( ticking ) an official message from medicare. captioning funded by cbs and ford. we go further, so you can. >> one year ago, the deadliest anti-semitic attack in u.s. history took place in pittsburgh. how often do you say to yourself, "the worst act of anti-semitism in the history of the united states took place in my synagogue." >> i think about it all the time. >> the survivors of the tree of life synagogue struggle to make hey, fred, it's medicare open enrollment. sense of this mass shooting. one source of strength has been time to compare plans. their christian and muslim neighbors. that's what the johnsons thought until they tried medicare's new plan finder. the johnsons? ( ticking ) we saved a lot on our prescription costs >> you once described yourself as bossy. you know bossy is now a dirty word >> i don't mind. aplans change every year. >> with the global economy at use the new plan finder at medicare.gov. risk of a recession, the man for the job may be a woman. comparing plans really pays.

wow, look how much we can save! christine lagarde, who led theti about to take over the (logo whooshes) ♪ (logo chiming) presidency of the european - [woman] with shark's duoclean, central bank. i don't just clean, i deep clean carpets and floors. when you think of the challenges to the global economy, where is donald trump on that list? so i got this. ( ticking ) yep, this too. even long hair and pet hair are no problem. ( bell tolling ) but the one thing i won't have to clean is this. >> tonight a history lesson turned detective story, about because the shark self-cleaning brush roll what may be the first blockbuster news story ever removes the hair wrap while i clean. published. solving the mystery of the - [narrator] shark, the vacuum that deep cleans, stolen christopher columbus now cleans itself. letters, written more than 500 now available in our new uplight model. years ago by the explorer himself, announcing his discovery of the new world. governot just the powerful and well-connected. >> he actually made the globe a globe. that's the american promise. and that's pretty much the most consequential news ever but big corporations and special interests are in control. published, isn't it?. ( ticking ) nothing's happening for real people. our democracy has been purchased. >> i'm lesley stahl. >> i'm bill whitaker. the candidates running for president have great ideas. >> i'm anderson cooper. >> i'm john dickerson. >> i'm jon wertheim. but we can't get anything done unless we make our democracy >> i'm scott pelley. those stories, and more, tonight on "60 minutes." i'm toer ( ticking ) .

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matched by no one. nationalism, and what she says is a big question mark in the global economy, president donald trump. when you think of the challenges to the global economy, where is donald trump on that list? >> christine lagarde: i think he has many keys that would unlock the uncertainty and the risks. >> dickerson: what are some of those keys that he has? >> lagarde: i think the biggest key that president trump has is in relation to predictability and, and certainty of the terms of trade. we think you would really shine in the aflac program. it's the unknown which is hurting, because you can't aflac! coach saban we have health insurance. adjust to the unknown. so what do you do? you build buffers. did health insurance pay for everything? you build savings. no, we still have bills. you wonder what comes next. that's not propitious to aflac gives you money directly to help with those. economic development. aflac! >> dickerson: people stop taking risks. >> lagarde: yeah, they sit on their cash. and your deductibles, knee brace,.. >> dickerson: the i.m.f., the international monetary fund,d umhum... we try. eight years, says the get help with expenses health insurance doesn't cover. instability caused by the u.s.- get to know us at... duck: aflac! china trade war is the main

dot com reason why global growth is estimated to fall this year to its slowest pace since the 2008 financial crisis. >> donald trump: you are very tough negotiators. >> dickerson: last week president trump announced preliminary steps to a partial deal with china. but the biggest and toughest issues remain. the trade war between the united states and china, is it possible that it could tip the global economy in the wrong direction? >> lagarde: it's certainly going to give a big haircut to the global economy. >> stahl: tomorrow, the anti- defamation league will release new figures indicating that the and if you shave off, you know, almost a percentage point of number of incidents against jews growth that means less and jewish targets in the united investment, less jobs, more states reached 780-- in just the unemployment, reduced growth. first half of this year. so of course it has an impact. >> dickerson: what's going to happen? at least a dozen white >> lagarde: my very, very strong supremacists have been arrested message to all policymakers is for such shootings, plots and threats since the deadliest please sit down like big men, anti-semitic attack in u.s. history a year ago, at a synagogue in pittsburgh. many men in those rooms, and put as acts of hate are on the rise, everything on the table, and try churches and mosques as well as to deal bit by bit, piece by

synagogues have been targets. piece, so that we have what we discovered is that these certainty. religious communities have >> dickerson: christine lagarde formed a bond, coming together has spent her career telling men what to do. to help each other recover. and she'll keep doing that as the first woman to head the that's what's happened at the e.c.b., the european central synagogue in pittsburgh, called bank. tree of life, which is actually it's like the u.s. federal reserve, but for 19 countries home to three congregations, so known as the eurozone. three totally separate last month, lagarde invited us synagogues under one roof. to visit her in normandy, france near where she grew up. in the past year each has searched for its own antidote to across the channel in great hate. britain they are in the middle of brexit. what does brexit mean to you? tree of life is the largest of >> lagarde: to me personally, the three congregations in the it's a source of great sadness. building. and to see them drifting away its rabbi, jeffrey myers, says they've barely begun making from the european union is sad. sense of the storm that upended their lives and emptied this >> out means out. sanctuary. >> dickerson: at the e.c.b., so rabbi, how long has it been lagarde will be tasked with keeping europe-- the world's since you were able to have a service in here?>> jefey m: im second largest economy-- afloat in the midst of brexit. 2018. what will the fallout be economically? >> stahl: because right across the hallway is still a crime >> lagarde: it will affect both the u.k. and certain countries scene? >> myers: yes. in the european union, ireland

>> stahl: the crime took place at 9:50 saturday morning, in particular, germany, the netherlands. october 27. and everybody will be a little all three congregations were less well-off as a result. gathering for sabbath services, when a white supremacist >> dickerson: why is that important to americans, if the european union thrives? wielding an ar-15 entered the building and started shooting. >> lagarde: if things go wrong in one part of the world, it is going to affect the rest of the andrea wedner and her 97-year- world as well. we buy american products in huge old mother rose mallinger heard him approach. quantities. did you know it was a gunshot the united states buys european right away? >> andrea wedner: yes, i did. products in huge quantities. >> stahl: right away? >> wedner: yes. massive numbers of european >> stahl: so what did you do? firms have set up shops in the >> wedner: ( sighs ) my mother and i looked at each u.s. vice-versa. other, and i said, "we have to get down." we penetrate each other's i said, "just get down." markets. but before we could, we got shot. >> stahl: but did you have a >> dickerson: if there is a core belief that guides lagarde's sense of panic, a sense of-- life, and her economic outlook, >> wedner: i had a sense of survival. it's that "we are all in this together." i wanted to live. >> stahl: the first 911 call was >> lagarde: you know, when i was growing up i think there was a made four minutes into the huge gratitude towards the rampage. allies, the americans. >> dickerson: it was here on omaha beach where americans >> reports of an active shooter. landed on d-day in 1944. >> wedner: i got hit and i looked at my arm and saw that it was blown open. today, lagarde hears echoes of and i just went down on the the anger that led to world war floor. ii, in nationalist leaders who i just laid there and played dead. turn their countries inward,

>> stahl: 'cause he was still roaming around? shoving everyone else away. >> wedner: yeah, he was still roaming around. >> staanther >> lagarde: nationalism in people who were around you who europe is associated with very, did not survive, including your very horrible developments that mother. >> wedner: yes. always led to war. >> multiple shots are heard. >> trump: you know what i am? the suspect keeps telling about i'm a nationalist. okay. killing jews. >> dickerson: president trump he doesn't want any of them to live. has called himself a nationalist. he's proud of the nationalist >> stahl: members of the second congregation in the building, label. this is a big debate. dor hadash, were on another floor when they heard the this is the central debate, you shooting. could argue, on the global stage dan leger, a nurse, and his good as countries decide, "maybe this idea of interconnectedness is not so wonderful." friend, dr. jerry rabinowitz >> lagarde: international trade, wanted to help, so they headed connections, movement of people toward the gunfire. and movement of capital has jerry was killed; dan critically taken hundreds of millions out of poverty. injured. now, some people in the advanced you lost a lot of blood. economies might say, "pooh. >> dan leger: i lost a lot of blood. >> stahl: you were shot in the stomach? >> leger: yeah. i felt like i was dying, which i what do i care?" was. well, of course we care for the you know, it's hard to talk about. person next door. and because of the why couldn't i have said to interconnections, next door is jerry, "let's hide under this table, or hide in that closet," not down the pathway, next door rather than go out there and see is everywhere around the world. if we can help? >> stahl: i heard that you and if my neighbors from across literally couldn't speak after a border are feeling desperate, the shooting.

>> jonathan perlman: well, you are starving, are fighting, know, i was in shock. >> stahl: jonathan perlman is there will be consequences back at home. the rabbi of new light, the third congregation in the >> dickerson: do you think the building. president who believes in walls >> perlman: fortunately, i knew about this space in the back of our room. gives a strong argument to people who make the opposite case from the one you make? and i said, "keep the lights out. >> lagarde: but you know, what find a place to hide." can walls do about pandemics? the shooter he didn't see us. what can walls do about terrorism? he went right by us. >> stahl: it took the shooter less than 11 minutes to kill 11 what can walls do about climate change and destruction of the men and women from all three congregations. environment? this is not the answer to the killed for being jewish. global questions and issues that did you ever think in your whole interconnect, whether we like it life that you would see the or not. return of anti-semitism in this virulent form? >> dickerson: but that message enrages people who don't want global bureaucracies like the >> perlman: not in pittsburgh. i.m.f. telling them how to live >> stahl: within hours of the their lives and who think shooting, the people of pittsburgh started leaving notes leaders like lagarde are elitist and out of touch. of support. what happens though, when somebody says, "madame lagarde, d and painted stones, but you are the global elite?" also crosses and rosary beads. >> lagarde: i think i'm also a >> laurie zitrain-eisenberg: a lot of the items are religious very regular, down-to-earth reflecting the faith of the person and i'm proud to

person who was leaving it, and participate in the intellectual not necessarily the faith of the victims. effort that we put in order to >> stahl: laurie zitrain- eisenberg, a congregant and bring about that stability historian, is cataloguing these financially so that people are gifts. protected. >> zitrain-eisenberg: clearly, people are more secure. this was a jewish event in that it's an anti-semitic attack in a synagogue. >> some call her the most powerful woman in the world. christine lagarde. but other people weren't seeing this as a jewish event. >> dickerson: at the european >> stahl: well, you've all central bank, lagarde faces weak become part of a club that no growth spurred by a slump in one wants to join of houses of manufacturing, raising fears of worship that have come under a european recession. attack: muslims, jews, christians. what's worse, lagarde's main >> zitrain-eisenberg: and all of tool to stimulate the economy, a sudden we're actually in contact with them. lowering interest rates, may be useless. that's because, in europe, rates >> stahl: parishioners from mother emanuel a.m.e church in are already negative-- which was once unthinkable. charleston, where another white supremacist killed nine african >> lagarde: there's a limit to what central bankers can do. americans in 2015, came to there's a limit to how far and how deep you go into negative pittsburgh and comforted territory. survivors. >> dickerson: so there's a bottom? >> lagarde: there's a bottom to we asked miri, dr. jer everything, but we're not at rabinowitz's widow about that; that bottom at this point in time. as well as sharyn stein whose

husband dan was also killed that >> dickerson: president trump likes the idea of low, even day; and dan leger and his wife negative, interest rates. ellen. so much that he's spiked the >> leger: you know at mother decades long tradition of emanuel church, the person who presidents not interfering with killed, what was it, nine the federal reserve, even people, sat in bible study with calling the chairman jerome them for an hour and then he powell and his colleagues pulled out his gun and shot them. "boneheads" for not cutting rates more. >> stahl: and then they forgave him. lagarde's advice for the president? do you think about that? be cautious. >> sharyn stein: i think about >> lagarde: when the it a lot, and i have not gotten unemployment rate is at 3.7%, to the point where i have that forgiveness. you don't want to accelerate that too much by lowering i mean, it's going to be a long time. interest rates. >> stahl: and dan? because the risk you take is >> leger: i forgive this man for that then prices begin to go up. what he did to me. you have to be very careful. he made a terrible decision. you know, it's like navigating a plane. he made a horrible decision. and you have to watch everything, altitude, speed, but i can't forgive him for winds. killing 11 people, because those and that's what a central banker has to do.>> dkerson y'ra pilo people are dead, and they're the only people that can forgive him. looking at all of those delicate >> miri rabinowitz: and knowing me syou're jerry, he also would forgive the shooter. head? >> lagarde: a central bank not-- and i'm not quite there yet. governor does best his job if he is independent. >> dickerson: you've met president trump, would you... >> lagarde: sure.

>> stahl: but he would have. >> rabinowitz: oh yeah. >> dickerson: will you talk to >> stahl: miri told us life is him about this, and make the case that you've had about independence of central bankers? still a daily struggle. >> lagarde: absolutely. >> rabinowitz: i mean, i am devastated that he's gone. >> dickerson: and what would you say? >> lagarde: market stability >> stahl: how important is now should not be the subject of a tweet here or a tweet there. your faith given what's happened? it requires consideration, >> rabinowitz: lesley, that's thinking, quiet and measured and hard because i've always had my faith so i can't imagine not. rational decisions. it hasn't impacted my belief in god and godliness and goodness in the world. >> dickerson: and for those qualities, lagarde instructs, bring in the women. >> stahl: she saw goodness in they are better at judging risk, how their city reacted. she believes, famously saying if stickers and signs popped up all over, as the attack on the synagogue was treated as an brothers, which triggered the 2008 financial crisis, had been attack on all the people of lehman sisters, the whole mess pittsburgh. might have been avoided. >> 11 seconds in honor of the 11 lives that were lost. >> lagarde: do you know how many women are president of banks? ♪ god bless america 2%. (hhe prayerp)itin-eisenberg: any this is ridiculously low because women around the world, in most families, women generally handle the money. and they do that pretty well. there is a clear correlation between good, solid management, were able to put like 30

different faith leaders from all good attitude towards risk, and different religions on the thermen onoa and stage. executive boards as well. and i was thinking to myself: please let there be an imam, poverty is sexist and we have to please let there by an imam. remember that and make sure that and then wasi mohamed was there. women are not forgotten. >> wasi mohamed: since yesterday >> dickerson: now 63, lagarde afternoon, we've been able to has become a global force-- not raise over $70,000 for the community. just for what she says about >> stahl: wasi mohamed was the women, but because she acts on lay leader of the islamic center it. of pittsburgh. for the first time in its >> mohamed: we just want to know history, lagarde has tied i.m.f. what you need. if it's people outside your next loans to improving conditions for women in countries like service, you know, protecting argentina and jordan. you, let us know we will be there. if you just need someone to come to the grocery store because you >> one, two, three don't feel safe in the city, we'll be there and i'm sure everybody in the room would say >> dickerson: and take a look at the same thing. what the i.m.f. staff looks like >> stahl: why did you feel you now. had to do something? >> lagarde: the selfies are working. >> mohamed: there's a feeling of >> dickerson: under lagarde the powerlessness when it happens, percentage of women working at when something like this happens the i.m.f. has grown to 44%. in your city. we understand this more so than rty.t of communities she's charming-- but exacting. we can understand this pain and lagarde has locked conference the fear of lack of security. room doors, not allowing anyone to leave until consensus is reached. >> stahl: yeah, but we're ches andosques and our and she has announced she will not attend meetings where she is the only woman in the room.

you once described yourself as >> mohamed: yeah. bossy. i think there's different histories in america, right? you know, bossy is now a dirty word. black churches have never been >> lagarde: i don't mind. safe. ( laughs ) you know, mosques have never >> dickerson: you don't mind-- been safe in this country. >> lagarde: you know, sometimes you have to be a boss. synagogues have always been targets. like, this is not new. >> dickerson: is there a french idiom for bossy? that feels like a very american it's been used as a fear tactic word. against our communities for generations since this country >> lagarde: you use boss in was founded." french, c'est le boss. if you're not safe in this elle est le boss. sanctuary, you're just not safe here, leave." but there is an element of respect about it when you say it >> stahl: i heard that more in french." recently when the shooting took c'est le boss." place at the mosque in new zealand, that the jewish >> dickerson: as volatile as the global economy may be, lagarde community here came over to sort is not. she is controlled, even on of guard and protect your mosque. vacation. >> mohamed: yeah. at her home in normandy she gave when the tragedy happened, we us a glimpse of how finely immediately received an outpouring of support from the calibrated that control is. jewish community. you have learned how to pretend you're drinking wine when you're we've had jewish commus outsidei not drinking wine. center holding signs, saying >> lagarde: yes, yes. that they love us, they welcome us. >> dickerson: how do i pretend to drink wine but not drink it? >> stahl: now that has to make >> lagarde: oh, okay. i'll show you. you feel good. >> mohamed: absolutely. it's special! i'll do it with water. so you go. you have to smell. terribly important. then you go, you move it around to check the color. >> stahl: the sense of unity in pittsburgh was interrupted three ere,ou go---- very important. days after the shooting when

president and mrs. trump came to town. i didn't drink anything. >> president trump, you are not welcome in pittsburgh. >> stahl: he was hosted by rabbi >> dickerson: that's dangerous. myers, despite strong opposition you're going to keep your wits about you. from many congregants, who >> lagarde: yeah. >> dickerson: glasses were argued that the president's raised weeks later to honor anti-immigration language lagarde's time at the i.m.f. she bid farewell to an provoked the shooter, who institution formed in america to specifically singled out this ensure global cooperation. synagogue for its work helping migrants and refugees. as she starts her new job she ellen surloff was one of those worries that the country which has helped preserve stability opposed. during her lifetime may now be >> ellen surloff: i believe there's a direct link between the one weakening it. the president's words and actions, his failure to >> lagarde: i was brought up as forcefully denounce the rhetoric a citizen of this world. the risk i see is that the of the white supremacists and united states is at risk of what happened on october 27. losing leadership. yes, the death of 11 people. and that would be just a terrible development. >> dickerson: because? >> stahl: there was a lot of opposition-- >> myers: uh-huh. >> lagarde: because it has been but i'm the rabbi for the a force for good, and for those republicans and the democrats in principles that i respect my congregation, and the independents. highly: the rule of law, democracy, free market, and consideration for the >> stahl: what's become evident endividual, and-- and respect. is that while the three congregations share a building, donecrire the

message th same politics or same opinion on how houses of worship should respond to a trauma like this. ther. >> myers: the word hate is a ( ticking ) four letter obscenity. >> stahl: rabbi myers has >> john dickerson on launched a national anti-hate speech campaign. storytelling and the "60 minutes" tradition. ellen surloff, donna coufal, and >> the art of the interview. >> at 60minutesovertime.com. eve wider, members of the more sponsored by pfizer. activist congregation dor hadash, are advocating for stricter gun laws. but what's more important in along with support, chantix is proven to help you quit. your mind, the idea that you have to go for gun control or do with chantix you can keep smoking at first something about hate speech? and ease into quitting so when the day arrives, you'll be more ready to kiss cigarettes goodbye. >> eve wider: i mean, i think what i would say to that is we when you try to quit smoking, with or without chantix, can solve the access to guns, that is something we can change in our society. you may have nicotine withdrawal symptoms. ending hate speech is a lot more stop chantix and get help right away complicated and is very hard to get at. if you have changes in behavior or thinking, aggression, hostility, depressed mood, suicidal thoughts >> stahl: the third congregation in the building shies away from such a public role. or actions, seizures, new or worse heart or blood vessel problems, sleepwalking, >> stephen cohen: we're not a political congregation. or life-threatening allergic and skin reactions. >> stahl: stephen cohen is co- decrease alcohol use. president of new light, here use caution driving or operating machinery. with rabbi jonathan perlman and tell your doctor if you've had mental health problems. his wife beth kissileff.

the most common side effect is nausea. >> cohen: we have members who talk to your doctor about chantix. believe one thing, and we have other members who believe the exact opposite. if as an individual they would wish to speak up and talk, as an individual, that is their right it's a lifelong adventure as an american citizen. finding all of these new connections all the time. >> stahl: sure. >> cohen: but as a congregation, greater details. richer stories. none of that's what's going on and now with health insights. in terms of immigration, or trump's tweets have anything to get your dna kit at ancestry.com. do with our religious beliefs or us as jews. >> stahl: but i've spoken to congregants, and they are out there fighting for gun control. >> cohen: god bless 'em. it may be an important issue, maybe. okay. i think there are more important issues in the world. but is this something that we want to be involved with in a public way? he to do with judaism? what does it have to do with praying to god? nothing. >> surloff: the concept of not being socially active, in my mind, is the opposite of jill jill has entresto, and a na heart failure pill everything we're taught in our that helped keep people alive religion. and out of the hospital.

don't take entresto if pregnant; and the point i wanted to make it can cause harm or death to an unborn baby. is to take it back to the holocaust. don't take entresto with an ace inhibitor if we learned nothing else from that it's that you can't be or aliskiren or if you've had angioedema with an ace or arb. silent, you can't be a the most serious side effects are angioedema, bystander.sohes noime en t low blood pressure, kidney problems, kind of hatred and vitriol is or high blood potassium. being spewed out by white ask your doctor about entresto. supremacists. there is no time when guns where to next? continue to result in mass shootings, there's no time not to speak out. we learned that. >> stahl: before the attack, the jewish community of pittsburgh thought, "it couldn't happen here." now they're talking about barricading their synagogues. >> perlman: what were we thinking? we thought we're so safe in america? every single synagogue in europe has an armed guard. >> stahl: now are you saying every single synagogue in the united states should have an armed guard?rsp.

( ticking ) >> wertheim: in 1492, christopher columbus, of course, sailed the ocean blue. and on his journey home, he wrote a letter to his patrons, king ferdinand and queen isabella of spain, describing his discovery of the newldmoney. columbus' voyage marked one of the great plot points in

history.tenews columbus' original handwritten letter, penned on the high seas, no longer exists, but some of the printed copies do. most are housed in prestigious libraries, and for centuries, that's where they've remained. that is, until about ten years ago, when authorities discovered some of these treasures had been stolen and replaced with forgeries. so began a modern kind of trans- atlantic quest, as investigators in the u.s. and europe worked to recover columbus' missing missives and solve this most unusual international mystery. ink uld bes one library in the impervious to theft, this would be it. the vatican library in rome houses a vast and unrivaled collection of historic treasures. it is the pope's library, home to manuscripts going back nearlo public. it's a place for scholars only.

but ambrogio piazonni, the vice prefect, invited us inside. it was here in 2011 that vatican officials first discovered that one of their prized items- a columbus letter- had somehow been stolen and replaced with a fake. how do you think this happened? >> piazonni ( translated ): look, i do not know. i have no idea how and when it may have happened. certainly it was an operation carried out as a proper theft. but i do not know when or how. >> wertheim: he is in good company. at the center of this mystery: this eight-page letter, written at sea by christopher columbus more than 500 years ago. in it, he describes his first impressions of the new world- a wonderland, he writes, filled with rivers, gold and timid natives. when columbus' letter arrived at the royal court in spain in 1493, it was promptly sent to rome, where it was translated into latin and printed, spreading the news of his

extraordinary expedition. so this was big news? columbus makes this voyage and suddenly, this is being disseminated? >> jay dillon: this is some of the biggest news ever. >> wertheim: jay dillon is a rare book dealer in new jersey. he ranks the columbus letter as one of the most important documents ever printed. >> dillon: this was one of the first bestsellers. it is probably the first contemporary account of anything to be published across europe. >> wertheim: today only about 30 copies of this columbus letter still exist. >> dillon: each one is now worth something in the low seven figures. >> wertheim: more than a million dollars? >> dillon: more than a million but probably less than four or five million. >> wertheim: it was while researching columbus letters on his home computer, back in 2011, that jay dillon first noticed something amiss. the national library of letter online. what struck dillon as odd: it looked exactly like a columbus letter that he had seen for sale a year earlier, right down to the same smudge marks in the margins.

and you're telling yourself what at this point? >> dillon: i'm telling myself that one of them has to be a forgery. >> wertheim: why is that? >> dillon: because you cant have two books with the same random brown spots in the margins. it's just impossible. >> wertheim: what confirmed your suspicions were these matching marks from these texts that were 500 years old? >> dillon: that's right. exactly. >> wertheim: that would not happen. >> dillon: that cannot happen. >> wertheim: jay suspected the library's letter had been stolen and put up for sale, which meant whatever was currently in their collection was a fake. >> dillon: it was so remarkable, i couldn't believe it at first. and i made it my business from that moment on to look at every original i could. >> wertheim: and so it was that jay dillon became an unlikely detective. following his instincts, he visited libraries in rome and florence and took a look at their columbus letters. >> dillon: to my utter astonishment, a columbus letter in the vatican library was a forgery. and then i went to the bibliotecca riccardiana in florence and damned if the same

thing doesn't happen again. their columbus letter is a fake, too. >> wertheim: afraid thatght t e lprit, he decidede s informn to the department of justice. >> mark olexa: it seemed like it was almost out of a hollywood movie script. >> wertheim: homeland security special agent mark olexa led the investigation, along with assistant u.s. attorney for the district of delaware, jamie mccall. >> jamie mccall: similar reaction. i thought it was a john grisham novel. that we had some people in europe stealing these treasures of the world and replacing them with high quality forgeries. >> wertheim: you say hollywood script, you say john grisham. were you skeptical? >> mccall: of course we have to confirm what our tipster wasedul needham, one of the world's foremost experts on 15th century printing. he runs the scheide library at one the most valuable private collections

travel to europe to examine le in each case, he determined the originals had indeed been removed and replaced with photographic facsimiles printed on centuries-old paper. >> paul needham: the columbus letter being a highly collected book it's just the perfect combination. both very small and very valuable their value per leaf of paper is higher than for any other printed book. >> wertheim: you're saying this is the perfect item to forge. >> needham: it's the perfect item to forge. >> wertheim: and there's a market for it? >> needham: there's always been a market for it. >> wertheim: this turned into a transatlantic collaboration. a legacy, you might say, of christopher columbus. >> olexa: we engaged quickly with carabinieri. >>ei eer giovanni prisco, captain of the carabinieri police's cultural heritage squad, based in rome. his unit investigates property theft from private homes, churches and libraries.

in italy, it is a crime market second only to that of illegal drug and weapon sales. we are in this country with so many artifacts, with so many churches- you must be very busy. >> giovanni prisco: yes, we are very, very busy of course. >> wertheim: one of the most valuable art collections in europe isn't housed in a museum visited by millions of tourists, but in this warehouse in the back of his police station. it's basically an evidence locker for stolen artifacts. this is all art that you've seized? >> prisco: yes, there are some archaeological items- some fake and contemporary arts, and some antiques, paintings, like-- >> wertheim: what is this? >> prisco: yes, like that one.a >>arav froho. ent the end of 1990 of italy.rom a private house.inh >>eim:illions ofrs

ins qubiit's coming from caravaggio's hands. >> wertheim: but wait, there's more: amphoras, sculptures and dozens of masterpieces. an original tiepolo, and this painting by peter paul reubens. oh, wow. >> prisco: it's a madonna. >> wertheim: this is a reubens. >> prisco: yes, it's a real reubens. it's not a fake. >> wertheim: captain prisco says one of their biggest challenges these days is protecting italy's rare books. the country has more than 18,000 libraries. why is it so difficult to protect books from theft? >> prisco: because books, some of them are really small and it's not difficult to put under your arm or in your jacket. >> wertheim: while book thefts are often committed by insiders, in the case of the columbus letters, assistant u.s. attorney jamie mccall suspects there may have been more than one person involved. >> mccall: it requires access.

it requires the ability to create high quality forgeries. and then the ability to know where and how to sell these columbus letters on the private market. >> wertheim: one name that keeps coming up is massimo de caro. familiar name to you guys? >> mccall: yes, massimo de caro was prosecuted by the italian authorities for pilfering thousands of rare books and he was involved in the sale of at least one of the columbus letters at issue. >> wertheim: this was someone who's been involved in these kind of crimes before? >> mccall: yes, correct. >> wertheim: fair to characterize him as a person of interest? >> mccall: he is a subject in the investigation. >> wertheim: the columbus letters themselves may be hard to track down, but this subject in the investigation is not exactly in hiding. massimo de caro, a notorious italian book thief, just finished serving a seven-year sentence for stealing thousands of ancient books and manuscripts from italian libraries, and selling them overseas. to our surprise, he agreed to

meet with us at his home in orvieto, a hill town an hour's drive north of rome. to say that he professes his innocence would be an act of considerable understatement. the police say you are a subject in this investigation. does that concern you? >> massimo de caro: you know, first of all, the police in italy, regarding books, are the worst, okay? they even don't know how is made one book. i love italy too much to say which level they are, okay? >> wertheim: but doesn't it bother you that you are a person of interest? >> de caro: no, no, i mean, i would like to help, but. >> wertheim: you want to help? >> de caro: yes, i would like to help. if i work on it, i'm sure i can solve. >> wertheim: you think you're smarter than the police? >> de caro: let's say that i am more expert than them. >> wertheim: in this field. >> de caro: in this field, yes. >> wertheim: de caro is not just a convicted thief, he's also an accomplished forger. he spent years making a fake galileo book, which fooled the experts and sold for almost a half million dollars. he showed us another galileo reproduction he made. >> de caro: you can see the

quality of the paper. i used antique paper. >> wertheim: you did this? this is your handiwork? >> de caro: yes, it all. i am very proud about this. >> wertheim: you're very proud of this? >> de caro: yes. >> wertheim: if this book were original, what would this fetch on the market? what would someone pay for this? >> de caro: $300,000 at least. >> wertheim: de caro admits he sold two columbus letters, which he says he bought legitimately from an anonymous collector. but he denies he ever made a fake columbus letter. why? for one thing, he says, it's too easy. you could've reproduced one of these columbus letters. >> de caro: oh, if i try? i can, i'm sure i can create the best columbus letter. if i create a columbus letter, then we can show this columbus letter to all the expert that you want and im sure i can bet that nobody recognize it is a fake. >> wertheim: you think you can fool them? >> de caro: yes. >> wertheim: eight years into the joint u.s.-italian investigation, no arrests have been made in the case, but three stolen columbus letters have been recovered.

no easy task, as they were sold ines to thytoo,tigato say, weren't aware the letters had been stolen. how did you start tracking down the originals? >> olexa: we relied heavily on dr. needham. he had a great roadmap of transactions and who was possessing and selling these columbus letters throughout the world. >> wertheim: they were found in the most surprising places. the letter stolen from the riccardiana library in florence turned up in- get this-- the u.s. library of congress, alongside national treasures like the declaration of independence and the constitution. >> mccall: they were shocked. they were stunned. as you can imagine. the letter had been donated to the library of congress in 2004 by one of their major donors. >> wertheim: as for the vatican's stolen columbus letter, wethy atlanta collectoro had bought it in 2004 for almost one million dollars. last year, ambrogio piazonni, vice prefect of the vatican library, was on hand when it was

returned to its rightful home. when the columbus letter was returned to the vatican, was the pope informed about that? >> piazonni ( translated ): yes he was informed. he was very pleased with this return. >> wertheim: when you're seeing the successful return of this stolen vatican library document, is that a miracle? >> piazonni ( translated ): i use the word miracle for other things, but let's say that this was a very beautiful thing and we're happy that it happened. >> wertheim: for jay dillon, the rare book dealer who stumbled upon the first clue in this mystery, it's been a satisfying quest, about more than simply stolen letters. >> dillon: this is the very stuff of history. columbus, for all his achievements and all his faults, did something that nobody had ever done before. he actually made the globe a globe. and that's pretty much the most consequential news ever published, isn't it? ( ticking )

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>> wertheim: baltimore congressman elijah cummings died on thursday. the chairman of the house oversight and reform committee appeared on this broadcast several times over the years. the latest this past january. elijah cummings' awareness of the moral and ethical obligations of public office gave weight to the distinctive voice of this son of sharecroppers. >> elijah cummings: i stand on the shoulders of some people who have been unseen, unnoticed, unappreciated, and un-applauded. but now i'm a-- i'm gonna run a race for them. and hopefully, there'll come a day when i pass my baton over.

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