captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> today, the united states together with our allies and partners has reached a historic understanding wiht iran. >> woodruff: a breakthrough in the nuclear weapons talks. we have full analysis of the deal, and the details still to be resolved. good evening, i'm judy woodruff. >> ifill: and i'm gwen ifill. also ahead this thursday: a deadly attack in kenya. al-shabab gunmen storm a university, firing at random and targeting christians. >> woodruff: then, politicians work to fix religious freedom laws in arkansas and indiana, balancing faith, gay rights and the bottom line. >> ifill: plus, as easter

approaches, a very different kind of fight. this one over what kind of chocolate eggs can be sold in the u.s. >> the problem is hershey has stopped us from selling our cadbury's chocolate. this is what i do for a living and i am not going to be told i am not going to sell my chocolate. >> ifill: those are some of the stories we're covering on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> at lincoln financial, we believe you're in charge. you're the chief life officer, and this is your annual shareholder's meeting. you're overseeing presentations on research and development and welcoming new members of the team. you're in charge of it all. lincoln financial is committed to helping you take charge of your future. life, income, retirement, group benefits and advice. lincoln financial. you're in charge.

>> supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation. committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. more information at macfound.org >> and by the alfred p. sloan foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financial literacy in the 21st century. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and... >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> woodruff: from lausanne, switzerland today, news of a nuclear deal. the united states and five other nations say they've achieved a political framework for a final

agreement with iran. after a year and a half of negotiations and all nighters this week, it came down to an afternoon of announcements starting with e.u. foreign policy chief federica mogherini. mogherini. >> we gather here to find solutions to reaching comprehensive resolution that will ensure exclusively peaceful nature of iranian nuclear program and lifting all sanctions. today we have taken a decisive step. >> woodruff: among the main points of the deal announced today: iran's uranium enrichment capacity will be limited for 15 years, and the number of centrifuges it operates will be reduced from 19,000 to 6,100. enrichment will be allowed to continue only at the natanz nuclear facility.

at the arak facility, the reactor creating weapons-grade plutonium will be redesigned to halt that activity. in return, and after verification, united nations, european union and u.s. sanctions will be lifted. that sets the stage for iran and six world powers-- the u.s., france, germany, united kingdom china and russia-- to negotiate the text of a final accord. >> we have stopped a cycle not in the interest of anybody. >> woodruff: iran's foreign minister javad zarif called it a win-win, showing iran is dedicated to peace without giving up its right to nuclear activity. >> none of those measures include closing any facilities. we will continue enriching and r&d, heavy water reactor will be modernized.

>> woodruff: at the same time, he noted the fragile state of newly-re-opened u.s.-iran diplomacy. >> but we have serious differences with the united states. we have built mutual mistrust in the past. so what i hope is that through courageous implementation of this some of that mistrust could be remedied but that is for us all to wait and see. >> woodruff: and back in washington... >> it is a good deal and meets our core objectives. >> woodruff: ...president obama offered his own assessment, and an updated take on president reagan's attitude on dealing with the soviets: trust, but verify. >> so this deal is not based on trust. it's based on unprecedented verification. if iran cheats, the world will know it. with this deal, iran will face more inspections than any other country in the world.

>> woodruff: mr. obama directly addressed perhaps the fiercest critic of a deal with iran, israeli prime minister netanyahu. and, he said he would soon speak with other concerned allies. >> so when you hear the inevitable critics of the deal sound off, ask them a simple question: do you really think that this verifiable deal, if fully implemented, backed by the world's major powers, is a worse option than the risk of another war in the middle east? >> woodruff: and, the president pleaded with members of congress, some of whom have voiced strong opposition to the administration's course. >> if congress kills this deal not based on expert analysis, and without offering any reasonable alternative, then it's the united states that will be blamed for the failure of diplomacy. international unity will collapse, and the path to conflict will widen. >> woodruff: nuclear negotiators will now focus on technical aspects of the iranian program, facing a hard deadline of june 30.

>> woodruff: u.n. secretary general ban ki-moon congratulated negotiators on today's agreement, and said a comprehensive deal in a few months could "enable all countries to cooperate urgently to deal with many security challenges they face." meanwhile, house speaker john boehner criticized today's announcement, calling it an alarming departure from president obama's initial goals. joining us now tonight again, under very different circumstances, is indira lakshmanan of bloomberg news in lausanne, switzerland. indira, they've announced the deal. what is the u.s. saying, they got what they wanted? >> they are. in fact, th surprised in theñi2eld they got as much as they wanted. insofar as we heard from administration officials involved in the negotiation afterward that there were moments in the very difficultñi'egotiations as recentlyñi as yesterday and today where they saidñi toñrñi theñi iranians,ñizv look, maybe you'reçó just not goingñi to

be able to agree to this, maybir it isn't going to work. if you look at the four-major, detailed fact sheet the white house put out, it looks like on the surface the united states got everything it has been asking for and demanding for the last year. the proof is going to be in the pudding which is in the next three months the negotiations could fall apart over the very difficult parts of how to get those things accomplished, the actual, technical steps each side will have to take and that's not guaranteed yet and secretary kerry said it could still fall through. i have to say, on the face of it even though some aspects are vague, the administration seems to be coming home to washington with everything it hoped to get in the last year. >> woodruff: they know they are facing a skeptical congress, a republican majority, who is already raising criticisms. they're not betraying any concerns about that?

>> they admit they know they will have an uphill battle with congress and a a lot of skeptics will hoke holes. we heard the snap back of sanctions is not clear, how they established dimensions of iran's past work and how u.n. sanctionings will be lifted. they're goals but not clear on how they will get there. some of the most fierce critics of the obama administration on the nuclear side said this is a much better deal than expected and it was the kind of thing they thought would be a good deal if tougher implementation measurers were put in. secretary kerry said this deal has no sunset clause. that's interesting. on the verification, some things last for ten years, 15, 25 looking at the entire life of uranium in iran, that's a huge thing, and other aspects will never end was the point he was

making. so i think they will have strong arguments to bring home even though they definitely will face people who are dead set against any deal with iran because they don't trust anything that the ayatollah khamenei would agree to. >> woodruff: thank you. >> ifill: in other news this day, investigators in the germanwings air disaster announced they've found the second black box. the flight data recorder was discovered more than a week after the plane smashed into the french alps. the prosecutor overseeing the recovery operation spoke in marseille. >> ( translated ): this box is the same colour as the mountain rocks. it was on the left side of a gully which had been explored several times before, but it was totally buried. but when digging an officer found it. apparently it was exposed to flames because it is completely blackened. its general state let us reasonably hope that it will be possible to exploit it. >> ifill: meanwhile, german prosecutors said the co-pilot accused of crashing the plane,

apparently researched suicide methods and cockpit door security. they found evidence of the searches on a tablet computer at his apartment. >> woodruff: islamist militants in egypt staged deadly new attacks in the northern sinai today. gunmen killed at least 15 soldiers at one checkpoint. three civilians died in other attacks in the same area, at about the same time. the attackers also seized two armored vehicles and may have taken soldiers hostage. >> ifill: in eastern afghanistan, a suicide bomber killed 16 people and wounded up to 60, at an anti-corruption protest. tv footage showed the moment the bomb went off in the midst of the marchers in khost. ambulances raced from the scene carrying dozens of injured bystanders. >> woodruff: at least 56 people are dead after a fishing trawler capsized off russia's far east coast early this morning. the ship sank within 15 minutes in the sea of okhotsk. investigators said it likely hit

drifting ice. fishing boats rescued 63 of the 132 people on board. the crew of one boat also had to be winched to safety when they veered too close to the rocky coastline. >> ifill: back in this country new jersey senator robert menendez pleaded not guilty to federal corruption charges. he's accused of taking $1 million in gifts and campaign contributions from a long-time friend, in exchange for political favors. after a hearing in newark, the veteran democrat said he'll show the charges are false. >> for nearly three years, the justice department has pursued allegations based on smears launched by political opponents trying to silence me. now they have laid out their case we will finally have an opportunity to respond on the record in court with the facts. >> ifill: menendez is staying in the senate, but has stepped down as ranking democrat on the foreign relations committee.

>> woodruff: 14 state attorneys general asked congress today to investigate the herbal supplements industry. they're also pushing for stronger regulation by the u.s. food and drug administration. new york state has alleged that the testing of some supplements found none of the herbs listed on the labels. >> ifill: food prices around the world have reached their lowest point in almost five years. the united nation's food and agriculture organization reported the news today. it's due in part to rising production and the falling cost of crude oil. >> woodruff: on wall street, the iran nuclear deal sent oil down a dollar, to $49 a barrel. and stocks made up a little ground. the dow jones industrial average gained 65 points to close at 17760. the nasdaq rose six, and the s&p 500 added seven. >> ifill: a pioneering televangelist, the reverend robert h. schuller, died early today in artesia, california. for years in many households

his weekly program was sunday morning appointment viewing. >> if you're going to become everything you're meant to be you better start dreaming bigger dreams than you have. you have to make your dreams big enough for god to fit in! >> ifill: radiating optimism and energy, schuller became one of the country's best known religious figures in the second half of the 20th century. he was ordained in the reformed church in america, and began with a drive-in ministry in southern california that reached members indoors and those outside in their cars. in 1970, schuller went national with his hour of power television program. and by 1980, he had built his $20 million crystal cathedral, one of the first mega-churches. >> we invite you to rejoice with us now! >> ifill: schuller's broadcasts reached 20 million viewers in 180 different countries at their

peak, offering an upbeat theology without fire and brimstone or politics. >> lord we thank you, for 30 years of bringing hope into hurting hearts, for giving new inspiration to live, joyously >> ifill: but it did not last. after the turn of the century schuller and his children feuded over control of the church, as attendance and donations fell. in 2010, crystal cathedral ministries filed for bankruptcy, and schuller quit the church in 2012. a year later, he was diagnosed with terminal esophageal cancer, and died today at a care facility in southern california. >> ifill: the reverend robert h. schuller was 88 years old. >> woodruff: and finally, new research shows islam is rapidly gaining on christianity in believers worldwide. the pew research center reports that if current trends hold, the number of muslims will nearly equal the number of christians

by 2050, at just under three billion each. the survey cites differing birth rates and other factors. >> ifill: still to come on the newshour: analysis of today's breakthrough with iran. and of today's bloody terror attacks in kenya. why some americans say cadbury eggs made in britain taste better. and, a heated battle over religious freedom rages on. >> woodruff: we dig in now to today's deal with iran and it's broader implications with republican congressman ed royce, chairman of the house foreign relations committee. george perkovich, vice president at the carnegie endowment for international peace where he focuses on non proliferation issues. robin wright is an analyst and fellow at both the u.s.

institute of peace and woodrow wilson international center. she also writes for the "new yorker." and karim sadjadpour, senior associate at the carnegie endowment where he focuses on iran. we welcome all of you to the program george perkovich, let me go around the group and ask each one of you, starting with you george perkovich, what is your main reaction to this framework great as you see it? >> i think it is a very positive step forward it'sçó not the introduction toreñi the conclusion to the story but a very solid mid that we watch unfold in the next couple of months. >> woodruff: chairman royce, your reaction? >> we had a lot of leverage in this agreement or should have. we had not only the sanction wes imposed by congress had a bill up my legislation that would have put additional sanctions and additional pressure on iran and the falling price of oil. so the question is this -- when we read the details, will we find out whether or not the inspectors will be able to go

anywhere, anytime in order to inspect and will it curtail the research and development of the new centrifuges, 16 times more powerful that recently iran announced it had the capability to run. >> woodruff: we'll get into that in just a minute. robin wright, your reaction. >> i think it begins to change the dynamics of a tense relationship of 36 years between washington and tehran. i think the deal provides more than the united states anticipated and i think it could help prevent an arms race in the region that would be detrimental to not just the middle east but the whole world. >> woodruff: and karim sadjadpour? >> i agree with robin and george. what i think about is the wedding engagement. the marriage is scheduled to take place in july. there will be vigorous debates about the size of the dow r dowry and

prenup. and if the wedding happens on time, it will have mistrust if it is sabotaged. >> woodruff: what are the main elements of this framework as you see it that you think will prevent iran from breaking out with a nuclear weapon. >> there are several. the key people focused on was in the enrichmentiary and there there are limits very importantly, so for 15 years, iran won't be able to have more than 300 kilograms of low enriched uranium. that paired with limits on the number of centrifuges means that they won't be able to produce enough highly-enriched uranium for a bombñr withinxd a year's time for the first ten or 15 years of the agreement so that's a big one. the second goals to inspections and it's very important. in an unprecedented way, they've

agreed to monitor their supply chain for all of iran's nuclear program and everything iran procures would have to go through a declared channel. that means no secret procurement would be allowed in iran and if intelligence agencies detected them buying or procuringçó @&c @&c violation of agreement, which makes intelligence much easier to manage here. >> woodruff: chairman royce, what about that? you raised inspections and you also raised their capacity to enrich. >> right, because the question is will the military facilities beñi inspected. fordow, for example, was supposed to be closed. now it's our understanding that particular research facility will remain open. prior to these latest rounds of negotiation, the word was don't worry too much about it, they won't have the uraniumñr in their hands, it will be sent offshore. it will be sent to russia to be reprocessed there. now we find out thatñi the

ayatollah, obviously, has stepped in on the negotiation and said, no, no, we don't -- we're not going to lose control of that uranium. now, it might be treated, but, nevertheless, the stockpile will remain in the hands of the iranian regime unless somehow we reverse and win on this point. so what i see is a steady erosion, starting with the loss of this argument over enrichment where originally we weren't going to give up on the right of iran to enrich, now we've suddenly find out if, during the negotiations, they have been developing a new centrifuge 16 times faster, the supersonic centrifuge that will obviously put them closer to undetectable nuclear breakout capability. so the last argument is how do we make absolutely certain that the 12 questions asked by the i.a.e.a. are answered about the

thousands of pages of documents about them developing a nuclear weapon that exist there need to be answer sod we know where they are in the program and how do we get access to the military sites. >> woodruff: how do you answer some of the points he's raising george perkovich? >> well, the issue about sending fuel out of the country wasn't necessarily about that, the issue was keeping them below 300 kilograms, that's agreed. if there was only 300 kilograms they're allowed, or if more they send it out. the fordow facilities the congressman mentioned, that will be inspected. it is inspected now and will be going forward. the issue about a super centrifuge the agreement talks about monitoring and only doing research and development as agreed so it's been addressed. they will do some r&d, that has to be negotiated, but it would be under agreed terms going forward and a limit in terms of time when they could do that. the last issue we mentioned the possible military dimensions this is about the past

activities of iran, and that does have to be addressed. and this preliminary statement doesn't say exactly how that will be done. it says that it should be done and the whole point is this is now a gateway into another couple of months of negotiating where that would have to be addressed. >> woodruff: i want to bring in karim sadjadpour and robin wright right now. karim, this is what the americans are hearing about this deal. are iranians going to be hearing the same thing? and what is the reaction going to be there? >> the reaction is just trickling out now, judy, and so far some of the hard line forms have come out critical of the deal. tomorrow is friday and a big day, it's friday prayers and i think you will see more of the official reaction then. but i think the supreme leader the ayatollah has a dilemma at the the moment because either he has 75 million euphoric iranians. he doesn't want to demoralize

them by coming out against this. >> woodruff: euphoric because the sanctions are removed. >> that and the dream they have of being reintegrated with the outside world. but then he had a long-standing, hard-line political base, and if he endorses this agreement, he is going to alienate them. so this is really a dilemma for him. >> woodruff: how do you see not only the reaction in iran but the region? the president's been on the phone with the king of saudi arabia trying to reassure him, robin. >> it's clear the region will be nervous about a nuclear deal, not just because it again opens a xenophobic regime that's been isolated and given the gulf states particularly a political and military edge with tot side world, this changes the balance of power. until 1979, israel and iran were the 2002 pillars of u.s. policy. with a deal, iran reintegrates effectively in the international community. it's again a player.

it's the most populous country, has the largest economy, it is a huge attraction for whether western business, western tourists, just some kind of engagement and the gulf states are very nervous that the rolls they have played, particularly saudi arabia and egypt as well since 1979, will be replaced by iran, which of course has interests across the region and is a player in a lot of different countries that we also have concerns about. >> woodruff: congressman royce, how much does it matter to you and others in the republican majority and the congress what the reaction is of the israelis? we know prime minister netanyahu has been very critical of israel. we know -- and we just heard robin describing others' concerns, is that going to be a factor as congress looks at the elements of this framework? >> well, i think when the ayatollah is calling for death to the little satan, death to israel, he's also calling for

death to america, death to the great satan. so it's not just through the lens of what he's saying about israel. eight, nine days ago in a rally as people were chanting death to america, he chimed, in yes, yes, death to america! and the head of the ba siegey said recently the destruction of israel is not open to negotiation in this agreement. so the destruction of israel. israel has been called a one-bomb country by iran. given these attitudes, i want to make the point it's not just israel that's concerned. recently one of the iranian ministers said they now control four arab capitals after taking yemen and they mean they control damascus and beirut and have this influence now in baghdad. so theñi aggresshteness of the ayatollah isñi the problem. the other problem is, regardless of what the negotiateñi agrees to

at the table it's the ayatollah that makes the final decisions in the system and that's where i want us to be clear-eyed about iran's past negotiations and the way we have been played.ñ&c @&c like north korea where weñi think ,e have an agreement like in the '94 framework agreement and find out somebody cheated, crept out from underneath the agreement and suddenly has both the i.c.b.m.s and the undetectable nuclear breakout capability tov how concerned should americans be? how should we understand, i should say, the role of the ayatollah, the supreme leader,ñiñl and americanólññiñiççó]irqvñ"ñiñ3yóñrñr should congressional leaders be concerned about some of this anti-american, anti-israel language coming from some of the iraniñi9 >> the debate inçóñi iranç those who want iran to remain añi revolutionary causeçó and those who want iran toñi becomeñ'i açó nation

to prioritize economic and national interests beforeñizv[0b&c @& we're trying to do in u.'i?ñ policy toward iran is toñ- and incentivize those iranians who want the country to be reintegrated and weaken those who want it to be a cause. so certainly i think the world view of the supreme leader is not going to change but iran's hard liners are isolationists by nature. by isolating them is more a carrot than a stick. >> woodruff: robin wright. the revolutionists are aging and when we talk about a deal, 10 15 years, the aya ayatollah is in his late 70s, we're likely to see a transition in iran in a lot of ways. the majority of the population is under 35, very connected with the outside world and the ones who most applaud a deal. they're looking for something different, even if they honor the political system they have in place now. >> woodruff: we are just beginning to dissect all of this and we thank all four of you for

joining us tonight and the day this framework was announced. george perkovich, chairman ed royce, chairman house foreign affairs committee karim sadjadpour and robin wright, we thank you all. >> thanks. >> ifill: now, the attack in kenya that sparked a day-long siege and killed 147 people. it began at daybreak, and finally ended after dusk, when security forces killed four somali gunmen and freed their remaining captives. all day long, ambulances and military vehicles raced the wounded away from garissa university college. it was the bloodiest terrorist attack the country had ever seen, and the somali group al- shabaab, linked to al-qaeda claimed responsibility.

police said gunman stormed the college at dawn, firing at students in their dormitories. survivors said the attackers separated out christians, taking some hostage and killing many others on the spot. those who managed to escape, recounted the horror... >> ( translated ): i jumped out the window and fell down. i ran to the gate, and that's when i met a biker who helped me get to the hospital. >> ifill: security forces quickly surrounded the college, about 120 miles from the somali border. and an overnight curfew was imposed on the entire the region. in a nationally televised address, president uhuru kenyatta urged his people to stay calm, and alert. >> this is a moment for everyone throughout the country to be vigilant, as we confront and defeat our enemies. >> ifill: kenyatta also announced expedited training of 10,000 police recruits. the government also identified the suspected mastermind of the

attack as mohammed mohamud, also known as dulyadin, -- and officials posted a $220,000 bounty for him. he's alleged to be the leader of al-shabaab's cross-border strikes. they began after kenya sent its military into somalia four years ago. until today, the worst of those came in 2013, when al shabaab gunmen attacked a nairobi shopping mall, killing 67 people. >> ifill: we take a closer look at al-shabaab, and it's activities in kenya, with ken menkhaus, a professor at davidson college who has done extensive research and consulted with the united nations on the somali group's activities. thank you for joining us professor. assuming this is al-shabaab's work as they say, what is their goal, what is their admission in this kind of attack? >> a publicly stated goal is retribution for the kenyon military intervention in southern somalia as part of the

african union peacekeeping forces there. they're trying to drive the kenyon forces out of somalia. but in reality they have other goals. the fact they've consistently separated christians and muslims in the attack and massacred the christians suggests what they're trying to do is drive a wedge between kenyon's muslim population, the ken yen government and the rest of society. they also are grabbing media attention. they have been completely eclipsed by i.s.i.s. over the years ago and lost recruits and interest and this is a way to regain this. >> ifill: for the american audience not familiar with the geography of kaneia, why northern kenya, why garissa? >> northern kenya is primarily inhabited by ethnic somalis of kenyon citizenship which means al-shabaab, predominant my somali, can move freely largely undetected by the kenyon

government. across northern kenyon and the rest of the country there are thousands of soft targets. it's an open society. it makes it easier to attack than in nairobi where they would be more closely monitored. they could still pup it off but would be more difficult in nairobi. >> ifill: how does this attack compare to the west gate mall attack we paid so close attention to not so long ago? >> west gate was more earth shaking for kenyans because it occurred in the heart of the capital and lasted four days. this is more lethal but because it's occurring in a peripheral zone in the country in northern kenya, it might not have as much impact on the kenyon psyche as did west gait but it will have a major effect on tourism, business investments. this area was and still is slated to be part of a major infrastructure development project of $26 billion.

those kinds of investments could be thrown into question if this kind of violence continues there. >> ifill: there are some reports there was some advanced warning, flyers around the college cam public works that sort of thing. was that a warning or intimidation? >> that's part of the problem is separating signal to noise in kenya because shabab issues death threats against muslim in predominantly non-muslim areas and it's difficult to know when the threats are credible and not. in this particular case, there were a number of embassies who sound aid letters that there was actually intelligence that something was afoot. but even so it's difficult to know which soft target they will hit and when and where. >> ifill: how does the kenyon government or the world at large mobilize against al-shabaab and is there a concern they will inspire others to act? >> the concern they inspire others has been there some time

and they have actively sought to recruit somalis from around the world to join them. that has been less successful in recent years than in previous years. how to stop them, it's not going to be enough to engage in security operations. this is a network. they are engaging in asymmetrical war against soft civilian targets. this is going to be a long, drawn-out affair, i'm afraid. they have roots in kenya and this is an increasing problem not just an across-border one. it involves so mallees and kenyans having enough of this group because they are shouldering huge costs this group has meet out in kenya. >> ifill: ken menkhaus, thank you so much for your insights. >> thank you.

>> woodruff: walk through the aisles of any drug store lately and it's quite clear the easter season has become a critical part of the year for candymakers. but what's less obvious are some battles over the chocolate in those eggs and bunnies you may be buying. economics correspondent paul solman has the story, part of our ongoing reporting, "making sense," which airs every thursday on the newshour. >> reporter: in new york city's greenwich village, british ex- pat nicky perry and her husband sean kavanagh-dowsett have recreated a little bit of the london they left behind, with two restaurants and a specialty shop. and while they love living in the u.s.a., they've got a beef with an all-american icon: hershey's, which owns the u.s. license to the equally iconic british brand, cadbury. >> the problem is hershey has stopped us from selling our

cadbury's chocolate. >> we've got a huge corporation trying to ban the import of something that's so important to people. >> this is what i do for a living and i am not going to be told i am not going to sell my chocolate. >> reporter: and where do you get the authentic cadbury's now? >> if i told you, i'd have to kill you. >> reporter: so, give me british cadbury, or give me death? >> we will fight them on the beaches. we will never listen, you don't mess with british people because once you upset us it is war all the way, and we do not give up. >> reporter: the british counter-revolution began earlier this year when hershey's successfully sued a new jersey company that was importing the british original, and distributing it not just to small specialty shops but to large retailers. >> we bought this trademark in 1988 for $300 million and we own this trademark and we own every aspect of it. >> reporter: nehal patel is the cadbury brand manager for hershey's. >> cadbury is a very important brand to the hershey company. it is a brand that we've grown

to be an iconic easter brand. we're going to sell 50 million creme eggs this year. >> everybody wants to be the cadbury bunny, because only he brings delicious cadbury creme eggs. >> reporter: and 50 million is hardly chicken feed. easter has the largest share of seasonal candy sales in the u.s.-- over $2.3 billion last year-- topping valentine's day, christmas, even halloween. so given the fact that hershey's cadbury brand generates over $200 million a year in sales, why doesn't tea and sympathy simply stock the american-made version? >> we've been here for 20 years in this shop, selling cadbury's chocolate, not just to british people, but to americans, who all know that the english cadbury's is way, way better than the hershey facsimile. >> reporter: and customers here concur. >> i prefer it to the american because it's much smoother and tastier. >> i wouldn't buy the american version because to me it's not the same thing. >> it's not the same recipe, it doesn't taste the same. unfortunately it tastes just like hershey's.

>> chocolate is such a strange thing. it triggers memories and emotions and feelings of well- being, yummy warm feelings. >> reporter: and why so yummy? >> the number one ingredient in english cadbury's is milk. the number one ingredient in the american version of cadbury's is sugar. >> reporter: well, so much for the british side of the story. but what do they say in the american city synonymous with chocolate, hershey pennsylvania? that the recipes are nearly identical. jim st. john is hershey's master chocolatier. >> the milk, sugar and chocolate were all cooked together in the british isles. so we're buying their stuff. it's their specification. it's what the cadbury family first brought over here to the states. >> reporter: but on the package, it says milk first on the english cadbury and sugar first on the american cadbury. >> that's true. and that's because the rules around labeling are different in england than they are in the

united states. they count all the milk including the water that was in the milk. in the united states, we can't count the water. >> reporter: but there is one crucial difference, and why hershey's had to change the recipe to comply with u.s. federal regulations. >> what they sell in england can't be sold in the united states and be called milk chocolate because they add fats other than cocoa butter. they're using palm and shea oils. we're only using cocoa butter. >> reporter: so palm oil, shea oil-- that's not part of what's considered chocolate, in the united states, according to f.d.a. standards. >> right, so that is not a chocolate in the united states. >> reporter: so those remembrances of warm feelings past are triggered by-- palm and shea oils? well, even so... why not let the little store in greenwich village sell the original cadbury chocolate? what's the big deal to hershey? >> our intention is not to go after the smaller shops, but when we started seeing this formula in the mass retailers that's when we got concerned

because it's a slippery slope. >> reporter: but, say the brits, it's not just about cadbury. hershey's has successfully blocked other british brands. like toffee crisp, made by nestle in the uk, because its wrapper, says hershey's, looks like their reese's peanut butter cups. and england's "yorkie" bar can no longer be imported because its name sounds like hershey's york peppermint patties. so here is a yorkie bar from england. and y'all won't allow this because the name is too similar to a york peppermint pattie? >> we own the name york. york peppermint pattie started out in york, pennsylvania. >> york, yorkshire, you know, war of the roses. ♪ the grand old duke of york, he had 10,000 men, he marched them ♪ up to the top of the hill, and they wouldn't eat cadbury's again. >> reporter: so as easter nears, where are we? cadbury u.s. vs. cadbury u.k.-- a tempest in a tea shop, perhaps.

but when it comes to toffee crisps and the yorkie bar, non nationalist observers like lawyer (and tea and sympathy customer) yetta kurland wonder if hershey's isn't being just a tad overprotective of its intellectual property. >> we want to recognize and respect licenses and contracts between companies but we have to be careful that we're also-- also letting people engage in commerce and run their businesses. >> reporter: reporting for the pbs newshour from new york, this is economics correspondent paul solman. >> ifill: lawmakers in indiana and arkansas worked quickly today in attempts to prove their religious freedom laws do not allow discrimination. arkansas governor asa hutchinson signed a new version that tracks more closely with federal law.

and hours later, the indiana general assembly passed its revised religious freedom restoration act, which they said won't allow businesses to turn customers away for sexual orientation and gender identity. but republican and democratic lawmakers disagreed on the fix. >> what was intended as a message of inclusion, inclusion of all religious beliefs, was interpreted as a message of exclusion, especially for the lgbt community. nothing could have been further from the truth, but it was clear the perception had to be addressed. >> we have to look at how we got here. i want to hear somebody say we made a grave mistake and we caused the state tremendous embarrassment that will take months and possibly years to repair.

>> ifill: the religious freedom debate has stirred up a hornet's nest at the crossroads of business, religion and politics. for more on how the argument has been unfolding, we are joined by the reverend tim overton, pastor of halteman village baptist church in muncie, indiana. micheline maynard director of the reynolds national center for business journalism at arizona state university. and ron brownstein, editorial director for the "national journal." i'm going to start with reverend overton. give me a sense of how your religious community sees this debate right now. >> well, there's a huge concern in the religious community after the hobby lobby case where the government basically wanted to tell that christian-owned company that you need to buy medicine that causes abortion for your employees or the subpoenaing of the pastor's sermons in houston that, as society is changing, we may be losing some of our religious liberties and so we were supportive of this law to set a high bar for government to interfere in the private

practice of religion and the original bill we were pleased with. >> ifill: yet one of the most remarkable parts unfolding in this day bait this week have been the series of companies who have lined up against the argument not what we saw with the supreme court case. why? >> that's right. we got a preview of this a year ago in arizona where the arizona legislature approved something very similar to the indiana law and there was a business outcry before the bill got to the governor, former governor jan brewer actually vetoed it because people like the n.f.l. were saying if you pass this we might not put the super bowl in indiana. so if you go to indiana, indiana is a state that marketed itself to the world as a forward-looking, innovative technology-focused state and they have attracted a number of new investors in indiana, so that is one of the reasons why this became such a hot button with the business community. they have choices, they can go elsewhere. they don't want their employees or customers to feel they aren't

welcome. >> ifill: ron brownstein, we saw this play out, this same business-religious political access play out in arkansas as well. two republican governors caught up in the heart of. this what were the ripples and were they to be expected? >> i think what we're seeing is remarkable. i started covering politics in 1980s and in that era it was the republicans who consistently tried to instigate cultural collisions. you fast forward through 20 years of changing cultural attitudes and changing demographics and on most of the questions whether it is access to employer-provided contraception or gay rights or gay marriage or immigration, it is democrats who are now confident they represent the majority of the country and they are the ones who i think are most confident forcing these issues to a head and i think the retreat we saw in arkansas and indiana says that.

>> ifill: reverend, did you see the retreat a setback for what you consider to be a matter of free speech and religious freedom? >> i believe government needs a good reason to interfere with the private practice of religion among our citizens in this country. retreating from that was disappointing to me. our biggest concern with the changes isries chain or religious-owned businesses are not going to be able to carry their favorite as they would like to into the business realm and i think we need to make a distinction between services that require speech and services like gasoline, grocery and a hamburger that nobody thinks anyone should be discriminated against on that basis. but, say, a photographer who is catholic, they believe that one of the sacraments of their church is marriage and for the government to compel them to show up to a gay union that they believe is against their religion is just a step too far, i think, for government power. religious liberty has been a long tradition here and we need

to make sure that as gay rights are asserted in the culture that we don't lose something precious that is very unique in the history of mankind which is religious liberty. >> ifill: micheline maynard, one of the things interesting about this is we saw apple and their c.e.o. is openly gay, but then we saw wal-mart and nascar and eli lilly, a pharmaceutical company, companies which aren't known for being on the cutting edge of liberal politics lining up on the same sievmentd was this just about the bottom line? >> i think, obviously, business considerations come first here, but you have to remember something, the lgbt community in indiana is pretty small. i think only about 3.7% of the population. but the people who have been moving to indiana, especially to indianapolis to work in the tech sector, to work in innovative companies may be gay or lesbian but they also have -- if they're straight, they might have gay or lesbian friends, so i think this was a question of businesses looking across their customer

bases as some gays and lesbians who might work or shop with them but also looking at the support that surrounds that community and saying we just can't risk this. >> ifill: ron brownstein giving shifting public opinions and demographics, who's most at risk in these crashes, democrats or republicans? >> by and large, unbalanced, the republicans face a more difficult challenge. there is a reality the republican primary base, the base of voters includes the components of society that are most ineasy about the changes, in 2012,t 0% of the primary republican voters were white, 60% over 50 and half evangelical christians, that is a reality every republican candidate has to navigate. however, opinion on these issues is moving in the other direction especially among younger people. even on the question whether businesses should be required to provide services to gay couples, 60% of people under 30 says yes. there's no question about where

the underlying current in community is moving. the figures we saw mike pence struggle and fail with this week was trying to navigate between the changing center of public opinion and the fuse of their own base. i think it will be a challenge for all the republican chants in 2016. >> ifill: reverend let's take politics out of it and talk about how your ministry survives as the waters are shifting under your feet, or are they? >> well, america is a very religious country and i think the more people know about this bill -- there's been a lot of misinformation out about this. the more people will come over to our perspective and support what we're trying to do. i don't believe that americans believe government ought to be intrusive into the private lives and religious belief of the citizens, and religious freedom restoration act was voted for by kennedy, chuck schumer, signed into law by president clinton

even president obama voted for arifra. so the politicians in indianapolis have to deal with this. they have personal sacrifices. many legislators own businesses and the businesses have taken a hit. so i admire the men and women in our legislature who are standing and trying to defend religious liberty and this is something we can agree on and need to come together and assert people are treated with dignity but at the same time religions liberty is preserved. >> ifill: micheline has there been any business backlash in favor of reverend overton's position that is to say they have said stay out of our business? >> one of the things about businesses in the united states is when you open up your doors and sell something to the public, i think the principles in this country is you welcome all comers. there are certainly some businesses that will say, you

know what, i would rather close than serve gay or lesbian patrons and that's certainly their right. but i think one of the fundamentals and underlies our economy is if you sell a product you need to be able to take the money from whoever wants to give it to you. >> ifill: finally, ron brownstein, how do you square the circle? if you're a politician and try to figure out how to navigate the treacherous waters, how do they do that? >> i think what we heard is the principle. i think americans do believe in religious liberate but i don't believe that extends to the point of denying equal treatment to all americans. the single most insistent trend in our views of social relations in this country is we expand the circle of equality. that is the american story. it is inexorably happening for same-sex couples and there's no reversing that. i do not think that position can

stand. >> ifill: ron brownstein, micheline maynard, tim overton, thank you all very much. >> thank you. >> woodruff: again the major developments of the day: the united states and five other nations announced a framework for a final nuclear deal with iran. and 147 people died when islamist gunmen from somalia attacked a college in neighboring kenya. >> ifill: on the newshour online, new research shows that your baby might be a tiny scientist. it's well-established that when infants see something surprising, they look longer. now we know why: they're exploring and generating hypotheses, just like a real scientist. so don't be alarmed when your child bangs toys against the coffee table-- she's just testing its properties. see the full story on our home page, pbs.org/newshour. >> woodruff: tune in later this evening on charlie rose, former chairman of the joint chiefs michael mullen on the iran nuclear deal. and that's the newshour for tonight.

on friday, we'll look at diversity in baseball. how america's pastime is reflecting changes in the country. i'm judy woodruff. >> ifill: and i'm gwen ifill. we'll see you on-line, and again here tomorrow evening with mark shields and david brooks. for all of us here at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ moving our economy for 160 years. bnsf, the engine that connects us. >> lincoln financial-- committed to helping you take

charge of your life and become you're own chief life officer. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and... >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

this is "nightly busines report" with tyler mathisen sue herera. it is a good deal. a deal that meets our core objectives. this framework would cut off every pathway that iran could take to develop a nuclear weapon. >> world leaders reach a historic understanding with iran over its nuclear program and the oil market and investors take notice. piece to the puzzle. wage growth missing from the jobs picture but is that about to change with tomorrow's employment report? and keep on trucking. what the big rig industry has working in its favor that other sectors don't. all that and more for "nightly business report," thursday april 2nd. >> good evening, everyone. and welcome. investors across the globe