captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> woodruff: time is running out for an iran nuclear deal. another deadline passes with a final agreement still out of reach. good evening, i'm judy woodruff. >> ifill: and i'm gwen ifill. also ahead this tuesday: a different way of looking at the crisis in greece. how economic uncertainty leads to emotional despair >> if greece and its partners won't find a solution, the other better and we have more that is probably going to bring more suicides than we already have. >> woodruff: plus, a team of researchers hardwire underground volcanoes to discover the mysteries of eruptions and ocean life. >> ifill: those are some of the stories we're covering on tonight's pbs newshour.

>> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and... >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> woodruff: the government of afghanistan confirmed today it has opened direct talks with the taliban. it's their first, formal face- to-face encounter since a u.s. coalition ousted the taliban from power in 2001. afghan president ashraf ghani said the goal is to "change this 'meeting' into a process of

continuing talks." officials said the talks are taking place in pakistan's capital city, islamabad. >> ifill: u.s. strategy to defeat the islamic state came in for heavy criticism today from senate republicans. john mccain, chairing the armed services committee, challenged the president's policies on isis at a hearing. >> there is no compelling reason to believe that anything we are doing currently will be sufficient to achieve the president's long-stated goal of degrading or ultimately destroying isil, either in the short term or the long term. our means and our current level of effort are not aligned with our ends. that suggests we are not winning, and when you're not winning in war, you are losing. >> ifill: defense secretary ashton carter conceded only 60 syrians have been trained to fight islamic state forces so far. >> this number is much smaller than we'd hoped for at this point, partly because of the

vetting standards. we make sure that they, for example, aren't going to pose a green-on-blue threat to their trainers; that they don't have any history of atrocities. these are all things that are required of us, and that they're going-- they're willing to engage in the campaign in a way that's compliant with the law of armed conflict. >> ifill: meanwhile, inside syria, kurdish fighters, backed by u.s. air strikes, recaptured 10 villages from islamic state control. the kurds have been advancing toward the militants' de facto capital. >> woodruff: in yemen, fighting has flared again, and with it the number of deaths. local residents and shiite rebels say nearly 200 people were killed yesterday. many died in air strikes by saudi arabia and its allies. today, air assaults badly damaged the rebels' political offices. the group has iran's support while the saudis back yemen's government in exile. >> ifill: violence also surged again in nigeria, where a bomb

blast killed at least 25 people. it targeted civil servants at a government building on the outskirts of zaria, in the northern part of the country. attacks by the islamist militant group boko haram have killed several hundred people in recent days. >> woodruff: this was a day of remembrance in britain, marking ten years since the terrorist attacks in london on july 7, 2005. 52 people died when four suicide bombers attacked london's transport system. victims' relatives, politicians and royalty marked the day at a service in saint paul's cathedral in london. flower petals drifted down during a nationwide minute of silence. a separate service brought relatives and survivors to hyde park. emma craig was 14 years old at the time of the attacks. >> quite often people say, "it didn't break us. terrorism won't break us." the fact is, it may not have broken london, but it did break some of us.

sometimes i feel that people are so hellbent on trying to make a point about terrorism not breaking us that they forget about all the people that got caught up in it. not for my sake but for those that were killed on that day and their families, they are the people that we are here today to remember. may we never forget. >> woodruff: britain is currently on its second highest alert level, "severe." that's mainly because of the threat posed by britons who've become islamic state fighters. >> ifill: eurozone leaders today called a final summit on the greek crisis, for sunday. that came after they came away empty-handed from a meeting with prime minister alexis tsipras. instead, the parties spiraled closer to a so-called "grexit"-- a greek exit from the eurozone. jonathan rugman of independent television news reports from brussels. >> reporter: alexis tsipras, supposedly under pressure to present a new reform plan for

serious talks to begin. but this relaxed looking greek bearing no such written gift today. his unspoken message, perhaps, that he won't sign a bad deal just because the germans want him to. and the row over greece's future now perilously close to dividing its european creditors. francois hollande of france fearful of greece's exit and desperate for compromise. >> ( translated ): we want greece to stay in the eurozone. that is our aim. but to achieve this we expect greece to make some substantial and real proposals. we wait for them. >> reporter: yet the word forgiveness, forgiveness of more greek debt, is not in chancellor merkel's vocabulary. and she won't sign a bad deal for germany just because grexit is the alternative. >> ( translated ): it's not about weeks here anymore. it's about a few days. >> reporter: after more than five months of often acrimonious negotiations with the greeks, confidence in athens is at a very low ebb here.

all day we've heard senior european government officials saying that they are waiting for serious and credible proposals for greek reform. instead it seems that the greeks turned up with no concrete proposals at all. but the new greek finance minister euclid tsakalotos was giving nothing of his gameplan away. in stark contrast to his outspoken predecessor, who was sacked yesterday, to help pave the way for a deal. here's looking at euclid, as one irish newspaper put it today. the closest to concrete proposals: some bullet points apparently written on hotel note paper. though a written document is expected to be delivered here tomorrow. latvia's finance minister telling me he could scarcely believe how little the greeks had told him. >> ( translated ): we were very surprised and shocked by what we saw. we were expecting more. we have been waiting for over five months. we have been waiting over the

past two days to get a response to see what the greeks ready to do in order to save their own country and to help themselves, but we haven't received that. >> reporter: and talk of greece leaving the euro now out in the open. >> i would like to be honest with you so i cannot exclude. >> reporter: so tonight, mr. tsipras has been talking to a german chancellor who has said there is no basis for negotiations. and so greek exit is more a probability than it was only yesterday. >> ifill: the greek leader also spoke by phone with president obama. the white house urged europe to try to reach a resolution that promotes growth and stability in greece. >> woodruff: back in this country, there's a news report the u.s. army plans to cut 40,000 troops from its ranks in the next two years. and, 17,000 civilian workers will also be laid off. according to "usa today," the plan is to be announced this

week. it would leave an army of about 450,000 soldiers. some of the downsizing has been expected, as u.s. involvement in iraq and afghanistan wound down. >> ifill: the man accused in the mass shootings in charleston, south carolina was indicted today on additional charges. prosecutors added three counts of attempted murder against dylann roof. he'd already been charged with murdering nine people at a historic black church. >> woodruff: in the presidential campaign, democrat hillary clinton went after donald trump and his fellow republicans on immigration. she told cnn that the g.o.p. should have condemned trump for remarks on mexican migrants that drew widespread criticism. >> i feel very bad and disappointed with him and with the republican party for not responding immediately and saying enough, stop it.

but they are all in the same general area on immigration. >> woodruff: clinton said she favors a path to citizenship for migrants, while the republican hopefuls do not. >> ifill: heroin abuse in the u.s. has risen dramatically over the last decade. the centers for disease control and prevention reported today the number of users grew by nearly 300,000 people over the 10-year period between 2002 and 2013. use of the drug doubled among white americans, even as it leveled off in other racial groups. the increase was driven in part by the falling price of heroin. >> woodruff: the world health organization is urging more countries to hike taxes on cigarettes. the u.n. health agency reported today the tax needs to be more than 75% of the retail price before people are deterred from smoking. agency figures show around six million people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses. >> ifill: and on wall street

today, the dow jones industrial average gained more than 90 points to close above 17,775. the nasdaq rose five points, and the s&p added 12. still to come on the newshour: talks for a nuclear deal with iran are extended once again. a surge of suicides in financially troubled greece. violence heats up in cities across the u.s. and, a deposition shows bill cosby admitted he obtained drugs in order to have sex with women. >> woodruff: the latest deadline to reach a nuclear weapons agreement with iran came and went today, with no deal to show for it. iran, the united states, and five other major world powers will keep negotiating for a long-term agreement that tackles some of its most contentious issues. no new formal deadline has been

set, and at the white house today, press secretary josh earnest said there won't be a deal until the sticking points are resolved. >> the president will not accept any sort of an agreement that falls short of the political commitments that were made back in april and as secretary kerry himself said back on sunday, we have never been closer to reaching a final agreement than we are now. >> woodruff: for more on the iran nuclear talks, we turn to indira lakshmanan of bloomberg news. she is in vienna and i spoke to her a short while ago. indira, welcome. so what is the significance of missing this? the americans wanted this deadline. the iranians really didn't. >> well i mean, this is the fifth deadline diplomats have missed in the iran talks in the last two years.

i say deadline but really they're self-imposed target dates that the six powers in iran have set for each other trying to reach some aspect of the agreement at each point. now, we've missed this deadline. what they have done in the meantime is extended until friday the interim agreement that gives temporary limited advantages relief to iran in exchange for freezing their nuclear program where it is now and stopping the most sensitive nuclear work they do. but diplomats made clear on both sides that even though they're trying to get this deal by friday, now, there is no guarantee that will happen, that talks could continue after friday or could simply fail, we have been told. >> woodruff: what are the main unresolved issues? what's known about that? >> well, we heard from the russian foreign minister sergey lavrov that the arms embargo imposed on the united nations remains a big sticking point. iran wants it listed and the

u.n. and negotiating partners insisted it cannot be lifted and they've also said they want the missile program to not to be. if they can't get a deal by friday, it doubles the time the u.s. congress has to review the deal. if they get it by friday, congress only has 30 days to give a thumbs up or down. if they don't give it by friday congress has two months to go over and pick over every single detail of the deal. >> woodruff: indira, what are you hearing about the atmospherics, about how it's going behind closed doors? >> well, it's incredibly tense and exhausting, as you can imagine. this is 22 months of negotiations. a senior american official told us tonight they calculated they had taken 69 trips across the

atlantic. this is the second fourth of july the team spent in vienna. it's 100 degrees. the air conditioning is not up to snuff for that weather. there was quite a heated exchange last night between iranian foreign minister zarif and the other foreign ministers. no slamming of doors but tempers flared as they pressed him to make concessions he didn't want to make. so i think everybody is getting to the end of their rope. the americans have told us, no matter how tired they, are they're not going to settle for a deal that as the president said, is less than what they agreed to in april in lausanne, and if they can't get that good deal, there will be no deal. an american official said they felt it would be a tragedy if they had gotten this far but couldn't get a deal but at the same time are not willing to accept a substandard deal that wouldn't even make it through

congress' muster. >> woodruff: what are the expectations, that they will come together in the end and is the u.s. and its allies, the countries it's negotiating with across the table from iran, are they sticking together? >> so far, from what we understand, they are sticking together, which is interesting because there is certainly a lofto tensions between the united states and russia, to say the least, over ukraine, syria, and other issues. but what we're told by the americans that despite their differences they will stick together along with the europeans and chinese and have a solid position they're coming to iran with. one little development we heard today is the accent issue for u.n. atomic inspectors, looks like that may be something they may be in the process of resolving or may be resolved. the americans say nothing is agreed until everything is agreed. it'sreich a rubrics cube and every piece has to fall in place. i think it's more likely than not they will get a deal by friday but they prepared us for

the possibility that, if iran doesn't make the so-called tough political decisions it needs to, that these talks could, in fact collapse and we would be in completely new territory, judy. >> woodruff: well, indira you and the rest of the press corps and the rest of the world continues to wait. thank you. >> thank you. >> ifill: now, another look at how greece's strained economy is affecting its people. for the first four months of 2014, the budget for greece's 132 hospitals was $735 million. this year, that number dropped to $50 million, a precipitous decline that has placed predictable stress on the nation's medical system. now, psychiatrists and other medical practitioners warn that deepening poverty will lead to an increase in suicides and preventable deaths. newshour special correspondent malcolm brabant reports from athens.

>> reporter: it's a letter that no one should have to read. the suicide note left by 77- year-old pharmacist dimitris christoulas is now a treasured possession of his daughter emmy. >> ( translated ): if one greek was to take up a kalashnikov, i would be the second. but since i am too old to react actively and physically, i find no other solution than that of a dignified exit before i begin searching through the garbage for my food. i believe that one day, because the younger generation have no future, they will take up arms and hang the traitors of the nation upside down in syntagma square just as the italians did in 1945 with mussolini. >> reporter: christoulas shot himself beneath this pine tree in athens syntagma square, where opponents urged greek voters to reject the international austerity programme in last weekend's referendum, and right in front of parliament at which the suicide note was aimed. one of the first on the scene was doorman panos kyriakopoulos. >> ( translated ): everyone who works around here was dreadfully upset as well as those who were passing by. it was so unexpected-- a man blowing his brains out in syntagma square-- it was

terrible, just terrible' >> reporter: it's been three years since the suicide, and emmy christoula has come to terms with her father's motive. dimitris was not depressed. he was a left winger. and his death was a political act. >> ( translated ): look. at a personal level, the loss is always tremendous because here we are talking about a relationship which was exceptionally good, a very strong relationship throughout all the years of my life based on a really strong and rich emotional foundation. but yes. the fact that my father decided to break the silence of our own social suicide, of our own society, doesn't ease the pain but it makes me proud. >> reporter: this is greece's suicide hotline. callers who are so depressed they are considering killing themselves can be connected to an on duty psychiatrist elsewhere in the country, who will attempt to convince them life is worth living. since the crisis, suicides have increased by roughly 50%.

recently though numbers went down. but aris violatzis, chief psychologist of the klimaka suicide prevention organisation, warns the upward trend could return. >> if things will get worse, if greece and its partners won't find a solution, the other european countries, our partners won't help the situation to get better and we have more unemployment in the future, that is probably going to bring more suicides than we already have. now this is something that must be taken into account. by the other european countries. >> reporter: the strain of austerity is everywhere. this taxi driver developed a stress related skin rash complaint after he paid nearly $200,000 dollars for his cab and operating license, and its value went down by two thirds.

>> reporter: the collapsing medical system, like the increase in suicides, are both symptoms of austerity in greece. >> ( translated ): i have no insurance. i have no pension. i have nothing. >> reporter: pensioner dionyssia michaelidou has come with her unemployed daughter depsina to athens' elpis hospital where they know they can obtain vital medication for free. according to the director, the hospital is currently acting illegally because it is serving people who don't have state medical coverage. at the start of the crisis the hospital's annual budget was over $20 million, now its down to about eight. the director theo giannaros is on a mission to save lives. >> with this problem, the next months, even the insured people aren't going to get the proper treatment. the new therapies are very expensive. so like other countries in the

balkans, if they have a very strange disease, they are getting aspirins. but aspirins can't save their lives. so if we don't have any money, our treatments are going to be aspirins, or red peppers like in africa etcetera. >> reporter: isidoros tsagas is in remission from an aggressive thoracic cancer only because he was able to receive free medication and treatment from the elpis hospital. >> this hospital saved my life. otherwise i was dead. except for a miracle, except for god. we are a country, a member of the european union. so all of the political governments have to care about that. and have the health in first priorities. >> reporter: european charities gave the hospital a mobile

intensive care unit to treat patients who couldn't leave their homes, but greek bureaucracy prevented the ambulance from being registered, and it has not been used for eighteen months. as greece teeters on the brink, drug supplies are running low. pharmaceutical companies are owed more than $1 billion and haven't been paid since december. in the past the companies have temporarily refused to supply drugs because of unpaid debts. but for the time being, they have pledged to maintain the flow of medicine. >> what is happening here is a crime against humanity. and for these things, for example some yugoslavs, during the wars of yugoslavia, they've been brought to the international court for human rights, for crimes against humanity because they killed some hundreds, here some thousands are going to die, or have died already. >> reporter: the impact of austerity on the medical

is just one of many reasons why greeks voted to reject the european union's latest bail out offer and its strict conditions. the victory of the no campaign uplifted emmy christoula. >> ( translated ): a person who has lived to the age of 77 with a collective vision and not the egocentric, egotistical and personal way of life and has fought many battles in especially difficult times-- because greece has been through an exceptional number of trials and tribulations throughout history who decides not to express this vision in an egotistical way but by sacrificing his own life to relay the message of this collective vision. we can only consider his death as a non selfish act, and probably the most humane act of his life. >> reporter: but as europe decides whether to cut off greece's financial lifeline, a symbolic act beneath an old pine tree three years ago resonates louder than ever. for the pbs newshour, this is malcolm brabant in athens. >> woodruff: the precise numbers of suicides in greece are very hard to determine, although an

estimated 12,000 have taken place since the onset of economic austerity. klimaka, the suicide prevention organization malcolm visited in his report, attributes the underreporting to cultural stigma and the difficulty in getting a christian funeral in such an overwhelmingly orthodox nation. >> ifill: against the backdrop of high-profile tragedies in charleston, baltimore and other cities, additional troubling statistics have come to light-- a spike in day-to-day gun violence in a number of cities across the nation. that's led to double-digit jumps in st. louis... in baltimore... and in chicago, where 10 people were killed over the fourth of july weekend. there are as many theories of why, as there are people tasked to address the problem. we talk now to three of them: stephanie rawlings-blake is the

mayor of baltimore, which has struggled with a surge in violence this summer that predated the high-profile death of freddie gray in policy custody. mitch landreiu is the mayor of new orleans, where shootings are down this year. and gary slutkin is the founder and executive director of cure violence, a national initiative to stop violence in ten cities including chicago, new orleans and baltimore. welcome to you all. gary slutkin, we heard about the incredible rash of killings this weekend in chicago and you've studied it there as well as other places. what's going on? >> well, i think what's usually missing in the conversation around violence is it's epidemic nature itself. in other words, it's its contagious nature. we know more about violence now than ten or 15 years ago, and you never really know what gets something going. in the u.s., now, some of the cities are going up and some are not, but when it gets going, it

perpetuates itself to a certain extent. that's what's happening. what is most relevant is whether you can get the right things into place to cool this epidemic, this type of epidemic down. and this is being done in baltimore and in some of the neighborhoods in new orleans and some of the neighborhoods in chicago and also in several other cities. >> ifill: i wanted to ask mayor rawlings-blake about that, because of the point you made about what's happening in baltimore. a lot of attention in baltimore most having to do with what some call a riot some call it an uprising in your city streets. but this problem was there, already. what's going on in your city? >> the problem of violence predates me and has been part of baltimore's history for decades, and dr. slutkin is right.

it calls for a hands-on approach. in our nation we've been able to get the homicides down to the lowest number since the '70s, but baltimore is still a much too much violent city. when we did that by ememployeing the safe streets, operation cease fire community policing, we've seen success and an uptick in homicides and violence since the unrest we had in the city. we've also seen an uptick in arrests, and we know we're not going to be able to arrest our way out of it. it's going to take the focus like safe streets, cease fire, the community policing but also addressing some of these underlying issues that impact not just baltimore but cities across our country. >> ifill: mayor lain driewrks you used the term culture of violence. someexplain to me what you mean by

that? >> i think we have a national epidemic in america people walk by every day. we're seeing the uprisings in ferguson and baltimore and the unsettlings of the nature of policing in the community which is real and has to be fixed. even when that's going on across america, pretty much every day, we'll lose 40 americans. since 1980, we've lost 680,000 americans on the streets to some kind of violence. that's what i call cultural violence. a behavioral pattern that develops over time that looks like when there's a minor disrespect or beef, the way the individuals are are resolving the problem is through violence, usually attend of a gun. it's epidemic and you see it across the country. it spikes from time to time. statistically, we don't know why murders go up and absoluters go down or vice versa and dr. dpear gary garyslutkin can give you more information about this. you can't just police your way

out of it but police are ant important part, that's why community policing and the interruption are important. when you think of it as a public health and criminal perspective you get a sense of the all hands on deck approach we have to take to reduce the violence on the street that in my opinion is a cultural behavioral pattern. >> ifill: gary slutkin i remember this conversation last year when there was another wave of fourth of july violence in chicago. so what's the answer to the question about what underlies this and what communities should be doing about it. >> well what the communities have at their hands now that they didn't have before is much more of as mayor landrieu said, the health approach, so now we can put into place interrupters and other types of health workers in order to treat it like we treat ebola. and as far as chicago goes for example, you just have this very, very awful fourth of july weekend in chicago but there were zero killings, in fact even

zero shootings in the inglewood neighborhood, which is notorious, because a large number of health workers were trained to interrupt and to prevent spread and to keep events from happening. same thing happened last year on memorial day in four neighborhoods in baltimore when the city itself was having a big outbreak, the four neighborhoods in baltimore that were using safe streets which is also a cure violence adaptation had zero. in baltimore, there were four neighborhoods that -- two neighborhoods had over a year without a killing using the health approach. adding this health approach is really shifting the response of the epidemic in a different way. >> mayor rawlings-blake -- that's exactly what i was about to say. we have one community that was very violent when i was coming up in baltimore called cherry hill in south baltimore. they have been over 400 days without a homicide, and that is -- growing up in baltimore,

you would know that neighborhood, and that statistic would even be more remarkable. so i agree, it's important that we expand that public health approach. the challenge is to make sure that, not just in baltimore that we get it right, but everywhere, where you take that public health approach, you have to have the public health workers trained and the right ones that can make it work and that's what we are doing in baltimore with our expansion of safe streets to make sure that we have the right community associations, the right interrupters that are out there in our street teams that can be helpful. we have seen progress, but just as mayor landrieu was saying, we continue to see spikes in some areas, and my hope is that i will have an opportunity as president of the conference of mayors, with my second vice president mayor landrieu, to bring national attention to issues facing our cities so we can look at not just the models

to help reduce violence but to develop a national agenda for cities to take a look at the resources that have been cut off from the federal government. congress has scaled back support for cities for decades, and i don't think it's a surprise that the violence and particularly the gun violence has had an inverse -- you know, that while the investments have gone down, the violence has gone up and my hope is that, over this year, we'll develop an agenda that will help reverse that trend. >> ifill: mayor landrieu, i'm not sure there is an answer to this, but i think the president brought this up a couple of weeks ago in charleston and that's the root causes of gun violence. the violence are shootings, not stabbings or anything else. do you think there is a specific approach that needs to be taken there? or does that get us into a political -- >> no, it's not necessarily that it's a political fight or not a

political fight. guns are certainly a part of it but they're not the only answer to it. the issue gets to be how and why our young people are resolving their differences through violence and how that happened over time. one to have the things mayor rawlings mentioned was the amount of funding that used to come from the federal government to make sure our national security was protected. national security happens overseas but happens on our homeland and it's been cut, for example for the cops program, by 80% since 1966. when police departments are stretched, they don't do nearly as much community policing. on the issue of guns that's important, but when you talk to the people involved in this business, these young people are telling you be killed or kill. and mayor rawlings is trying to caw call attention to the fact we are losing 40 lives on the streets of america today. the shooter today is the killer killed tomorrow, which is why the violence has to come into

place. so this has to be a holistic approach, a safety approach a public health approach a responsibility approach it to burks make mo mistake, this is clearly a national epidemic and not just one city, it's all over america and in specific neighborhoods which, i think, if we spent time on, we could target and do well with and save american lives. >> ifill: mayor mitch landrieu, mayor stephanie rawlings-blake and gary slutkin, founder and executive director of "cure violence," thank you all so much. >> thank you gwen. >> woodruff: now, a closer look at those new revelations in the bill cosby story. documents were released yesterday that found the comedian admitted back in court in 2005 that he gave women drugs to women he wanted to have sex with. more than two dozen women have accused cosby of rape in cases that go back decades, and others have said they woke up after blacking out following use of drugs and alcohol.

cosby's alleged use of drugs has been central in some of those allegations. jeffrey brown picks up the story from there. >> brown: cosby's own words came from a deposition in a case brought in 2005 by an employee of temple university. she'd accused cosby of drugging and molesting her. that case was settled and the testimony sealed, until the judge released it yesterday to the associated press. there were immediate public repercussions, and potential future legal consequences. we're joined by ap reporter mary clare dale, who broke the story. and npr's television and culture writer, eric deggans. mary clare dale start first and remind us, if you would, a little bit about the case that this came from and the particulars of the deposition. >> sure. this case dates back ten years when a temple university employee accused cosby of drugging and molesting her at his home where she had gone to a

dinner seeking career advice. she worked for the basketball team and says that after dinner, she took three pills from cosby which he said was herschel -- herbal medication for stress. in his deposition unsealed yesterday, he said the drug was benadryl. her lawyers don't believe that and asked cosby about other drugs and prescriptions he may have taken over the years and he admitted in the deposition that he used quaaludes and obtained them in the '70s for the purpose to use them to have sex with women. >> brown: but then he stopped short of saying that he did it without their consent, right? i mean, there's a point in the deposition where he gets asked that and his lawyer steps in. >> that's right and that's the key point here. we really do only have small portions of the deposition. what happened was cosby's lawyers were objecting and interfering, according to the woman's lawyer, as she questioned cosby so she stopped the proceeding and went to court and asked the judge to compel

him and his legal team to cooperate, and that's called a motion to compel. that along with the sanctions motions she filed is what the judge unsealed yesterday. so again, we see some excerpts but oftentimes we see the question asked such as did the women knowingly take these drugs, cosby didn't answer. wei believe he didn't answer that question entirely and he did not say how many women he would have given the quaaludes to. >> brown: and one more question to you on the particular deposition, because it's very interesting to see the way the judge framed this in unsealing it. he pointed very specifically to bill cosby's public role and said the stark contrast between bill cosby the public moralist and bill cosby the subject of serious allegations concerning improper and perhaps criminal conduct is a matter to which the a.p. and by extension the public has a significant interest. >> right. cosby's lawyers argued privacy was an issue here and even though he was an entertainer he was entitled to some degree of

privacy, but the judge believed he had gone beyond that, accepting the a.p.'s argument that he was not just a normal entertainer but had spoken on family life education, morality in our public life and the judge said he therefore had somewhat a lesser degree of privacy and that the public had an interest in seeing what his sworn deposition testimony was and how that compared to his moralizing. >> brown: eric deggans, let me bring you in here. these charges have been around for some time but this deposition coming public seems to have had immediate impact including on supporters of cosby. >> i think so. before this, we had many women coming forward, as many as 40 to say that they felt that they had been drugged and sexually assaulted by cosby in various ways but these are words that presumably came from his own mouth, and we saw, for example jill scott, an r&b singer who's

well known she had defended cosby in october and november when the public first really started to take a look at these allegations, and now, since this deposition has been released, she has recanted that support and said she just needed to see some kind of proof, she called it. for her, seeing cosby admit that he had obtained quaaludes for the purpose of having sex with women was enough. i think for some people who were on the fence about some allegations that have been made about him that may have pulled them off the fence to say maybe he didn't sexually assault the women in a way he's being accused of, but something happened here that's counter to to wholesome image bill cosby's always had. >> brown:ecause in the larger arc of this there has been a sense and some criticism that cosby may have gotten too much of a pass from people in the entertainment world and the media. >> certainly, and as was pointed out, this was a lawsuit from

2005. the allegations, i think, surfaced in 2004. but people didn't really take a close look at this, i think, in the wider world until just last october. we saw a standup comic hannibal burris include in his act, you know, criticizing bkd bill cosby for moralizing when he has the allegations in his past, and it's almost the voice of young, black comedy saying how can this guy be an elder statesman for comics and morality when he has this in his past? and it caused a groundswell where people looked at these allegations more women came forward and we saw nbc and other entities step back and end their associations with them and i think that's going to continue in the wake of this latest correlation. >> and mary clare dale, what about the the legal consequences here in terms of how the deposition becoming public plight play out?

>> right. some women -- three women who are suing him for defamation in boston saying that when he denied their accusations he basically rendered them liars, they believe this will bolster their claims that he did the same to them. i don't think any criminal charges will ensue, necessarily. many of the claims are too old to be brought criminally, but i know there are a few in california, gloria allred is bringing a civil sexual assault case. cosby is trying to get that thrown out. >> brown: mary clare dale eric deggans, thank you so much. >> thank you. >> woodruff: for generations, scientists have had to undertake long voyages across the sea to try to better understand the mysteries of volcanic activity and the oceans themselves. but now scientific advances and technology changed the game.

hari sreenivasan has our story. that used to be the case for undersea volcano known as axiosea mount. two months ago when it started spewing lava these scientists knew instantly. >> this is all feeding information back. >> sreenivasan: you had 25 sensors sitting on the lip of a volcano and it's all feeding information back here. >> that's right. it's really exciting. >> sreenivasan: university of washington oceanographer john delaney is the director of a groundbreaking research project called the cabled array, also known as the cabled observatory, that has, in effect, turned axial seamount into the world's first wired volcano. >> there's the fish. look at that! >> we're standing in our control room that allows folks that are here on campus at the university of washington to actually interact with the instruments that might be as much as 400 kilometers, 300 miles offshore. >> sreenivasan: on the day of the eruption, a network of sensors on the volcano started

measuring more than 8,000 small earthquakes, and the seafloor dropped seven feet. >> we've been waiting our whole lives to have that kind of information come in. >> sreenivasan: debbie kelley was one of those closely watching the eruption data. she's a chief scientist on the team who studies underwater volcanoes. this volcanic ridge, is like thousands of miles of ridges that circle the earth beneath the oceans. it's also a spot where two tectonic plates pull apart, making it an ideal location to study. kelley says that the cabled observatory, which will eventually send back real-time data and images anyone can access, will finally give scientists, and the general public, insight into a complex world they know very little about. >> it will let us have new eyes into the ocean. it's really expensive to go to sea. and now we're looking at an international laboratory where anybody could have access to these data and it doesn't cost them anything. >> sreenivasan: here's how it works: an array of sophisticated

sensors, moorings and cameras are connected by cables to large hubs called primary nodes. those in turn are connected to a fiber optic internet and power cable stretching from the volcano 300 miles back to shore. >> the game changer is that fiber optic cable. fiber optic cables became the centerpiece for finally we could do science throughout entire volumes of the ocean without actually being there. >> sreenivasan: the $150 million system took six years to design, build, and implement. and it will cost at least several million a year, maybe more, to maintain over its 25 year lifespan. the cabled observatory is part of an even larger national science foundation funded project called the "ocean observatory initiative" that aims to study the oceans in a more comprehensive way than ever before. the national science foundation is an underwriter of the newshour.

canada has developed a similar network. the observatory equipment off the west coast has now been operating, about a mile down, for nearly a year. deep sea creatures seem to have adjusted to their new neighbors, but there have been some challenging moments. during an initial voyage to map the system's main cable, the team discovered a section had actually been laid on top of a boiling hot hydrothermal vent not an ideal place for a delicate cable and it was later moved. debbie kelley specializes in those vents and the exotic, largely unstudied life forms that surround them. she says this project will help scientists understand some basic science about an ecosystem that may in fact provide a window into the origins of life on this planet. >> 70% of the volcanos on the planet occurs underwater. there's many questions that arise because we're never there at the right place at the right time. we think that there's massive

plumes during an eruption where you have billions of microbes streaming out of the seafloor and this is probably the, the most extreme environment on earth. now most people think that's where life started. >> sreenivasan: these hardy microbes may hold the key to new chemical compounds or pharmaceutical drugs. >> we know so little about these microbes, and it's clear that they have phenomenally different metabolisms than most people think about. and so there's interest in perhaps as we get our bodies become more resistant to tetracycline or penicillin that maybe we could start getting medicines from the sea through these microbes. >> sreenivasan: from volcanic eruptions to intense deep sea pressures and near freezing temperatures, the observatory equipment has had to operate in a very challenging environment. so, how has it fared? >> the system has worked amazingly well, but as you would expect in this environment, there has been some attrition. >> sreenivasan: dana manalang is a senior engineer in the applied physics laboratory at the university where much of the cabled observatory equipment was

designed and built. and where fragile sensors are thoroughly tested before being deployed. while some parts of the system are intended to be traded out every year, other parts, including the main cable, are expected to last for 25 years. manalang gave us a tour of some of the key components the team is working on before a summer research cruise to make repairs and check on the equipment. what are these big metal containers? >> well, these are big titanium housings. titanium won't corrode under the high salinity conditions in the ocean. >> sreenivasan: so everything's got to be sealed up super tight? >> seawater and electronics don't mix. >> sreenivasan: and she showed us a first of its kind sensor that's already sending back data from the volcano. >> this is a homegrown system for measuring the diffusion of high temperature fluids out of vents on the volcano. there's 24 different temperature sensors on here.

>> sreenivasan: one of the first priorities for the team this summer is to replace video cameras on the seafloor that stopped working recently. and they are awaiting a new software system, also funded by the national science foundation, needed to capture and organize all the data coming in. for now, the information is being archived at the university of washington. despite those few setbacks, john delaney, who first came up with the idea of a cabled observatory more than 20 years ago, says the project is going to fundamentally change our understanding of the oceans. >> we are, as a society, we are dependent on the ocean. and if you want to understand the complexity of all the processes that operate in the ocean, you've got to be in the ocean. you've got to be making the measurements in real time and looking at things that are short term, long term. you can't do that from land. you can't do that with just the odd ship biding time. you've got to be there in the ocean 24/7, 365 for generations. that's the key. >> sreenivasan: over the coming

years, delaney and his colleagues hope to expand the cabled observatory, and hope that this charts a course for other countries to build their own observatories as well. for the pbs newshour, i'm hari sreenivasan in seattle washington. >> woodruff: finally tonight, a profile of a most unusual writer, a man jeff met on his recent trip to havana for the series of reports on the "cuban evolution." here's our look. >> brown: musician, zen buddhist monk, artist, and poet, omar perez was born and raised in >> it's very much in the culture. there's no difference between a song and a poem. the brain gets active when you listen to real fresh melody. so that's exactly what happens with poetry, too. >> brown: perez is the illegitimate son of

revolutionary che guevara and lilla lopez, a student at the university of havana in the 1960's. >> you know, when i was 25 years old, i was already a human being, and then somebody told me, "did you know your father is che guevara?" i said, "no, i don't." i said, well, what am i going to do now? i'm 25 years old, i'm a writer, i'm a poet, i'm a translator, should i change now? what should i become. should i become something different? i didn't want to become anything different. that's what i wanted to be, a poet. >> brown: generations of cubans have been taught to idealize the marxist revolutionary from argentina who alongside fidel castro led cuba to an historic revolution in 1959.

perez lives in an elegant now crumbling building alongside the city's famous seawall. for his part he doesn't seem to hold on to a romantic view of this or the cuban revolution. you've grown up in the period of the revolution. what's your sense of where it's at now? is it alive? the revolution has been deeds for decades. >> brown: decades? yeah, sure. everybody knows that. the revolution for its own nature must be a very brief moment of human existence. i remember, when we were school every year we had to say this is the year of industrialization this is the year for agriculture, this is the year of whatever, and then slowly, slowly became year 30 of the revolution, year 30 -- it was like a clock moving. moving nowhere. >> brown: perez says he's not

political but he is an observer of the times. >> i try not to write about social issues, but it comes back all the time. i can't stop now writing about social issues, but neither will a sociologist or politician, more like abanthropologyist. >> brown: tell me what you see in society, then, as an anthropologist of cuban life now. >> confusion. not in a bad or in a good sense just confusion. a lack of social organization in the sense that the community focused very well organized, is very fragmented and the state is very fragmented. they are both moving without really knowing where they are moving. >> brown: omar perez lives simply, creating art from spare parts, often from the walls of his cracked home. >> sometimes they are coming out. >> brown: he thinks normalization of relations with the u.s., the money it could

bring, the changes that will come could cause kind of an identity crisis for cubans. >> what you have now is an attempt to represent society through the economic commercial values. >> brown: but i would think many cuban people would want that for a better life. >> i don't know what cuban people want. if you're not thinking clearly, whatever comes from your mouth also adds to the confusion. i want a car, i want a five-year american visa, i want to open a shop, i want to have another car, i want blah, blah, blah, blah, blah... >> brown: but people do want those things. >> yes! okay! congratulations! if it brings happiness into their lives it's okay with me, you know? >> brown: what's the role of a poet in a society like cuba today? >> to observe and have fun. >> brown: to observe and have

fun? >> yes, to observe and have fun with what you're observing, and then to propose ideas. you don't even need to write. you can paint. there are so many ways to express what you want to say. you know. this is what art is about. >> brown: from havana, cuba i'm jeffrey brown for the pbs "newshour". >> woodruff: many fascinating voices jeff found in cuba. >> yes. >> woodruff: and that's the newshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff. >> ifill: and i'm gwen ifill. join us online, and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by:

>> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and foundations. and... >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

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