the path smugglers often use to funnel immigrants to the 18-wheelers on the u.s. side. but many are lost here. >> mike vickers: my wife came home from the grocery store at 5:00 one afternoon. our dogs were playing with something in the yard, and it was a human skull. >> pelley: mike vickers' south texas ranch lies on the smugglers' routes. >> vickers: i probably got 500 pictures of different bodies.

we didn't find all of those, some of them were found by ranch hands, sheriff's department, different people. >> pelley: 500, over what period of time, roughly? >> vickers: since about 2004. >> pelley: what's killing them? >> eddie canales: the heat and being unprepared. >> pelley: eddie canales works in the same county as mike vickers' ranch. >> he crossed over through piedras negras? >> pelley: in 2013, canales founded the south texas human rights center, whiel rescue endangered immigrants and helps identify the dead. we came across the bodies of two men who apparently froze to death during a cold snap the other day. >> canales: they were young men. they were 18- and 19-year-olds. one was from mexico and one was from el salvador. >> pelley: how often are bodies found around here? >> canales: last year, 61 bodies were recovered. >> pelley: that's the ones you know about. >> canales: that's the ones we know about.

the sheriff here will tell you that for every one recovered, there's five still out there. >> pelley: of these survivors, some are led by smugglers to safe houses, like these on the u.s. side, which were filmed by the border patrol. in days or weeks, their numbers grow, until there is a truckload. the migrants aren't told about the 18-wheelers until it's too late, and then they are forced to board. we wanted to understand their desperation, so we traced a survivor of the fatal san antonio truck 650 miles to his home in aguascalientes, mexico. 42-year-old jorge de santos aguilar was pulled from the truck, unconscious. he was in a coma nearly three weeks, and in the hospital nearly two months. you have a new little boy to support? >> jorge de santos aguilar: si. >> pelley: was he one of the reasons that you went to america? "yes," de santos told us. "i do it for him." nearly half of mexicans live in poverty. de santos is married with three children in a small apartment.

in aguascalientes, he can make up to $300 a month, which doesn't pay the bills. in america, it's $5,000 a month. he's made the trip four times-- worked in a factory, on a hog farm, and helped rebuild new orleans after katrina. for his last, nearly fatal trip, he sold his truck, saved money from his past trips, and paid smugglers $6,500. "it was completely dark." de santos told us about the trailer. "there was no window, there was no light, there was nothing." it's estimated the 100 and more victims in the back of the san antonio truck, baking in their own heat, pushed the temperature well over 120 degrees, which led to the ten deaths and 29 critically ill. "i heard a lot of people screaming," de santos said. "they wanted water. there were some people saying that they wanted to die.

i heard a mom scream for her children." the torment lasted three hours. "the last thing i remember," he told us, "was calling out to god." is it more dangerous today than ever? >> slack: i would say so. there is so much enforcement in the areas that people were able to cross safely, it has pushed people more and more into places that are dangerous. >> pelley: how much of this illegal immigration is controlled and run by the drug cartels? >> slack: they're kind of the regulatory mechanism. and they essentially set the rules, so to speak, for illegal activities in the region. it has led to this professionalization, this need to collaborate and coordinate with the drug cartels, because they are the ones that are able to control how officials work. they know more about sophisticated ways of avoiding apprehension, avoiding enforcement.

>> pelley: the drug cartels own the border. >> slack: definitely. >> pelley: once migrants are over the border, their next challenge is, effectively, a "second border" of federal check points. on major routes, far north of mexico, the border patrol operates a second set of screening stations. we visited one of the busiest, 29 miles north of the border on interstate 35. that truck that was found in san antonio came through here. >> jason owens: it did. >> pelley: jason owens is the deputy chief at the laredo check point. how did it manage to get through? >> owens: it's unfortunate, but the possibility of us catching every single thing to come through this checkpoint is just, not feasible. >> pelley: the driver had his commercial license revoked. >> owens: yep. >> pelley: he came through here without a license. >> owens: uh-huh. >> pelley: how is that possible? >> owens: so, the agent on primary has just a couple seconds, given the amount of traffic that comes through. and so, the agent, whenever they talked to the driver, didn't have that reasonable suspicion.

>> pelley: the x-ray was broken down that day? >> owens: yes. >> pelley: the border patrol wanted to show us the x-ray machine, but it was broken when we were there, too. >> i'm going to go back and scan the other side. >> pelley: when the x-rays work, they illuminate the horror. there were 200 people in this trailer. when hi-tech fails, dog-tech is ever reliable. >> how many? >> two. >> pelley: we watched two illegal immigrants sniffed out from behind the airfoil on the roof of a rig. chief owens told us that they would catch many more trucks, but there are just too many. >> owens: 1.3 million of these vehicles comes through here, just cargo alone, every year. another 1.9 million, passengers. >> pelley: in just this station? >> owens: this checkpoint alone. if this were a port of entry, this would be about the third- busiest port of entry in the entire country. >> pelley: if you checked them all, commerce would stop? >> owens: right.

so part of our job at c.b.p. is to facilitate legitimate trade and travel; at the same time, securing our borders. >> pelley: smugglers recruit american drivers because they are less suspicious. we wondered how they find willing americans, so we called one. >> this call is from troy dock, an inmate at a federal prison. >> pelley: former truck driver troy dock is in a prison we were not allowed to visit. he told us he crossed the border to see the sights. a man befriended him, and asked dock to smuggle an abused woman and child across the border. after dinner and drinks, the man confessed that what he really wanted was to pay dock $5,000 to transport a dozen illegal immigrants waiting at this safe house in the united states. when dock arrived there, the dozen turned out to be 50. >> pelley: did you have any trouble at the federal checkpoint? >> troy dock: no, they just waved us through. >> pelley: hours later, dock reached dallas, but two of his captives did not.

>> dock: they say two of them had passed away from a heatstroke, and the other one i think was in a coma, or something like that. >> pelley: how long are you supposed to be there in the federal prison now? >> dock: 'till 2036. >> pelley: the driver in the san antonio deaths, james bradley, pleaded guilty to transporting immigrants resulting in death, and he will be sentenced later this month. >> vickers: more border patrol agents. that's what we need here. we need at least another 150 agents here in brooks county. >> pelley: south texans, including mike vickers, are improvising. vickers organized the texas border volunteers-- 300 armed civilians who patrol ranchlands and call in smuggling activity. the volunteers have no legal authority, and they were investigated by the sheriff in 2014 for detaining and tying up illegal immigrants while waiting for the border patrol-- something that vickers says they won't do again. some people watching this interview are saying to

themselves right now, "he's an armed vigilante taking the law in his own hands." >> vickers: we've heard that before. this is a massive invasion. we've been doing this for 11 years, there have been thousands of people that we've reported that otherwise would have gotten in-- came here scot-free. >> pelley: eddie canales, the founder of the south texas human rights center, is focusing on rescue. he's set up more than 100 water stations. you know, there are people who say you're encouraging illegal immigration, by making it possible to get through here. >> canales: well, i don't think i'm the overriding factor of why people come here, you know? there's people that are leaving their countries by being pushed out, you know, and they have no choice. i'm providing humanitarian effort, and, and, you know, so people don't die, and that people don't suffer.

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she is dedicated to promoting school choice, but her critics say she really wants to privatize the public school system that she once called "a dead end." now, after the school shooting in parkland, florida, her portfolio is expanding. tomorrow, president trump is expected to appoint her as head of a new commission on school safety, charged with developing policies to prevent school violence. betsy devos visited the school in florida on wednesday, but like almost everywhere else she goes, she faced criticism. some of the students sent out angry tweets. "you came to our school just for publicity, and avoided our questions." "betsy devos came to my school, talked to three people, and pet a dog." many of the students are frustrated at the administration for talking about school safety, but not acting. >> betsy devos: i give a lot of credit to the students there for

really raising their voices, and i think that they are not going to let this moment go by. >> stahl: they want gun control. >> devos: they want a variety of things. they want solutions. >> stahl: do you think that teachers should have guns in the classroom? >> devos: that should be an option for states and communities to consider. and i hesitate to think of, like, my first-grade teacher, mrs. zorhoff. i couldn't ever imagine her having a gun and being trained in that way. but for those who are-- who are capable, this is one solution that can and should be considered. but, no one size fits all. every state and every community is going to address this issue in a different way. >> stahl: do you see yourself as a leader in this, in this subject? and what kind of ideas will you be promoting? >> devos: i have actually asked to head up a task force that

will really look at what states are doing. see, there are a lot of states that are addressing these issues in very cohesive and coherent ways. >> stahl: do you feel a sense of urgency? >> devos: yes. >> stahl: because this sounds like talking, instead of acting. >> devos: no, there is a sense of urgency indeed. >> stahl: the reason betsy devos wanted to be secretary of education was so she could promote school choice, offering parents options other than traditional public schools, where 90% of kids go. >> good to meet you. what are you working on? >> stahl: she has proposed massive cuts in public education funding, and wants to shift billions to alternative players

like private, parochial and charter schools. >> devos: we have invested billions and billions and billions of dollars from the federal level, and we have seen zero results. >> stahl: but that really isn't true. test scores have gone up over the last 25 years. so why do you keep saying nothing's been accomplished? >> devos: well actually, test scores vis-aà-vis the rest of te world have not gone up. and we have continued to be middle of the pack at best. that's just not acceptable. >> stahl: no, it's not acceptable. but it's better than it was. that's the point. you don't acknowledge that things have gotten better. you won't acknowledge that, over the-- >> devos: but i don't think they have, for too many kids. we've stagnated. >> stahl: okay, so there's the big argument. so what can be done about that? >> devos: what can be done about that is empowering parents to make the choices for their kids. any family that has the economic means and the power to make choices is doing so for their children. families that don't have the power, that can't decide, "i'm going to move from this apartment in downtown whatever to the suburb where i think the school is going to be better for my child"-- if they don't have that choice, and they are assigned to that school, they are stuck there. i am fighting for the parents

who don't have those choices. we need all parents to have those choices. are you sure about your answers on those? >> child: uh-huh. >> devos: which one's bigger than the other? >> child: oh! >> stahl: question is, does her solution work? >> good job. >> stahl: do choice schools perform better than pubic schools? naturally, there are conflicting studies. it's complicated. but devos spends a lot of time showcasing choice schools, like cold spring elementary, a public school in indianapolis that was allowed to get rid of the local teachers' union and create an innovative curriculum. but when parents choose these options, taxpayer funds follow the child, and that means that the public school left behind can end up with less money.

why take money away from that school that's not working, to bring them up to a level where they are-- that school is working? >> devos: well, we should be funding and investing in students, not in school-- school buildings, not in institutions, not in systems. >> stahl: okay. but what about the kids who are back at the school that's not working? what about those kids? >> devos: well, in places where there have been-- where there is a lot of choice that's been introduced-- florida, for example-- the studies show that when there's a large number of students that opt to go to a different school or different schools, the traditional public schools actually-- the results get better, as well. >> stahl: now, has that happened hin? we're in michigan. this is your home state. >> devos: michigan-- yes, well, there's lots of great options and choices for students here. >> stahl: have the public schools in michigan gotten better? >> devos: i don't know. overall, i-- i can't say overall that they have all gotten better.

>> stahl: the whole state is not doing well. >> devos: well, there are certainly lots of pockets where this-- the students are doing well and-- >> stahl: no, but your argument that if you take funds away, that the schools will get better, is not working in michigan, where you had a huge impact and influence over the direction of the school system here. >> devos: i hesitate to talk about all schools in general, because schools are made up of individual students attending them. >> stahl: the public schools here are doing worse than they did. >> devos: michigan schools need to do better. there is no doubt about it. >> stahl: have you seen the really bad schools? maybe try to figure out what they're doing? >> devos: i have not-- i have not-- i have not intentionally visited schools that are under- performing. >> stahl: maybe you should. >> devos: maybe i should. yes. >> stahl: devos is the only cabinet secretary protected by a squad of u.s. marshals, because she's gotten death threats.

she's frequently met by protestors who accuse her of pushing an elitist agenda. >> protestor: shame, shame, shame! >> stahl: she often manages to offend, as when she called historically black colleges and universities "pioneers" of "school choice"- as though they had a choice. >> devos: ...great honor and privilege... >> stahl: at this commencement speech at bethune-cookman university, students booed and turned their backs to her. why have you become, people say, the most hated cabinet secretary? >> devos: i'm not so sure exactly how that happened. but i think there are a lot of really powerful forces allied against change. >> stahl: does it hurt? >> devos: sometimes it does. sometimes it does. again, i think-- i think-- >> stahl: do you ever say-- >> devos: --i'm more misunderstood than anything. >> stahl: some of the criticism, she feels, is unfair, especially when it involves her wealth.

she faced a hostile question about it during a speech at harvard last year. >> so, you're a billionaire with lots and lots of investments. and the so-called school choice movement is a way to open the flood gates for corporate interests to make money off the backs of students. how much do you expect your net worth to increase as a result of your policy choices? >> moderator: you can choose not to answer that, secretary. >> stahl: among president trump's cabinet of moguls and titans, devos is the richest. she grew up wealthy and married even wealthier. in their hometown of grand rapids, the devos's have been exceedingly charitable. their name decorates buildings like the civic center and children's hospital. at her bruising confirmation hearing, she was grilled about her wealth, and lack of experience. she's been an advocate, not an educator. >> tim kaine: do you not want to answer my question? >> stahl: what happened there?

>> devos: i've not had a root canal, but i can imagine that a root canal might be more pleasant than that was. >> stahl: so, you've been on the job now over a year. what have you done that you're most proud of? >> devos: we've begun looking at and rolling back a lot of the overreach of the federal government in education. >> stahl: by overreach, she means regulations. and like most of president trump's cabinet, devos is a devoted de-regulator. part of her job as secretary of education is overseeing guidelines that protect the civil rights of students. just days after being confirmed, she rescinded a guideline implemented under president obama that allowed transgender students to use the bathrooms of their choice-- sparking even more protests. >> trans rights are human rights! >> stahl: she is now considering scrapping the obama-era

"guidance on how to identify, avoid and remedy discriminatory discipline," which aims to prevent schools from punishing students of color more harshly than their white classmates. >> devos: we are studying that rule. we need to insure that all students have an opportunity to learn in a safe and nurturing environment. and all students means all students. >> stahl: yeah, but let's say there's a disruption in the classroom, and a bunch of white kids are disruptive and they get punished, you know, go see the principal, but the black kids are, you know, they call in the cops. i mean, that's the issue. who and how the kids who disrupt are being punished. >> devos: arguably, all of these issues or all of this issue comes down to individual kids. and-- >> stahl: well, no. that-- it's not. >> devos: --it does come down to individual kids. and often, comes down to-- i am committed to making sure that

students have the opportunity to learn in an environment that is conducive to their learning. >> stahl: do you see this disproportion in discipline for the same infraction as institutional racism? >> devos: we're studying it carefully, and are committed to making sure students have opportunity to learn in safe and nurturing environments. >> stahl: while this regulation is under review, she's already drawn fire for changing title ix guidelines on handling sexual assault on college campuses. she's allowing colleges to require stronger evidence from accusers, and give the accused a greater benefit of the doubt. are you in any way, do you think, suggesting that the number of false accusations are as high as the number of actual rapes or assaults? >> devos: well, one sexual assault is one too many, and one falsely accused individual is

one too many. >> stahl: yeah, but are they the same? >> devos: i don't know. i don't know. but i'm committed to a process that's fair for everyone involved. >> stahl: the #metoo movement has come along at the same time. this is all feeding into it. we're not talking about colleges anymore. we're talking about men in positions of power in industry and government. have you ever had an issue? >> devos: i can recall a number of moments in the past-- several decades ago, that i think today would just be viewed as unacceptable. yeah. >> stahl: it's been an unlikely journey and balancing act for grandmother betsy devos, from her sheltered life in michigan to her life now as a lighting rod in washington.

>> this cbs sports update is brought to you by the lincoln motor company. i'm adam zuker in new york. the ncaa revealed its 2018 field. virginia is overall number one in the south. the cavaliers won their conference tournament. it's villanova atop the east. kansas is the one in the midwest and xavier rounds out the top line. for more sports news and information, go to cbssports.com. ♪ ♪ next chapter ♪

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>> winfrey: in 1850, a catholic orphanage called st. aemilian was founded in milwaukee, wisconsin, to take in children whose parents had died in a cholera epidemic. 168 years later, that same organization, now known as "sainta," is still finding shelter for thousands of children who need it-- often kids who have deep trauma in their young lives-- and helps those kids with a revolutionary approach that's spreading across the country. no longer a residential orphanage, sainta primarily

places orphaned, abandoned, neglected, and abused children in foster homes, and then coordinates their care. on any given day, it's looking after some 2,000 children, almost all of whom are part of a 21st century epidemic-- of childhood trauma. >> alisha fox: i got diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder when i was 15. >> winfrey: milwaukee resident alisha fox was given that p.t.s.d. diagnosis seven years ago... >> fox: things got pretty scary. >> winfrey: ...months after she somehow found the courage to tell her grandmother-- and then the police-- of the terrible trauma she had been enduring. >> fox: for ten years, when i was four to 14, i'd been sexually abused and raped by my father. >> winfrey: alisha's father and mother split up even before she was born. her dad eventually got custody, because her mom had a drug problem, and he then hid his crimes from everyone for a decade. >> fox: so, during that whole time, i wasn't a person.

you know? i wasn't anything. i wasn't even my own property. i didn't own myself. somebody else did. >> winfrey: i can tell by the way you can speak about it, when you can say, "this thing happened to me from four to 14," that now there's been a clearing for you. >> fox: right. most people think that, you know, "oh, she's damaged," or like, "oh, she's not going to be okay," but at the end of the day i think that i'm a survivor. >> winfrey: and every time you tell it, it makes you a little stronger. >> fox: absolutely. >> winfrey: alisha's survival was not a sure thing. her father went to prison for his crimes against his daughter; she went to live with her maternal grandmother and aunt, bonnie and michelle hahn. what did you think, the first time you heard her described as suffering from p.t.s.d.? >> bonnie hahn: i didn't understand it, because p.t.s.d. was for the veterans coming home from the war. that was what i thought it was. i had no idea.

>> tim grove: at the time, she was acutely suicidal. >> winfrey: tim grove is clinical director at sainta, and he took responsibility for alisha's care. >> grove: we might not be able to ever prevent the stuff that happens to kids. but we are fully in charge of how we respond when we see it. so, this is how... >> winfrey: for alisha, like every child who comes to sainta now, they responded with an approach called "trauma-informed care," which focuses on a person's experiences before trying to correct their behavior, whether it be juvenile delinquency, poor performance in school, or out-of-control anger. it comes down to the question of not, "what's wrong with you? what's wrong with that kid? why is he behaving like that?" to, "what happened to you?" which is a very different question. >> grove: it's so subtle, and yet so profound in terms of how kids experience an adult that approaches them from that angle. they feel safe. >> fox: i felt that somebody understood.

that they knew where i was coming from. that it wasn't just another person just trying to talk to me, to calm me dowfor that moment. that they had done their homework, and that they really wanted to help. >> winfrey: you felt seen? >> fox: i felt seen. felt heard. >> winfrey: a crucial element of trauma-informed care is something called the "ace test." >> she's like, it seems like your ace score is really high. >> winfrey: ace stands for adverse childhood experiences. >> grove: ten questions primarily taking a lens and looking at sort of the family home, and saying to adults looking back at their childhood, "were you physically abused? were you neglected? did someone go to prison?" ten questions categorizing adversity that kids face. >> fox: i did a ace test for them, and i scored a nine out of ten. >> winfrey: for anyone, a high score on the ace test is a powerful predictor of physical and mental problems down the road. according to the centers for disease control, it makes you five times as likely to be

depressed, and can cut your overall life expectancy by as much as 20 years. the c.d.c. says this isn't theory, it's scientific fact, backed up by hundreds of published studies. and, the c.d.c. says, one out of every eight children suffers enough trauma to cause lasting damage. >> bruce perry: if you have developmental trauma, the truth is, you're going to be at risk for almost any kind of physical health, mental health, social health problem that you can think of. >> winfrey: dr. bruce perry may be the world's leading expert on childhood trauma. >> perry: well, thanks for coming. >> winfrey: he has treated thousands of children, and been called on for decades to treat kids traumatized in high-profile events, including the columbine and sandy hook school shootings. he's a psychiatrist, and also has a ph.d in neuroscience. >> perry: that very same sensitivity that makes you able to learn language, just like that, as a little infant, makes

you highly vulnerable to chaos, threat, inconsistency, unpredictability-- >> winfrey: violence. >> perry: --violence. and so, children are much more sensitive to developmental trauma than adults. >> winfrey: so if you're a child who's raised in a nurturing and well-cared-for environment, you're more likely to have a well-wired brain? >> perry: correct. >> winfrey: and if you're a child who's raised in an environment of chaos, of uncertainty, of violence, of neglect, you are being wired? >> perry: differently. >> winfrey: differently. >> perry: and-- and typically, in a way that makes you more vulnerable. kids that grow up like that have much higher rates of risk for mental health problems, much higher rates of risk for doing poorly in school. >> winfrey: for just functioning in the world. >> perry: exactly. your brain is kind of always trying to make sense out of the world. >> winfrey: bruce perry travels the world teaching the techniques of trauma-informed care to therapists, educators,

social workers, and foster care agencies. it's crucial, he tells them, to understand what has happened to traumatized children before trying to "fix" their behavior. >> perry: you need other tools in your toolkit. >> winfrey: tim grove heard perry speak at a conference ten years ago, and almost immediately began incorporating the perry approach at sainta. >> grove: we started to train our staff. and what our staff came back to us and said was, they said, "we're starting to get this, and we're seeing some remarkable things happen, but you've got to work on that teacher. ( laughter ) you've got to work on that cop who just came and screwed everything up." and we said, "okay." and ten years later, 50,000 people have gone through our curriculum and been-- >> winfrey: wow. >> grove: --trained by us. >> teacher: make sure you're playing nice with your friends. >> winfrey: among those trainees, all the teachers at a "trauma-sensitive" charter school operated by sainta. >> teacher: thank you for the hug. >> winfrey: sainta now works with the milwaukee police

department's trauma response unit, and with judges in the city's children's court. >> judge donald: over the course of my career, there have been so many cases where i wish i would have known a lot of this at that time. >> winfrey: what the judge now knows is to ask a child "what happened to you?" before asking "what's wrong with you?" sainta repeats that mantra to any milwaukee organization that will listen. >> belinda pittman-mcgee: i got involved with saintas, and the director over there, tim grove, and he says, "belinda, you've been doing this all along. there just never was a name attached to it." >> winfrey: for the last 23 years, belinda pittman-mcgee has been running the nia imani family center... i notice the chores board. so there's order and responsibility. ...providing transitional housing for homeless women and their children. the chaos of homelessness is itself a traumatic experience. >> pittman-mcgee: i couldn't help anyone if i didn't go back and learn about what happened to them.

what they didn't know was to understand, "why am i the way that i am?" >> winfrey: "why can't i control my impulses? why am i so aggressive?" >> pittman-mcgee: that's right. >> winfrey: "why does the first thing that happens, somebody irritates me--" >> pittman-mcgee: tates me-- >> winfrey: "--and i blow up"-- >> pittman-mcgee: that's right. >> winfrey: yeah, "and i k--" >> pittman-mcgee: i blow up, i want to fight. >> winfrey: "i want to fight." yeah, yeah. so you help them put the pieces together-- >> pittman-mcgee: put it together. >> winfrey: --for their stories? >> pittman-mcgee: that's right. >> winfrey: to understand why i am this way. belinda understands trauma, because she has lived through trauma. more than 30 years ago, she fled an abusive marriage with her three children. >> pittman-mcgee: i got the children and we left. >> winfrey: she and her children walked to a shelter for abused women. >> pittman-mcgee: the first week i was there, we were all outside, kinda go-- going to go about our day, and i heard a mother says, "okay, i'll see you back at home tonight." i thought, "home? she's calling the shelter 'home.'"

that blew me away. i used to sit around a table just like this, just like this. so, i know life can be better if that's what we truly want. >> winfrey: nia imani's residents gather in the building's basement almost every evening for group learning and discussion, facilitated by staff members who've been through training with sainta. >> when you persevere, when you press through it, you're going to come out victorious. >> winfrey: their children are looked after in an adjacent room, and belinda shuttles between nurturing the children and nurturing their moms. >> pittman-mcgee: and this is our baby in the family, right? ( laughs ) this is our baby in the family. and she's-- we're going to help her. we're going to-- she's going to learn from all of our experiences >> winfrey: there is a lot of pain in this room. most of the women are on public assistance, and belinda says that 90% of the men who fathered

their children are incarcerated. >> pittman-mcgee: how long he been incarcerated? >> taka: well, he get out next year. and he like, "y'all there, come back." like, i don't want to go back. like, it's the first time in my life, like, i feel like i'm doing something and i'm doing it because i want to do it. and i'm happy with that. ( cries ) >> pittman-mcgee: you are. you are. and you know what? you're going to work that out, too. you're going to work it out. >> winfrey: they'll work it out, she says, by first understanding their own trauma, and then, incr lives, and the lives of their children. you know, people talk about this cycle of poverty, the cycle of joblessness, homelessness, incarceration. can those problems be solved without addressing trauma? >> pittman-mcgee: no. >> winfrey: we first learned of the trauma-informed care happening in milwaukee from a series in the local newspaper, "the journal sentinel."

it was titled "a time to heal," and there's a lot that needs to be healed in milwaukee; it's one of the poorest cities in the nation. and something else drew us to milwaukee. it's the city where i grew up. it's not lost on me, the irony of being back in the same city, milwaukee, where i grew up on welfare, poor. a lot of negative experiences. sexual abuse and all of that. what's the difference between a really bad childhood and being able to overcome that, and a traumatic childhood and someone not being able to overcome that? >> perry: really, it boils down to something pretty simple. and it's relationships. >> winfrey: and a lot of people can say, "oh, i went through that. i went through that. i was, you know, physically abused, sexually abused. and i made it. i pulled myself up by the bootstraps." what you're saying is, at some point in your life, there was a relationship, or a helping hand, or some kind of healing process

that helped you to get where you are. >> perry: absolutely. somebody helped you pull up those boots. >> winfrey: for the women at nia imani, that "somebody" is belinda pittman-mcgee. for alisha fox, who's now in college, it's sainta, her aunt, and her grandmother. >> fox: i think the way that i got through it is knowing that my family, my grandma's side of the family, was always going to be there for me, no matter what. through my darkest times, they were there. so i thought, "if they could be there through my darkest times, then they're definitely going to be there for the great times." >> oprah says reporting this story changed her life. >> it's changed the way i see everyone. >> on 60minutesovertime.com, sponsored by lyrica. before i had the shooting, burning, pins-and-needles of diabetic nerve pain

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captioning funded by cbs and ford. we go further, so you can. captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

captioning funded by cbs and ford. we go further, so you can. >> for 133 years, a colossal statue of general robert e. lee towered over a traffic circle near downtown new orleans. until last may, when, to the cheers and jeers of onlookers, the confederacy's most celebrated military hero was hoisted off its pedestal. >> really, what these monuments were, were a lie. >> cooper: a lie in what sense? >> well, in the sense that-- that robert e. lee was used as an example, to send a message to the rest of the country, and to all the people that lived here, that the confederacy was a noble cause. and that's just not true. >> cooper: this is incredible. mayor landrieu agreed to show us