who were those women? get the fastest internet with at&t fiber, now with speeds up to 5 gigs. limited availability. what's being done about it? all right, let's go. we found there are solutions, but an important one is stuck between the pentagon and congress. oh, my god! ( ticking ) >> we are holding admitted patients in the emergency department for days upon days. so... >> so, they are just sitting in3 the e.r., because there's not a bed? >> yes. >> we can pull also out bed 3, michelle, if you need that bed. i feel like everybody is in survival mode.

and not only just us in the emergency department-- i think the whole hospital is. >> we had an entire wave of nurses and physicians who'd worked for 25, 30, 35 years-- they said, "i-- th-- i'm done. i'm not going to-- i'm not going to do this anymore." and they left. ( ticking ) >> i grew up a very, very mean woman because of all what happened to me. >> you learned that here, you think? >> yeah. >> she is not the only one. more than 150,000 children were sent to residential schools, which canada's first prime minister supported, to, in his words, "sever children from the tribe" and "civilize" them. >> my name was number 65 for all those years. >> just a number. >> just a number, yeah. "65, pick that up, stupid," or, "65, why'd you do that, idiot?" ( ticking ) >> i'm lesley stahl. >> i'm bill whitaker. >> i'm anderson cooper. >> i'm sharyn alfonsi. >> i'm jon wertheim. >> i'm scott pelley. those stories and more, tonight, on "60 minutes."

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brush. describe what happened. >> susan flanigan: he called out to his men, "rollover, rollover, rollover;" pushed his gunner in the turret next to him down under the armor, but he couldn't get himself down in time, and it careened into that ditch, rolled over, and crushed him. >> stahl: conor was susan flanigan and michael mcdowell's only child. >> michael mcdowell: at first, i thought that this was what happens when you train like you mean to fight. but when we went to san diego to bring him back, i had a couple of idle moments in the hotel, and i googled "rollover" and

"military." and i discovered that at pendleton, a month before, a marine raider had died in a rollover. so i googled further back, "the army," et cetera, and suddenly, i saw a whole series of deaths in rollovers of military vehicles, all kinds: humvees, light-armored vehicles, bradley fighting vehicles. and then i realized this is not a single incident. this is a systemic problem. >> stahl: during training? >> mcdowell: during training. i can accept people dying in combat, but if you're training in your own country and you're dying needlessly in preventable accidents, this is a massive problem which has to be fixed. >> stahl: to fix it, mcdowell kept digging. and what he uncovered, he says, was so serious, and yet so

government accountability office: the g.a.o. found close to 4,000 of these accidents in the army and marine corps from 2010 to 2019, resulting in 123 deaths-- nearly two-thirds of which involved rollovers. and shockingly, most occurred in daylight, on regular roads, even in parking lots. >> mcdowell: it's the tragedy of low expectations. that it's expected people will die in training. >> stahl: are you saying that-- that they expect this? what are you saying? >> mcdowell: it's regarded as, that's the price of being a soldier, or a marine. >> stahl: in training? >> mcdowell: yes. >> stahl: they expect-- >> mcdowell: "training is dangerous. these things happen." >> stahl: but they don't just "happen." the g.a.o. concluded there was often "improper supervision," that drivers were poorly

trained, and vehicles, inadequately inspected. some accidents involved multiple factors, as was the case with christopher-bobby gnem, a navy sailor. ( yelling ) these are screams of joy from bobby's mom, nancy, when he surprised her one christmas. a year and a half later, in the summer of 2020, he and 15 marines were training off camp pendleton in amphibious assault vehicles, or a.a.v.s, like these: giant armored vessels marihis ep-dadpetevien, says e neno besst tha.v.s used in hison'il nn they' 40 terribledisteaof askg for better werethere were plenty of the theyad gotten these, all of condition. >> peter ostrovsky: so they're

sitting in a parking lot on camp pendleton baking in the sun. they're deteriorating. >> stahl: peter ostrovsky's son, jack ryan, was also on that mission. >> ostrovsky: a week prior to the mission, we were speaking on the telephone, and he made the comment that "a.a.v.s sink all the time." they've called them, and he called it, a "floating coffin." >> stahl: do you think he was worried? >> ostrovsky: oh, absolutely. >> stahl: two a.a.v.s broke down and their sons' designated vehicle sprang an engine leak. and yet, the mission was not aborted. what was the drive to go forward with faulty equipment? >> ostrovsky: they're trying to keep a schedule. to stay on time. >> vienna: the safety of our sons took a second place to completing a training mission. this isn't combat. this isn't "got to do it right now." this is training. there should have been an all-stop at many points.

>> stahl: but 16 young men crowded into the a.a.vs seen in this video that one of the marines sent his dad. it almost immediately started taking on water-- ankle level; calf level; seat level; as one by one, the a.a.v. systems were failing. >> vienna: the communication system was down. they were in the dark, using their-- the lights on their cell phones to try to see. >> stahl: wait, wait, wait. the lights didn't work? >> vienna: the safety lighting that's supposed to function, didn't function. >> stahl: were there lifeboats? >> vienna: no. so, there's supposed to be two safety boats in the water. they went with none. >> stahl: this is the a.a.v. at the bottom of the ocean, in underwater video we obtained through a freedom of information request. seven men made it out alive. nine did not. turns out, most had received little or no safety training on how to escape. it doesn't make sense. >> vienna: there's so much of it

that doesn't make sense. they were taking on water for 45 minutes, yet they were still found at the bottom of the ocean with all their-- their gear still on, their body armor. >> stahl: and that-- they should not have-- that should have come off? >> vienna: they didn't know what to do. they were all looking at each other, like, "what does this mean, what do we do?" >> stahl: you know the marine corps did its own investigation, and the marine corps concluded that this-- and i'm going to use the direct quote-- was "preventable." >> ostrovsky: the top-down incompetence, the lack of readiness-- really, the lack of duty of care for our sons-- it was shocking. >> stahl: can you sue the military, or the commanders for what happened? >> vienna: there's the feres doctrine-- makes that impossible. >> stahl: the feres doctrine prevents anyone from suing the military for anything that happens to service-members on the job, no matter how egregious. >> nancy gnem: the biggest thing

for me is, these boys were not protected. i have this vision in my head, nightmares, of the a.a.v. going down. what was his last word? >> stahl: this was one of the worst training accidents in marine corps history. but accidents keep coming, and the g.a.o. states, less serious ones are likely under-reported. christian avila taveras, an army combat medic, was on a training drill in 2018 when one vehicle broke down, so his vehicle had to tow it. >> christian avila taveras: this is around 1:30 a.m., maybe. it's dark, it's raining, it's muddy. the vehicle that we were towing just slid and hit us, and so, we just rolled over. and i was expelled from the vehicle, and then the vehicle just landed on top of me, pinning me down from the waist down. >> stahl: so, this giant, monster vehicle rolls over onou >> taverasyes.

on top of me. >> stahl: his left leg had to be amputated above the knee. the right leg was so badly damaged, he spent the next two years in rehab, learning how to walk again. >> you're killing it, bro, you're killing it! >> stahl: and we learned there was another rollover during training at that same place that same day as avila taveras's. the army told us there were fewer vehicle deaths last year, saying most are caused by human error and inexperience; nearly one in five enlistees join the army with no driver's license. the pentagon and marines declined our interview requests, though the new defense budget mandates several new safety provisions, and a.a.v.s will no longer be used in water drills. but, there are more steps the military could take, that they haven't, involving relatively inexpensive upgrades to the

vehicle involved in most accidents: the humvee. this test footage by immi, a safety system supplier, shows what can happen inside a humvee in a rollover. but, watch. drivers could have a better chance when humvees are retrofitted with immi's restraints and airbags. one reason there are so many humvee accidents is numbers: over 100,000 are used by the army alone. another cause is engineering: their high center of gravity makes them prone to flip over. and, because humvees were easy targets for i.e.d.s in iraq and afghanistan, the military added extra armor that made them even less stable. okay. we were invited by ricardo defense, a small military contractor, to suit up for a demo of how unstable these vehicles can be while making turns.

all right, let's go. we were going less than 30 miles an hour. the two yellow bars were there to prevent us from actually tipping over. oh, god. oh. oh. oh. stuart. stuart. oh, my god. oh. most humvees do not have anti-lock brakes or electronic stability control that prevent rollovers. but, eight years ago, ricardo developed them for the humvee. ricardo's president, chet gryszan: >> chet gryszan: let's do the same thing with the system on, please? >> s: oh, re it mes.oh. t all wheels remained firmly on the ground. goodness gracious. the system works so well, it's now mandatory in all new humvees. but, what about humvees already in use? well, ricardo came up with a safety kit that could be installed for about $16,000 per

vehicle, in about 54,000 of the older humvees. you could make ten or more old vehicles safer, for the price of one new vehicle. and yet, the department of defense is asking for a lot of money for new humvees-- but only a fraction of what's needed to retrofit old ones. >> gryszan: if the budget were to be approved today, as the numbers stand, we would have enough funding for about 545 vehicles. >> stahl: 545 vehicles, out of 54,000? that's it? >> gryszan: that's it, yeah. so that's about 1% of the fleet. at that rate, it'll take 100 years to get the fleet fit. >> stahl: a recent letter to the pentagon from several congressmen endorses your kit. they calculated that the difference in cost between putting your kit on and building a new vehicle is about $13 billion. it sounds like a no-brainer. >> gryszan: yeah.

why wouldn't you do it? >> stahl: chair of the armed services subcommittee on readiness, congressman john garamendi, told us that congress and the pentagon's preference for new over upgrades is "often predicated on keeping defense contractors fed." have you made any move to say, "nobody should be in a humvee that doesn't have anti-lock brakes"? >> mcdowell: we have tried, and i have lobbied. we want to increase safety in training-- because people are dying needlessly in preventable accidents. it won't cost that much. but it's got to be done. and that's for the american people to press their members of congress. ( ticking ) people with moderate to severe psoriasis, are rethinking the choices they make like the splash they create

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cases is falling. the omicron variant may result in less severe illness, but inside many of the country's hospitals, the work is more demanding than ever. that's largely because-- according to the u.s. bureau of labor statistics-- nearly 400,000 health care workers have left since the start of the pandemic. last month, hospitals in 18 states reported critical staff shortages, including kentucky. so, two weeks ago, we went to louisville, a place where the vaccination and infection rate has pretty much mirrored the national average. we saw e.r.s that were short- handed, and nurses and doctors who were exhausted. after two years of soldiering through covid, they told us the pandemic had pushed them and their hospital close to a breaking point. ( ambulance ) when we arrived in louisville, ambulances were rushing to hospitals, only to wait almost an hour to drop off patients-- because emergency rooms were full. the hectic pace of treating

cardiac cases and accident victims was pushed to new levels by another wave of covid patients needing treatment. how quickly does it go from busy to insane? >> alyssa parra: a matter of minutes. we can have, you know, no patients signing into triage, and then look out there and there is ten. >> alfonsi: alyssa parra is a supervising nurse in the emergency room at the university of louisville hospital, one of the largest in the region. >> parra: the goal is to get his blood pressure under 160. >> alfonsi: parra was one of five employees "60 minutes" followed to see how staff shortages were impacting hospitals. we agreed not to identify patients, and to stay out of the way. it wasn't easy, because patients were parked anywhere there was space. 85% of those hospitalized for covid in kentucky are not fully vaccinated. >> parra: we are holding admitted patients in the emergency department for days upon days, so... >> alfonsi: so, they are just sitting in the e.r., because there's not a bed? >> parra: yes. we can pull also out bed 3, michelle, if you need that bed. i feel like everybody is in

survival mode. and not only just us in the emergency department; i think the whole hospital is. >> alfonsi: what does that look like, when you're trying to survive? what does that mean? >> parra: how can we take care of patients effectively every single day with the staff that we have? >> alfonsi: parra told us her e.r. had fewer nurses than at any point during the pandemic. usually, she'll have about a dozen nurses on a shift, but on the day we were with her, she had just nine other nurses to treat 71 patients in the e.r., with 16 more in the waiting room. have you had nurses quit, that work for you? >> parra: yes. >> alfonsi: tell me about that. >> parra: you know, some of them have got to a point, you know, where they have stepped away. and, you know, they've, you know, moved on and said, you know, "i-- i need a break from this; i-- you know, mentally, i just need a break." we just keep putting one foot in front of the other and, you know, trying to take it day by day, and i just try to bring positive energy every day. >> alfonsi: how hard is that right now? >> parra: difficult. and it's-- it's getting more

difficult each day. >> alfonsi: the contagiousness of the omicron variant has stretched the staff further. last month, 450 employees called in sick on the same day. >> dr. jason smith: i've got a meeting with them. >> alfonsi: dr. jason smith is trying to fill the holes. he's the hospital's chief medical officer, and a trauma surgeon. >> smith: we had an entire wave of nurses and physicians who'd worked for 25, 30, 35 years, they said, "i-- th-- i'm done. i'm not going to-- i'm not going to do this anymore." and they left. >> alfonsi: somebody quits, it's not like replacing a fry cook. >> smith: and therein lies the issue, you know? if you think about a nurse? on average, it takes four to five years to train a nurse. it can take eight to 12 years to train a physician or a surgeon. so, if you turned on the tap today and said, "i'm going to double the amount, so that we have enough," we still won't have enough for four or five years. >> alfonsi: it seems like you're describing a system at its breaking point. >> smith: i think we are. and i think that's the biggest worry i have. are we going to have a system that we can't support after this

pandemic is over? what we expect when we come to the hospital is, there's going to be a physician, and there's going to be a nurse, and they're going to take care of me. but in the future, that may not look that way. we're going to have to rethink how we care for individuals in the hospital, moving forward. >> alfonsi: up on the seventh floor, we met amanda swinney in the i.c.u. as a respiratory therapist, her job is to help people breathe. >> amanda swinney: i'm going to take a listen to your lungs, okay? give you a breathing treatment. >> alfonsi: but over the last two years, she says she's barely had a chance to breathe herself. on this day, she was darting among 40 patients, almost double her normal workload. o , t vaccinated are winn "wow-- had you chosen a different route, then we wouldn't be where we are now." it's just frustrating. it's frustrating when there's something out there that can

keep you from dying-- it can lower your odds of being hospitalized, and having severe disease. i just don't understand why more people don't. >> alfonsi: swinney told us that sometimes she feels numb. >> swinney: there's, like, this thing called compassion fatigue, where, you know, i feel like i gave so much those first, like, nine months, and got so close to so many patients that we lost, that now i almost can't do that. it's just too much loss, i guess. >> alfonsi: some of the nurses have described it like a war zone. but in a war zone, right, they-- they change out the front line every so often. >> swinney: right. right. we can't-- we can't get away from it. we can't work from home. we can't do virtual. you know, we have to show up. and it's just-- it just keeps coming. it just keeps coming. >> alfonsi: is this the new reality? >> swinney: i don't know. i'm not sure. i don't know that i could, in another year, keep up this pace. >> alfonsi: hospitals in louisville have been workingtogo

turn away pats country have forced health systems to cancel elective surgeries, temporarily close parts of maternity wards, or leave hospital beds empty. nurses are often the backbone of those hospitals. in a survey last fall, the kentucky nurses association reported one in four nurses said they were likely to quit their job in the next three months. delanor manson is the c.e.o. of the association. >> delanor manson: when you think about nursing as being 53% of the health care workforce, those are large numbers. you have to know that there was a nursing shortage prior to the pandemic. the pandemic has ripped off the bandage. they're overworked. they have to do things that it doesn't take a nurse to do. >> alfonsi: like what? >> manson: baths. walking patients. turning patients. but someone else could do that. it doesn't take a degree or a

license to do those things. >> alfonsi: that work is important for patient care, and is usually handled by aides. now they're in short supply too. so, in some hospitals, nurses have had to mop floors or empty trash. >> julia anderson: as soon as you transfer a patient, or discharge a patient, it's not five minutes later you're getting another patient. that's a drink and a potty break. yes, bed 4 is getting discharged. are you ready to get out of here? >> alfonsi: julia anderson is an i.c.u. nurse. she was just 19 when she began her career in 2020. anderson had graduated high school early, enrolled in a fast-track training program, and was quickly assigned to treat the sickest covid patients. i imagine there's nothing they can teach you in nursing school to prepare you for this moment. >> anderson: no. not at all. i mean, they didn't teach you that you would have to zip up your first body bag. i-- i still remember the first patient's name. the first room. what happened, and everything. and that was hard. >> alfonsi: the frequency of covid deaths here has declined,

but the stress hasn't. anderson says nurses are increasingly being confronted by angry patients-- some of them, enraged by the long waits for care. >> anderson: last week, i had a patient put her hands on me, after cussing me out for probably ten minutes. put her hands on me and pushed a eve name under the book. >> alfonsi: you have? >> anderson: oh my goodness, yes. in one ear, out the other ear. you know-- >> alfonsi: really? that doesn't bother you? >> anderson: it used to. >> alfonsi: yeah. >> anderson: it used to bother me really bad. i mean, i've-- i've cried before at some of the names i've been called, by family members, by patients. >> alfonsi: does anybody who's not in that room, in that hospital, understand, truly? >> anderson: i tell my mom all the time, "i wish you were a fly on the wall for one shift." but until you can get somebody who goes through it with you and has a patient pass in one room, and then the next patient's on their call light, saying, "you forgot to bring me my water. you told me you would 45 minutes ago." and you put on a face and you say, "yes, ma'am, i'm so sorry. i'll bring you that water,"

knowing that you are about to cry-- you are about to let it out, but you can't. >> alfonsi: we got a sense of that when we met krystal totten. she works with patients who need ecmo, a machine that oxygenates blood outside the body, and is used when lungs are too weak to do the job. last september, a fellow nurse and friend, becky fulks, became one of her patients, when fulks became sick with covid. >> krystal totten: i remember just, like, you know, just breaking down, because seeing somebody at their worst point, you know, not knowing if they're going to live or die is, you know, is very-- is very hard. >> alfonsi: fulks is a heart and lung nurse. she was vaccinated, and working through the pandemic. she was in bad shape when you saw her? >> totten: oh, she-- yeah. so, for a patient to need to go on ecmo, it's a last-ditch effort. it's a maximum form of life support. >> alfonsi: last month, becky fulks began to improve. she was taken off the ecmo machine, but still has a

tracheostomy tube. it's unclear if the 49-year-old mother of two will ever get back to nursing. what does becky's story tell us about all the nurses? >> totten: it's weird to say, she's one of the lucky ones, who have fought through this. you're putting yourself and your family at risk, you know, every day, to take care of people. even people who-- i've had people look me in the face and tell me it's not real, and that they're putting chips in your body. >> alfonsi: that has to be hard, as a nurse. >> totten: it's-- it's really hard. >> alfonsi: especially when your friend is down the hall. >> totten: it's-- it's very difficult. it feels like a slap in the face. >> smith: this is our story, but you could take this story to new york, chicago, l.a., phoenix, you know, atlanta. you will hear this story at pretty much every hospital, every healthcare system across the country right now. >> alfonsi: we invited dr. jason smith's colleagues from the two

other large medical systems in louisville to join our conversation. dr. steven hester is chief medical officer with norton healthcare, and dr. chuck anderson is with baptist health. raise your hand if you're hiring at least 50 nurses right now, open positions. ( laughs ) at least 50. >> voices: yeah. >> dr. chuck anderson: if-- if they walk in tomorrow, we'll take them. >> alfonsi: you'll take them. 100? >> anderson: yes. >> smith: yeah. >> alfonsi: 150? 150 nurses you're looking for? >> voices: yeah. >> anderson: pre-pandemic, i think we all had a buffer. i think our buffer is a fine line right now, and that's what's making it difficult. >> alfonsi: the supply of nursing school graduates is also falling short, leaving hospitals without enough reinforcements. >> okay, well, we're going to look at your belly. >> alfonsi: although applications to nursing schools ar, prospective nurses are being denied admission because there aren't enough instructors. last year, 1,700 qualified applicants in kentucky were turned away from nursing schools

because of the lack of teachers. >> smith: this pandemic will end. all pandemics end. but it's the carry-forward from what we're having to do, and the amount of human capital that we're burning through right now, that are going to impact the healthcare system for the next two, five, ten years. >> alfonsi: and a wave of 70 million aging baby boomers is about to flood american healthcare. doctors, technicians, and an estimated 270,000 new registered nurses will be needed to help care for them, according to the bureau of labor statistics. why do you think we haven't been talking about what's next? >> smith: well, it's a difficult conversation to have. it's not right in front of your face. this is, what's the chronic problem? how am i going to manage the chronic problem? and in healthcare, managing chronic problems are often much more difficult than, you know, the-- the acute problem. what we're seeing now, in a pandemic, may become an everyday occurrence, and that's not something that we can sustain for decades. ( ticking )

>> inside the maternity ward. how covid is affecting pregnant women, their babies, and the doctors who treat them. at 60minutesovertime.com.

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they believed to be 200 unmarked graves at an old school in canada, it brought new attention to one of the most shameful chapters of that nation's history. starting in the 1880s, and for much of the 20th century, more than 150,000 children from hundreds of indigenous communities across canada were forcibly taken from their parents by the government and sent to what were called

residential schools. funded by the state and run by churches, they were designed to assimilate and christianize indigenous children by ripping them from their parents, their culture, and their community. the children were often referred to as savages and forbidden from speaking their languages or practicing their traditions. many were physically and sexually abused, and thousands of children never made it home. the last of canada's 139 residential schools for indigenous children closed in 1998. most have been torn down. but the muskowekwan residential school in saskatchewan still sands. its windows boarded up. its rooms gutted. a reminder to a nation that would rather forget. a three-story tombstone, for generations of children who died here. >> leona wolf: sometimes, i wish it would be gone, for all what happened here. >> cooper: you wish this had been torn down? >> wolf: yeah. i could hear everything in here, what was done.

it lingers. >> cooper: leona wolf, who comes from the muskowekwan reserve, was five years old when she says she was taken from her home in 1960. school officials and police would often show up unannounced in indigenous communities and round up children, some as young as three. parents could be jailed if they refused to hand their children over. when kids arrived at their schools, their traditional long hair was shaved off. if they tried to speak their language, they were often punished. >> wolf: they put me in a little dark room, like that. and they'd shut the door and then they'd take off the light. all i had to look through was this much light, like i was in jail. >> cooper: she says the abuse many kids at muskowekwan suffered from the catholic priests and nuns wasn't just physical. >> wolf: father joyal was fondling the girls here. >> cooper: a priest, father joyal, was fondling girls in

this room? >> wolf: yeah. this used to be sick bay. they used to have a bed here. >> cooper: and he would take girls into the bed? >> wolf: yeah. my cousin. >> cooper: he took your cousin in here? how old was she? >> wolf: she was only eight. i grew up a very, very mean woman, because of all what happened to me. >> cooper: you learned that here, you think? >> wolf: yeah. >> cooper: she is not the only one. more than 150,000 children were sent to residential schools, which canada's first prime minister supported, to, in his words, "sever children from the tribe" and "civilize" them. for much of the 20th century, the canadian government supported that mission. this report aired in 1955. >> they learn not only games and traditions, such as the celebration of saint valentine's day, but the mastery of words. >> cooper: the idea for the schools came in part from the united states. in 1879, the carlisle indian

industrial school opened in pennsylvania, where this photo was taken of native american children when they first arrived. this is them four months later. the school's motto was "kill the indian, save the man." >> chief wilton littlechild: consequently, ours was, "kill the indian in the child." >> cooper: "kill the indian in the child." >> littlechild: mm-hmm. >> cooper: that was the guiding principle here in canada. >> littlechild: yeah. >> cooper: chief wilton littlechild, who is cree, was six years old when he was taken to this residential school in alberta. then, he says, he was given a new name. >> littlechild: my name was number 65 for all those years. >> cooper: just a number. >> littlechild: just a number, yeah. "65, pick that up, stupid," or, "65, why'd you do that, idiot?" >> cooper: what does that feel like, at six years old, to be called a number? >> littlechild: well, i think that's where the trauma begins. not just the physical abuse-- psychological abuse, spiritual abuse. and worst of all, sexual abuse. >> cooper: you were sexually

abused. >> littlechild: yes. i think that's where my anger began as a young boy. >> cooper: chief littlechild says he was able to take some of that anger out on the school's hockey rink. he won a scholarship to university, and graduated, eventually going on to a distinguished career in law. but, his story is the exception. >> littlechild: they didn't kill my spirit. so, i'm still cree. i'm still who i am. i'm not 65. my name is mahigan pimoteyw. so, they didn't kill my spirit. >> cooper: in 2008, after thousands of school survivors filed lawsuits, the canadian government formally apologized for its policies. it also set up a $1.9 billion compensation fund, and established a truth and reconciliation commission that chief littlechild helped lead. for six years, the commission

heard testimony from survivors across the country. >> helen quewezance: and she put me underwater, slapping me and hitting me, slapping me and hitting me, and punching me and punching me, and holding me under water, pulling my hair, and i thought, god, she's going to kill me, i'm going to die first day of school. >> ted quewezance: we, as little boys and little girls, we lost our innocence. >> cooper: in 2015, the commission concluded what happened was "cultural genocide." it identified more than 3,000 children who died from disease due to overcrowding, malnutrition, and poor sanitation, or died after being abused or trying to run away. a government study in 1909 found the death rate in some schools was as high as 20 times the national average. most schools had their own

cemeteries, and sometimes, when children died, their parents were never informed. >> littlechild: it's really traumatic for those families who don't know what happened to their child or relative in the hools. >> cooper:therol wer't they sent home? >> littlechild: to save money. >> cooper: last year, archeologists detected what they said could be 200 unmarked graves at this former school in kamloops, british columbia. weeks later, a further 751 unmarked graves were detected across from the former marieval residential school on the cowessess reserve in saskatchewan. there was once a catholic cemetery here, but the headstones were bulldozed in the 1960s by a priest, after a dispute with a former chief. and what were these lists for? a small team of researchers has been trying to discover the names of those children buried here, but for decades, the government and the church had been reluctant to share their records.

chief cadmus delorme is trying to get answers. do you know that they're all children? >> chief cadmus delorme: we can't verify how much are children, but based on the research we're doing, a lot of them were children that were forced to go to the marieval residential school, and died in the marieval residential school. >> cooper: chief delorme says he hopes to give the unidentified children a dignity in death that they never received in life. >> delorme: i want to make sure that canada knows the truth, because you can't move to reconciliation until you accept the truth. >> cooper: the discoveries of the graves opened deep wounds. more than a dozen churches have been vandalized or destroyed, and thousands have marched, demanding the pope apologize and the churches open archives to help identify any missing children. indigenous communities across the country have begun conducting their own searches, using ground-penetrating radar.

>> kisha supernant: we've laid out a number of grids throughout this landscape. >> cooper: archeologists kisha supernant and terry clark say 35 unmarked graves have been discovered at the muskowekwan school. >> terry clark: there is something going on there that is not natural. >> cooper: when we were there this past october, they found what appeared to be another. according to survivor accounts, children sometimes had to dig their classmates' graves. the priests or the school officials would force the kids to dig other children's graves? >> supernant: yep, yep. can you imagine being, like, ten or 11, and digging a grave for your classmate-- what that must have been like? >> cooper: kisha supernant says the search for unmarked graves will continue for years. >> supernant: this is very emotional work. it's very devastating work. it's heartbreaking for everyone who's involved. >> cooper: you feel that too? >> supernant: i do. our communities still feel the impacts of these institutions in our everyday lives. we're way over-represented in child welfare and adoptions and

foster care. we're way over-represented in the prisons. you can draw a direct line with that to these places, and the pain of that, that has been passed on from generation to generation. >> ed bitternose: i started school here in 1958. >> cooper: ed bitternose, who is cree, understands that pain. he was eight years old when he was taken to the muskowekwan school. his parents lived within sight of the school, and when he tried to run away, he says the priests forced him to kneel on a broom handle for three days. >> bitternose: that's where my house was. i would sit here and wonder why i couldn't be home. >> cooper: that must have been devastating. >> bitternose: yeah. >> cooper: it wasn't only adults he feared. some students, themselves victims of abuse, preyed on other children. >> cooper: were you abused here? >> bitternose: yeah, mm-hmm.

actually, in this room here, by one of the-- one of the-- one of the boys. >> cooper: in this very room? >> bitternose: this very area here. >> cooper: later, he says, he was also sexually molested by a nun. when he left school, he was rudderless and violent, and turned to alcohol. when he got married, he says, he didn't know how to show affection. you didn't know what love was? >> bitternose: no. no. because i never felt it here. i didn't start saying i loved her till we were married about 40 years, and then i was very careful how i said it. >> cooper: you didn't say to your wife for 40 years that you loved her? >> bitternose: mm-hmm, yeah. >> cooper: he says his life changed when he began re- discovering his cree culture. raising buffalo and sharing traditional knowledge with children brought healing, and finally, an understanding of the word love. you can say that now? >> bitternose: i can say that now. and-- and it feels good. and i still joke with my wife

about that. "don't say that too loud," you know. >> cooper: so, you can say it, you just don't want to say it too loud? >> bitternose: yes, uh-huh. yeah. >> cooper: okay. you know what? it's better than nothing. >> bitternose: yes, that's what she says. >> cooper: as for leona wolf, her life and the lives of her children and grandchildren have been plagued by violence and substance abuse-- intergenerational trauma, she says, that began the day her own mother was sent to school at muskowekwan. did you see the impact of this place on your mom? >> wolf: yeah. yeah. >> cooper: how? >> wolf: yeah, by drinking a lot, being mean to me. and it impact us, me and my brother, and my siblings. >> cooper: what was done to her, she passed on to you. and what was done to you and others here... >> wolf: was passed on to my children. this is why sometimes i go into my rage of ager, and i cry, because it all-- it was all done to us, all of us.

but it's going to stop now, you i >> cooper: you believe that? >> wolf: i'm going to-- i'm breaking the cycle, with my great-grandchildren. hail mary, full of grace. >> cooper: leona wolf has returned to her traditions as well. walking the halls of muskowekwan, she began to sing "hail mary," a prayer she was forced to learn here long ago. >> wolf: ♪ hey-a, hey-a, hey-o. hey, hey-o, hey-a, hey-a. ♪ hey, hey-a, hey, hey-a, hey-a, hey-o. ♪ >> cooper: now, she sings it her own way. >> wolf: ♪ hey, hey-a, hey-a, hey-a, hey-o. ♪ >> cooper: that's not how you sang it here when you were in school, though, was it? >> wolf: nope. >> cooper: you made peace with the virgin mary by singing that song? >> wolf: yeah, and i made peace with myself. ( ticking )

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