russian missiles have struck every power plant in ukraine, a campaign to make winter a weapon of mass destruction. we found families burning firewood in their homes, enduring by candlelight, and more defiant than ever. i really want to go and give that putin a really great slap in the face, a great big slap in the face from a woman. >> when sanna marin was elected prime minister of finland in 2019, she made history.

at 34 years old, marin became the youngest head of government in the world. but it wasn't the prime minister's tough stance against vladimir putin that caught the world's attention last summer. it was her dancing. >> i'm living my life. i'm still dancing. i'm drinking occasionally, meeting my friends. i'm doing all kind of things that are normal for my age people. it's almost like going into the pro football hall of fame. this is big for me. >> that's jerry rice, the nfl's greatest all-time wide receiver, talking about having his family's back story included in something called the history makers, an expansive digital archive of first-person accounts from a who's who of black americans, created by a non-partisan, non-profit organization. there are 3,500 interviews so far now stored at the library of congress. i'm lesley stahl.

>> i'm bill whitaker. >> i'm anderson cooper. >> i'm sharyn alfonsi. >> i'm scott pelley. those stories and more tonight on "60 minutes." who are positive for acetylcholine receptor antibodies, it may feel like the world is moving without you. but the picture is changing, with vyvgart. in a clinical trial, participants achieved improved daily abilities with vyvgart added to their current treatment. and vyvgart helped clinical trial participants achieve reduced muscle weakness. vyvgart may increase the risk of infection. in a clinical study, the most common infections were urinary tract and respiratory tract infections. tell your doctor if you have a history of infections or if you have symptoms of an infection. vyvgart can cause allergic reactions. the most common side effects

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this past week, vladimir putin unleashed another air assault on ukrainian families and their power grid in his campaign to turn winter in a weapon of mass destruction. 44 million ukrainian men, women, and children endure hours or

days without light, heat, or water. we met some of them on central street in a town called borodyanka, northwest of kyiv. in the blackest days in europe since world war ii, we found families facing terror with candles against the darkness. >> reporter: the power was out the night we met vira savchenko. the great grandmother is the only left in her street. back in march when borodianka was bombed, the widow moved out. she told us, on the 20th of may, i said, that's it. i'm going home. they tried to talk me into staying, but i said, no, i'm going home. they were her daughter and son-in-law, who took her in after the invasion.

my son-in-law said, let her go. she'll get cold, and she'll come back. but out of principle, i decided, no, i won't go back. and so i didn't. i stayed here. her principle is defiance, undimmed in the fragile light, unbroken by the 25-degree night. the sign on her door reads, danger. and the view from this apartment in her building reveals why. this is central street in borodianka. in march, putin's air force destroyed 144 buildings in borodianka. ukraine drove russia out, but rarowdh

memorials to more than 100 murdered civilians. survivors include tatiana sologub, who we found shoveling the ashes of her life. i don't even have a spoon or a bowl, she said. everything, everything was here. i've been left with nothing. on her balcony, she told us her son enlisted in the army the first day of the invasion. she's now moved into a public shelter powered by a generator. but her neighbor, serhii bondarenko, showed us how millions of ukrainians endure putin's war on light and heat. for now, he told us, we have firewood. we survive any way we can. bondarenko's new wood stove is vented through a in the wall. a car battery powers a string of lights.ap

we noticed a thermometer inside was chilled to 40 degrees, but he told us, we're ukrainian. if the temperature outside is above freezing, we open the windows so the heat can get in. a sense of humor and ingenuity sustained ukraine through the worst aerial bombardment of europeans since world war ii. there have been 14 massive assaults on the national power grid in the last 18 weeks. every power plant has been hit. half the electricity is out. there have been a few days without blackouts, but for the most part, power is rationed, roughly four hours on, four off, nationwide.

in october, drones zeroed in on the headquarters of the national power company. that's the ceo, volodymyr kudrytskyi. watching a drone take out the top two floors of his building. >> in this war on ukraine's power grid, what's at stake? >> the war itself, the victory. we cannot allow them to destroy the power grid. >> kudrytskyi allowed us to see a damaged facility, which is now among one of the most sensitive national security sites in ukraine. when this 200-ton transformer burned, hundreds of thousands lost power. crews raced to improvise repairs and sprint to shelter when the missiles come back. some have been killed. >> your crews are on the front line, almost like a soldier.

>> this engineer is in charge of repairs nationwide. and so, for security reasons, they asked us not to use his name. he told us, the armed forces of ukraine have their front line that they defend, and we hold the energy front. so, yes, these are practically soldiers. >> what are the russians trying to do? >> so, they cannot win the war at the battlefield, so they are effectively terrorizing populations, civilians, to blackmail political leadership to start negotiations. this is what they are doing. >> this is terrorism in your view? >> absolutely, yes. >> reporter: terror found anatoliy kaharlitskiy on the quiet street where he's lived 40 years. his family was cooking up a new year's eve celebration, when a missile meant for the grid ruined his hopes and plans for all the years to come.

he found his daughter-in-law in the wreckage of his home. she was crushed, broken, he said. she died in an instant. he's a retired reporter, used to making sense of facts. but in this, there is only bewilderment. i don't understand why this is happening. this is russia's world. this is how they are liberating us. these are pieces of the missile. >> translator: yes, pieces of the missile. all of this was flying here and there. how can you escape from it? >> kaharlitskiy did not escape. they stitched me up all over, he said. his wife survived with their son and grandson.

his daughter-in-law was 36. >> was this their wedding day? >> translator: yes. yes, this was the wedding day. >> reporter: she was an accountant and mother to a 10-year-old son. what should the world know about this war? >> translator: people should realize that this infection that's coming from moscow, it won't stop here. if they overcome us here, they'll move further into europe. i am 74 years old. i went to the gun range for shooting practice. i will fight if they come here. i will fight until they kill me. >> reporter: recently, ukraine

has been killing more of the missiles aimed at the grid. kyiv cops mortally wounded a slow-flying drone. below the sound of gunfire, the capital of 3 million vibrates with some of the 800,000 generators ukraine has imported. at night, the city darkens most windows and kills its street lamps, leaving mostly headlights under a winter sky too thick for the moon. an estimated 1,200 missiles and drones have attacked the grid. and back on central street, we found a woman who can sum up the rage. oksana koronik is a nurse, who is camping in her blacked out apartment with her husband and son. she seems to be fighting the

whole russian army to claw back something normal. when you came back home after the bombing, what did you see? >> translator: horror. horror, oksana told us. it hurt. every cell in my body was in pain. i could not bear to see it. we poured our soul, our finances, our work into this. i cried for probably three weeks. >> reporter: the gas is back on in apartment 28, but for lights and phones, she has car batteries that last nine hours, if she's careful. groceries are chilled in a room with a window cracked, and it galls her when timothy misses online school because the power is out. this is his actual school on central street.

ukraine says putin has destroyed 214 schools. the u.n. counts 683 attacks on hospitals and clinics. >> the russians say that they're attacking only military targets. no, they have destroyed our life. they destroyed our kindergarten. they destroyed our school. they destroyed our music school. for some people, they've even destroyed their workplace. they have destroyed everything. they have destroyed us from the inside out. i recognize now that i am feeling hatred for other people. i was never this kind of person before. but then, she'd never downloaded an air raid app before. it's connected to the national warning system, but she finally muted the sound.

too many sirens, day and night. >> reporter: the russians believe that if they can keep your family in the dark and in the cold long enough, your will to resist will dissolve. >> translator: no. our will will not disappear. it will only get stronger. i really want to go and give those russians, that putin, a really great slap in the face, a great big slap in the face from a woman. they only make themselves more hated, while we are becoming more and more united. >> reporter: as on every front in his unprovoked ukraine fiasco, putin has failed here too. he came up against vira savchenko, her fingers working, and her heels dug in.

somehow, i'm not afraid anymore, she said. >> translator: on thursday, in the city center, there's a market. this thursday, there were air raid sirens. there was shooting. but for some reason, it didn't frighten me this time. i turn up the volume on tv or radio so i don't hear anything. >> reporter: in a condemned building on central street, we saw putin's terror campaign uniting ukrainians like americans after 9/11. we left a great grandmother knitting diligently into a dim, cold night. knitting with a vengeance. knitting socks for ukrainian soldiers. go inside ukraine's fight to keep the power on. >> without the electricity, you have to means of civilization at all.

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when sanna marin was elected prime minister of finland in 2019, she made history. at 34 years old, marin became the youngest head of government in the world. but it wasn't the prime minister's political moves that caught the world's attention last summer. it was her dancing. you may recall the uproar after a video of the millennial prime minister partying with friends was leaked to the press. prime minister marin was already in the spotlight after russia invaded ukraine last year. finland and russia share a long border and a complicated history. in may, prime minister marin, announced finland would apply

for nato membership for her country of 5.5 million. a bold move that finished nutrillty and ended vladimir putin. >> i think vladimir putin is not someone you can reason with. his actions are emotional and it's based on some feeling of history and greatness of russia. they see ukraine part of russia, and they think that they have the right to attack another independent country. >> do you think that, as we sit here right now, that russia poses a threat to finland? >> i think russia poses a threat to all of europe. they are attacking another country. they are killing civilians. they are demolishing infrastructure. russia poses a threat to all of us, and that's why we have to make sure that ukraine will win. >> we met sanna marin at the prime minister's official residence in helsinki. >> oh, wow, this is beautiful. >> a quiet spot overlooking the frozen baltic sea.

>> we also have our own home. >> you can be private. >> reporter: moments of quiet have been few and far between for prime minister marin, who, over the last three years, has moved from one once in a lifetime crisis to another. the most defining one unfolding last year. finland's 800-mile border with russia is the longest of any european union country. >> how quickly after the invasion did you decide that finland should join nato? >> i knew right away. i was leaning in favor of nato even before. but the country wasn't ready to ask the finnish people or politicians in the parliament. should finland join nato, before the war, majority would have said no. but after the war started, i knew immediately this was the only way of finland to join the alliance. >> when you say, this is the only way, what do you mean by that?

>> well, we are a next door neighbor to russia. and now we have seen that russia is attacking, today, their neighboring country. and we don't ever again want to see war in finland. so, we are asking ourselves, what is the line that russia wouldn't cross? and that's the nato line. >> reporter: the invasion of ukraine opened old scars for many finns. 1939, finland was invaded by the soviet union. which took about 10% of its territory. since world war ii, finland has been militarily neutral. its leaders characterized as err abily t stapn t not pre him. inerseasoreiice to may, thmeth fin russ be its applicatio ttake retalia step

do you view those words as a threat? >> i think we should make our decisions not based by fear but what we really feel and think. and that's why we are joining nato, and hopefully we will be members of nato very soon. >> it's one thing to say, we support ukraine. it's a very different thing to go to ukraine, to stand next to president zelenskyy, which you did, which was a bold move. why did you choose to do that? >> well, i think it's very important that we are showing solidarity in many ways, by sending humanitarian aid, financial aid, military aid, equipment, for example, and i think it sends a very important message that we are in it together. they are not alone. we are right beside them. >> reporter: taking sides is not what the finns are known for. but sanna marin seems to enjoy breaking tradition. marin, who was raised by her mother and her female partner in a working class neighborhood, was the first in her family to

graduate high school and later college. she was elected to city council at age 27. soon, her contentious debates were shared around youtube. in 2015, she was elected to parliament as a member of the left-leaning social democratic party. four years later at the age of 34, she was named the prime minister of finland, the most powerful political position in the country. >> was that your intention? >> i never really had focus about my own career. i know that sounds interesting because i am in this position. but it's also coincidence that i became a prime minister. >> really? you can become prime minister by coincidence? >> well, i was the first vice chair of our party when the last previous prime minister resigned. and then i had to step up. >> reporter: the former prime minister submitted his resignation after he was accused of mishandling a postal strike.

marin was chosen by her party to fill his shoes. >> but it wasn't something i pursued. i wasn't sure, is it something that i personally want? or am i capable of doing all of those things? but i thought that if somebody else can do it, why not me? >> reporter: marin, who was the mother of a newborn, with her now husband, took office in december 2019, leading a historic coalition government in which all party leaders were women. a month later, the prime minister and her new cabinet were tested with a global pandemic. >> that had to be just a crash course of leadership for you. what were those days like, as you were figuring that out? >> everybody was, like, frozen in the beginning. what should we do? and then it really took political leadership from me but also many ministers that were in the center, in the middle, of the crisis.

so, it was also lonely. it took courage, a lot, to do those very difficult choices pr. rd country's borders and schools to be shut down in march of 2020 and promptly imposed a lockdown. finland fared better than most of europe, with lower infection rates and a quicker economic recovery. prime minister marin was praised for her steady leadership and earned an 85% approval rating for her handling of the crisis. but as the pandemic came to an end, the public spotlight turned to the prime minister's private life. in august, a series of private videos, including one of the prime minister dancing with friends, was leaked to the press and made international headlines. critics accused her of embarrassing finland, a country

that prides itself on being stoic and reserved. they called for her to resign. opponents required she take a drug test, which was negative. marin held back tears, defending her actions, saying, i am a human. during these dark times, i too need some joy, light, and fun. she added she'd never missed a day of work. in your apology, you said, i'm a human. do you think politicians are allowed to be human now? >> i think we need more politicians that are human, that are normal human, also showing emotions and also being themselves because they are representing ordinary people. why cannot they be ordinary? >> reporter: on social media, women around the world rushed to marin's defense posting videos of themselves dancing in solidarity. >> those videos weren't something that i wanted to be leaked. those were private.

it was private apartment and private videos. but of course that didn't stop the media of publishing them. >> but the backlash, you know, boris johnson, there's videos of him dancing. >> and there's videos of a lot of people dancing. >> and it wasn't an international incident. >> yeah. >> do you think it was because you were a woman and a young woman that you were criticized the way you were criticized? >> i think one of the reasons why it caused that kind of frenzy was the way i looked in the videos, the way i danced. and some people thought that's not appropriate because there are these non-written rules still unfortunately for women and especially women in these positions, that you shouldn't be human being. that you should only be put in certain kind of position and that you should stay in that position. i don't care about those rules. i really don't.

i'm living my life. i'm still dancing. i'm drinking occasionally, meeting my friends, and doing all kind of things that are normal for my age people. i don't think that we should give that room for sexism. i think we should all just be ourselves. and people can vote. we live in democracy. that's the good thing. they can vote. they can vote me out if they want. >> reporter: prime minister marin is up for re-election in april. we went with her to a party kickoff event earlier this month that looked more like a you're your oeurovision competition. refitting of a rock star. >> how did you feel about today? >> it's very good atmosphere. people are so happy. they are willing to make the campaign happen and really win the election. >> reporter: polls show marin is

the most popular prime minister in finland in 30 years. she manages her own instagram account of more than a million followers. posing for photos at rock festivals and showing up on reality shows. but the prime minister is facing a tight race against the conservative true finns party. >> voters in europe have veered to the right with this anti-immigration sentiment. does that concern you here in finland? >> i don't think that's the answer to anything. i really see the problems we are facing also because our population is aging. we need more people in finland. so i think the far right when they're saying don't come, they are very wrong and it's a very dangerous policy also because we cannot cope ourselves. >> why do you think it's dangerous? >> because if we would close our doors, say no to people, we wouldn't have that economic growth.

we wouldn't have new jobs. we wouldn't have the prospects. and they have also said that their aim and goal is to get rid of european union, to leave european union. >> what would that mean to finland? >> it would be a catastrophe to finland if we were to leave. it would be so stupid, i would say, bluntly. we have seen the problems with brexit and great britain. it's a bigger country than finland. we are a small country. we have an aggressive neighbor. there's no other choice or possibility for us than to stay in the european union. >> reporter: it is a defining moment for finland and for prime minister marin. just after our visit, she appeared with other heads of state at the council of europe and snapped a selfie with president zelenskyy. >> your critics said you were too young, you were inexperienced. you have since negotiated a global pandemic. an economic crisis. you've gone toe to toe with vladimir putin. what do you say to your critics now? >> i don't focus on their critics. they will fault whatever i do.

you should focus on the issues that are on the table. and i think the most important thing is not to be afraid. i think too many people are living their lives to be too afraid. and i think also too many politicians are not doing the important positions because they are afraid. you don't have to wait until retirement to start enjoying your second act. with protected lifetime income from pacific life... ...imagine your future with confidence. for more than 150 years... ...we've kept our promise to financially protect and provide. so, you can look forward to leading a whole different type of team. talk to a financial professional about life insurance and retirement solutions with pacific life. h, we're firing up thee and retirement solutions with chewy app. can't say no to these prices!

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at a time when we're having a national discussion about how black history fits into the american mosaic, we discovered that many stories of black achievement are slipping away, going unpreserved for future generations. a non-profit, non-partisan organization called the

historymakers is hoping to change that, by creating an expansive digital archive of first person accounts. founder julieanna richardson told us she's determined to document black history in america one story at a time. >> in society today, what is being debated, who has value and who doesn't? you preserve what has value, you throw away what doesn't. that's why the preservation is so critical. >> reporter: julieanna richardson has been preserving black american stories for the past two decades. one day she's interviewing the first black president of rutgers university. jonathan holloway. >> what things did you find out about? >> the daily racism my siblings dealt with. >> another day, it's professor anita hill. >> in three counties, the census takers actually bothered to list the slaves by name.

and that's how i met and found t wh great, t were.wn feragait clarence thomas, wasn't easy to g. t'en a long time coming. i'm really happy to have you here. >> why is it important to have these first-person accounts? >> how else are you going to know what really has happened in the black community if you don't allow the community to speak for itself? >> you've called these america's missing stories. >> they are. they're america's missing stories. and american history won't be complete without them. >> reporter: richardson and her staff in chicago have created a countries largest collection of african american oral histories. there are more than 3,500 interviews so far. each one is transcribed, then posted online. it's a who's who of black america. there are luminaries like poet, maya angelou.

>> i'm not talking to blacks and blacks alone, tall women, fat, thin. no, everybody. >> and there are rising stars, like a young barack obama. >> who would you say influenced you most in your life? >> richardson interviewed him when he was an illinois state senator. >> not just malcolm x, dr. king, but bob moses and fannie lou hamer and rosa parks. >> think about this, this is 2001. by 2008, he's president of the united states. it's extraordinary. >> reporter: extraordinary is a good way to describe the breadth and depth of the collection. >> you want to hear something real crazy? >> yes. >> reporter: not long before he died, bass baritone william warfield gave an impromptu performance in germany while recounting his performance of

"show boat" that brought down the house. >> everybody who sees this is sort of enthralled. >> reporter: julieanna richardson says as a child, all she knew of black history was that her great grandfather had been enslaved. she grew up in a predominantly white ohio town and told us, when she was nine, she was the only black student in her class. >> you had not been taught anything about black american history in school? >> nothing. but i'm not the only one. >> no. i wasn't either. >> it's a common story. >> as a sophomore, she travelled to new york's schomburg library for a project on the harlem renaissance. she had an epiphany while listening to a song. she thought was about president harry truman. >> i learned for the first time that this song is written about a black song writing team of noble sissle and eubie blake.

in the 1921 production of shuffle along on broadway. it was like whoa. and i'm just listening to the music. i'm just wild about henry, henry's wild about me. and it was, like, it opened the appetite. and i'm reading and i'm studying and i'm listening and i'm hearing. i'm hearing these things that i had no knowledge of for the first time. >> reporter: the spark was lit but didn't catch fire. her father had wanted her to be a lawyer. after harvard law school, she had a successful career as a corporate lawyer and cable entrepreneur, but she was restless. >> was in my mid-40s. i didn't have children. you get to a point in your life when you start asking, you know, what is going to be your leave behind. what is going to be your legacy? and i wanted to do good in my life. r rrpt. >> reporter: as she mulled her future, she went to a legal conference in memphis and her

reverend billy kyle, who was on the hotel balcony with dr. martin luther king jr. when he was assassinated. richardson realized there were lots of important stories like him. >> at that moment, the name historymakers came to me. and i came back, and i was like, i know what i'm going to do. it's going to be called the historymakers, and it's going to be an archive of black people. >> in the beginning, did you have a lot of encouragement? >> my friends literally did an intervention. >> with no money, no training, in oral history or professional archiving, she launched the historymakers in 1999. at first, it wasn't easy to get people to share their intimate stories with a stranger, but she convinced the tuskegee airmen colonel bill thompson. >> we were flying now with white guys. >> he says, have you heard of the golden 13? i said, no colonel thompson, i've never heard of the golden 13. he said, well, they were the navy's version of the tuskegee airmen. he said four left living in this

country and one lives upstairs, and he wants to talk to you also. and it was just at that point that i, you know, i knew we're at the point of discovering. >> reporter: by 2012, she had discovered so much, the archive had grown so vast, the collection so significant, the library of congress agreed to become its permanent repository, alongside the only other project of its magnitude, the slave narratives recorded during the great depression. >> i go, oh, my god. the stories of the formerly enslaved and the stories of the progeny of the formerly enslaved are all together. >> in the library of congress. >> in the library of congress. yep. it doesn't get better than that. >> reporter: julieanna richardson is not one to rest on her laurels. when she's not conducting interviews or researching new

subjects, she's fund-raising. >> every interview costs us $6,000 to process. >> reporter: when she realized the archive needed more athletes, she persuaded the nfl to donate hundreds of hours of its own interviews with black players. last year, she landed hall of fame wide receiver jerry rice, who couldn't believe he got the call. >> because it's almost just like going into the pro football hall of fame. this is big for me. >> reporter: rice showed us the 49ers museum in their home stadium. >> so, what's with all these footballs? >> well, these represent all my touchdowns. >> all of this? >> yeah, all of this right here. >> reporter: he scored 208 touchdowns over 20 seasons, still an nfl record. he played in four super bowls, won three, and snagged a super bowl mvp. but rice said, the historymakers wanted to know as much about his upbringing in rural mississippi. >> did you have indoor plumbing? >> no, we didn't. it was outdoor. >> he told us poverty fuelled

his drive for success. >> we were very poor. very poor. my father was a bricklayer, and he would take me to work with him during the summer. very demanding work. i used to be up on the scaffold that was probably about 20 feet in the air. and my brothers down below, they would toss the bricks up, and i would snatch the bricks out of the air. and i always prided myself on, you know, being that really strong link. >> what's important about your story for anybody who starts searching for you? >> with the younger generation, when they see someone, you know, who looks like them and say, hey, look, that guy, he made it, that might be that little kick, that little nudge, to make them work a little bit harder. >> reporter: julieanna richardson believes stories of struggle and success are powerful motivators for all races, especially young minds. so, she's convinced more than

180 colleges and universities to subscribe to historymakers. and she recently rolled out a new curriculum for schools? new york, atlanta, chicago, and charlotte. >> did you know immediately that you wanted to use it in the classroom? >> yes, i did. >> last spring, we visited teacher rachel davis and her social studies class at o.w. huth middle school near chicago. the student body is largely african american, and many have lost family members in the pandemic. >> sometimes in one household, it was three or four, the grandparent, an aunt, a cousin. and then we had students who were starting to have a lot of anxiety, depression. >> reporter: davis sought a perfect salve in the historymakers curriculum from loss to thriving. she had her students browse the archives and pick the historymakers who overcame adversity. who did you choose for your project?

>> i chose the honorable blanche m. manning. she's a judge. >> alena williams. >> sports reporter. >> rodney adkins, part of the ibm industry. rodney adkins, andre samuel, and loren rounds and tyler rush told us they found the record of black achievement to be richer and more diverse than they ever imagined or had been taught. >> from maybe kindergarten to sixth grade, we heard the same people. madam t.j. walker. the same people. >> has it changed now that you've met some people who may not have been in the history books? >> it's a lot easier to see what we went through and how we persevered and it shows how strong we are really. >> and think about this. what if i had our archives back when i was 9. >> when you were that 9-year-old girl. >> think about that. i mean, there was actually black history in my town just yards from where i was. there was a man named

shackleford who sat with his gun point, daring the white community to tear down his school for black kids. the fifth president of liberia was born in newark, ohio. >> in your hometown. >> my hometown, in 1815. i'm thinking there's no black history, but it was all around me. and that's what the kids -- it's all around them. but they don't know it. they don't touch it. so, they can't aspire to be what they don't really see. >> now because of your archives, they can know. >> they can. >> that's got to be rewarding. >> yes, it is. but our work is not done. >> reporter: julieanna richardson is now on a mission to collect and digitize the papers of historymakers. these belong to entertainer eartha kitt and she found a willing partner in ford foundation president darren walker. >> this organization is indeed a national treasure, and you,

julieanna, are a national treasure. so, i'm very, very happy to make this pledge of $1 million to your great debt. >> i've worked 24/7 for 22 years, and i'm surrounded by these such rich stories. until i take my last breath, they will always be a part of me. and the little girl, i mean, i'm now a very richly endowed person that no one can tell me that me and my people don't have tremendous value. no one can tell me that ever. today at riviera country club in los angeles, jon rahm

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