captioning sponsored by wnet >> sreenivasan: on this edition for saturday, june 27: after a dramatic week at the supreme court, a look at some decisions still to come; examining the cases against suspected isis members here at home; and in our signature segment, the damaging of effects stress can have on young children, especially those living in poverty. >> reporter: one night, the children asleep upstairs, bullets came flying through the windows and door, just feet from where she was sitting. >> sreenivasan: next on pbs newshour weekend. >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by:

corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we are your retirement company. additional support is provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios in lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasan. >> sreenivasan: good evening, and thanks for joining us. even though the u.s. supreme court ruled friday the constitution guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry in all 50 states some states are not issuing marriage licenses, at least not yet. hopeful couples have been turned away in parts of mississippi, alabama, texas and louisiana. some officials say they're waiting for lower courts to officially lift bans on same-sex marriage. mississippi's attorney general says that's why the supreme

court's decision is not immediately effective there. alabama's supreme court chief justice is advising county judges to delay issuing the marriage licenses saying the ruling "destroyed the foundation of our country, which is family." in texas, some county clerks did issue licenses, but governor greg abbott says no texan will be required by the supreme court's decision to act contrary to his or her religious beliefs regarding marriage. louisiana governor and republican presidential candidate bobby jindal says the high court's decision tramples on states' rights once protected by the 10th amendment. two women married in connecticut say they hope mississippi will recognize their union soon. >> i'm very disappointed. this is my home state. i want to be legally married in my home state. >> sreenivasan: joining me now is the chief washington correspondent for the "national law journal," marcia coyle. yesterday we talked a lot about the impact of the gay marge ruling, but there are a couple of other big rulings. we know court rulings at the supreme court are small, but the ones that are coming up on

monday are pretty important. let's talk a little bit. that. >> absolutely hari. there are three cases that are left. there is a very important case involving the environment and the authority of the environmental protection agency to regulate mercury emissions from electric power plant. in that case it's a question of whether the e.p.a. the federal agency, should have considered the coff of its regulation before deciding whether to regulate the mercury emissions. there's a second case that's very important in terms of how states-- state legislatures in particular reapportion congressional districts. arizona created an independent commission to do the redrawing of district lines following each census. and it did that because, as we've seen all around the country, redistricting has become a very partisan effort in state legislatures.

the arizona state legislature challenged the use of an independent commission, claiming that it violated the elections clause in the federal constitution claims that that clause gives the authority the right to state legislatures to redraw district lines. and finally, the death penalty which is never far from the supreme court's docket. this is a case involving lethal injection, and a particular drug medalozom, that was useed by oklahoma not too long ago, as a replacement drug for the drug in its three-drug protocol that is usually used to make someone unconscious while the other two drugs are administered. oklahoma used medalazom as a substitute, and we saw reports how far the drug really didn't make someone-- make the death row inmate unconscious long

enough for the other drugs to be administered. and in some cases, the execution lasted-- one execution 20 minutes, in others the inmate was seen to gasp, and in another, the inmate actually talked and said, "this isn't working." so a challenge has been brought to the use of that particular drug, and we will get a decision i believe on monday as to whether that-- use of that drug is cruel and unusual punishment under the 8th amendment to the institution. >> sreenivasan: looking back to the cases the high-profile case of the affordable care act and the gay marriage case, what was interesting is chief justice roberts in his votes, one direction in one case, another direction in the other case. he has become one of the more surprising justices. >> if we take away anything from this particular term it is even though the court has a five-yesterday conservative

majority, those five conservatives are not all the same, just as not all democrats are the same or all catholics are the same. they have different approaches to how they interpret statutes, how they read the constitution. and we saw that play out in the health care case, as well as same-sex marriage. >> sreenivasan: so while these two cases might be win for liberal thought liberal ideology, this doesn't make an entire season or an entire court. >> no, it doesn't, hari, and i think we have to be cautious about labeling the court okay so now we've had two liberal-- huge liberal-leaning decisions. this is a liberal supreme court. i really believe that each term tells its own story, depending on the makeup of the cases the mix of cases, that come to the court and end up on its docket. i can remember during the

rehnquist years that there were some terms that were left leaning, other terms that were right leaning. this term the cases that came played out to the left side of the court. >> sreenivasan: all right marcia coyle from the "national law journal," thanks so much. >> oh, my pleasure, hari. take care. >> sreenivasan: isis has been attacking targets throughout the middle east and increasingly around world over the past few weeks and months. its leadership has asked for supporters to carry out attacks whereever they can, including some soft targets, places like city centers and resorts. yesterday, three separate attacks on three continents injured and killed dozens. itn's neil connery reports from the hospital where many of the injured were taken in tunisia after the attack at a seaside resort left at least 38 dead. >> reporter: this is the moment terror arrived in sousse. as the attack got under way hundreds of tourists, many of them british, ran for their

lives. ross thompson and rebecca smith from coventry were both spurred. ross was shot in the foot but kept running. >>the trauma of the past 24 hours filled these hospital rooms. tony callahan and his wife are among the injured. >> reporter: he shows me the bullet-ridden belongings that saved her life.

>> reporter: so many lives taken here, so many changed forever, and some still hanging in the think about. >> sreenivasan: monday marks the first full year since isis declared the "caliphate," an islamic state, part of the justification for its terror campaign across the middle east. just this week, isis claimed responsibility for deadly attacks in tunisia and kuwait and is suspected of an attack in france. the justice department has estimated at least 2,700 westerners have traveled to join isis in the fighting in syria including some from the u.s. now, a new study from fordham university law school shows arrests in the u.s. for allegedly supporting isis are growing. since last march of 2014, federal prosecutors have charged 56 people for supporting isis. law enforcement killed three other suspects. fordham researchers say most of the accused are u.s. citizens. more than 60% of those charged are 21 or younger, and more than

80% of the cases involved recruitment with social media. i'm joined now by the head of that study, the director of fordham's center on national security, karen greenberg. so first i want to ask what do we see about the patterns of these people who have been accused and charged but not janet found guilty? >> there are basically three categories of individuals being charged-- those who want to facilitate and recruit others to join isis. those who want to go abroad as foreign fighters to join the caliphate, and those who want to exwhit some kind of domestic terror attack in the united states. and the patterns are largely that these are increasingly young men and women hoare drawn to isis for a variety of reasons, who are from an exceptionally broad background. there's no way to say a particular ethnic group or national origin or religion or anything initially is what motivates these individuals. >> sreenivasan: so a lot of these cases have material support as one of the charges that they have. what is material support in this

day and age? >> material support is a very broad category that is used more and more by law enforcement since 9/11 for if you want to give-- it could be anything from money to providing yourself to a foreign cause of a designated foreign terrorist organization. and it's extremely broad, and therefore very popular among law enforcement. for some it's overly broad. >> sreenivasan: you know, i don't have to be an a.c.l.u. lawyer to say there's a shift from reacting to terror attacks to preventing terror attacks encroach on other freems of how i want to express myself? >> the interesting thing about the isis case is the question, "are these the same or different from the 550 prior cases of terrorism-related arrests that we saw since 9/11?" and to some except, these feel a little different. and you're right. if it's about expression if it'sing about bdoing very little, if it's about being led by the f.b.i. towards many pieces of the incipient crime

that's one thing. but there does seem to be some kind of new element here, new feeling and that's why we did thed is. >>thed is. >> sreenivasan: one of the new elements was social media. so many are lured through social media. i'm wondering does law enforcement use that same social media to catch them? >> that's what we need to find out more about. they've talked about using social media for a counter-narrative. they've talked about using social media to identify them. and you see in the complaint they point to twitter. they point to facebook. they point to a variety of different apps, instagram, for example, as ways they found these individuals and then were alerted to them and began to track them and follow them. so it's important both in the recruitment and in the recurring. >> sreenivasan: all right karen greenberg, from >> sreenivasan: learn more about how isis has used social media to recruit supporters. watch my interview with two experts on islamic extremism online at www.pbs.org/newshour. tonight's signature segment is part of our continuing series

exploring poverty and opportunity in america. we call it "chasing the dream." a growing body of research shows that the stress of growing up in poverty can have long-term effects on children's brains and cognitive development. our story focuses on a program in connecticut that's become a national model for addressing the impact of what's known as" toxic stress." newshour correspondent megan thompson reports. >> reporter: it's snack time at the home of ruth fajardo in norwalk, connecticut, an hour outside new york city. >> how was school? >> good. >> reporter: ruth, a 26-year-old immigrant from honduras, checks in with her four young kids, a normal family scene; but, four years ago, the family was in a different place. >> everything was a disaster. >> reporter: ruth was a stay-at- home mom living alone with her kids in public housing. the children's father, a house painter who supported the family, had gone back to honduras.

one night, while the children were sleeping upstairs, bullets came flying through the windows and front door. >> everything was breaking in the kitchen, the glass and the mirrors and everything. everything was like a horror movie. >> reporter: it was a random, drive-by shooting. ruth's children weren't physically hurt, but her older daughters, andrea and michele, can't shake the memory. >> yeah, i was scared. i was crying. >> i thought i would die. >> because my mom, she could have gotten shot, too. so, i was scared that she was going to die. >> and we would go in a foster home. >> reporter: that didn't happen but ruth, with no job, no driver's license and no high school diploma, was scraping by on cash from having sold the two family cars. ruth moved in with her mother. she and the four kids shared one room. >> i was really sad. having them all together and sleeping on one mattress was

messed up. i felt it wasn't fair. >> reporter: she felt like she couldn't help her kids, including the second-oldest, who was being bullied at school, crying all the time and hiding in the closet. ruth fell into a deep depression. >> everything stress me, i get angry easily, so my kids were like that. they were screaming at each other. they were fighting a lot. so, i thought i was transmitting that to them. >> reporter: you were transmitting that. >> yes. >> reporter: jack shonkoff is a pediatrician and director of the harvard center on the developing child. he says stressful situations provoke a physical response. >> automatically, our heart rate goes up, our blood pressure goes up, stress hormone levels rise in the blood, our blood sugar goes up. it's the biology of the "fight or flight" response. >> reporter: shonkoff says, for children, stress is normal and fine in the short-term, but chronic, long-term exposure to stress is something very different.

he calls this "toxic stress." shonkoff's research shows toxic stress can have profound consequences for human bodies and brains, especially in young children. >> toxic stress is creating a different kind of... of chemical environment in the brain that is toxic stress can disrupt brain circuits that will basically create a weaker foundation for a lot of circuitry that's essential for learning, for memory, for solving problems for following rules, for controlling impulses. >> reporter: anyone can experience toxic stress, but shonkoff says poverty presents the type of chronic adversity that can cause it. low-income families are also more likely to live in neighborhoods with high rates of crime, drug abuse and failing schools. over the last few years, many other scientists have also found links between growing up poor and differences in cognitive development. will all kids who grow up in a high-poverty situation

experience toxic stress or the long-term effects of toxic stress? >> one thing that's absolutely clear is that not all children growing up in poverty are experiencing toxic stress. toxic stress has to do with the extent to which adults in a child's life are buffering that child from the stressors around the family, and building the child's ability to cope and adapt, which is building resilience. and the most... the most at-risk group are parents who themselves grew up in poverty, who are victims of abuse and neglect. >> reporter: when ruth was a baby, her mother left for the u.s. >> i was 18 month when she left me with my grandma in honduras. >> reporter: she was raised by her grandmother, who was illiterate. then, she experienced trauma as a young teen. >> i was molested, but nobody in my family knew. >> reporter: she never got help and struggled after coming to

the u.s. four years ago, isolated and with few resources she plunged into depression. >> and we know the impact of depression on young children is devastating. >> reporter: darcy lowell is a pediatrician and founder of child first, a non-profit group that works with low-income families in connecticut, and helped ruth fajardo. lowell says low-income moms like ruth experience depression at rates much higher than the average. and depression can make it harder to provide the nurturing relationship so vital for children's development. >> that relationship is the foundation of not just emotional development and mental health; it is the foundation for cognition, for school readiness, for a sense of competence. and that's what leads to children to be successful in their lives. >> reporter: ruth didn't realize the costs of not interacting

with her kids. >> when they try to make me read, i just tell them "i don't like reading." i didn't pay attention to school work or checking their backpacks. and my kids always are bugging me, "let's go to the park, let's go... let's go outside," and i couldn't because i was feeling down. >> reporter: did it seem like your mom was happy or did it seem like your mom used to be sad? >> sad. >> a little mad. >> her eyes are red, and her face is red. >> and sometimes water is in her eyes. >> reporter: and how did that make you guys feel, to see her like that? >> sad so... >> i felt guilty because i made my mom feel sad. >> reporter: ruth says one day she saw her oldest daughter playing with the other kids pretending to be ruth. >> and she started screaming at them, "stop fighting you're going to get everything ruined," and "you're bad kids," and stuff like that. and when i saw her being so mean

with the other ones, screaming, that's when i started looking for help. >> reporter: ruth found child first, which provides home visits and counseling at no cost to a thousand low-income families in connecticut. >> hi, guys! >> reporter: a pair of child first counselors visited ruth's vl mily for about two years. a care coordinator found ruth a spanish-speaking therapist, who helped diagnose ruth and get her on medication. she also helped ruth obtain a driver's license, clothes and food from local charities, and enrolled her kids in pre-school and summer programs. >> how's she doing? developmentally, she's doing okay? >> yes. they just did tests at school, so she passed. >> reporter: at the same time ruth learned better parenting skills... >> do you want to have your own time right now? >> reporter: ...the importance of listening to her kids instead of punishing them talking about their feelings and modeling good behavior.

the kids did activities to help them learn how to cooperate more and fight less and how to better manage their emotions. >> this is how he handles now his anger. before, he scream and messed up everything, like fighting. >> reporter: a 2011 study compared 78 children in the child first program to children not in the program. it showed a 68% drop in language problems and a 42% drop in aggressive behavior. for moms, there was a 64% decrease in depression and other mental health problems. but with about a quarter-million children living in low-income families in connecticut alone, the group struggles to meet the demand for its services, which it estimates cost about $7,800 for a family of four. >> when i think about 300 children on the waitlist here in connecticut and their families it's very hard. we're going for the source of the problem, we're going for the root of the problem.

>> reporter: today, ruth and her family are in a much better place. >> my depression is practically gone. i feel so better. now, i'm more empowered, energetic. >> reporter: two weeks ago ruth graduated high school and was selected to give a speech about overcoming obstacles. her story featured on the local evening news. she now works two part-time jobs, and the children's father has joined them. >> i got an a++! >> wow! that means you did way awesome. >> reporter: her next goals: college, and then she wants to buy a house. but this family of six lives on about $30,000 a year-- still near the federal poverty line-- and they still rely on food stamps and medicaid. but ruth says, she's more equipped now to handle whatever comes their way. >> i can say i'm happy, and i can tell i'm transmitting happiness to my kids.

>> this is pbs newshour weekend saturday. >> sreenivasan: secretary of state john kerry is back in vienna tonight, hoping to meet tuesday's looming deadline for a deal on iran's nuclear program. and there are signs of progress. negotiators are focused on a u.s.-backed plan: tehran would effectively sell its nuclear material to be used as reactor fuel. in return, the u.s., britain, china, france, germany and russia would ease economic sanctions. another deadline is looming this one for greece, where eurozone officials have just rejected the latest financial bailout offer. greece is supposed to make a 1.6 billion euro payment tuesday. it owes 245 billion total. but greece says it can't afford the payment, and it needs another financial bailout. if negotiators can't come up with a deal, greece could be kicked out of the eurozone, potentially throwing the nation into bankruptcy. in south carolina, the funerals

for three more shooting victims are being held in charleston today. all three are being eulogized in the same church where they and six others were gunned down june 18. south carolina governor nikki haley, senator tim scott and the reverend jesse jackson attended the funeral for 54-year-old cynthia hurd, a local librarian. 26-year-old tywanza sanders and 87-year-old susie jackson are also being laid to rest. before church services this morning, a woman scaled the 30- foot flagpole at the statehouse and pulled down the confederate flag. she was arrested and authorities re-raised the flag shortly after. and in alaska, hundreds of individual wildfires have been burning across the state. the state just recorded its warmest may ever, and its lowest snow totals in recent history. state officials say wildfires have devoured more than 428,000 acres this season. that's roughly the size of the city of los angeles. on pbs newshour weekend tomorrow, the origins of conflict in kenya's war with al shabab. >> al shabab is extremely active

here, and it is recruiting young kenyans. >> by living here, it's like there's no hope of life. >> sreenivasan: more than 225 people were injured when a flammable powder exploded over a stageitate taormina crowded water park in taiwan. people used inner tubes to take the injured to safety. in greece today, more than a third of the a.t.m.s reportedly ran out of cash before greek banks replenished them. greek may have to go back to the drachma if it cannot come up with a deal to pay back millions of euros in debt. i'm hari sreenivasan. thank you for watching. captioning sponsored by wnet captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

>> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we are your retirement company. additional support is provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.

announcer: explore new worlds and new ideas through programs like this made available for everyone through contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. announcer: ladies and gentlemen patti page! ♪ i was dancing with my darling ♪ ♪ to the tennessee waltz ♪ ♪ when an old friend i happened to see ♪ ♪ introduced her to my loved one ♪ ♪ and while they were dancing ♪ ♪ my friend stole my sweetheart from me ♪