captioning sponsored by wnet >> sreenivasan: on this edition for sunday september 13... on the road with migrant families trying to get through europe. >> the camp "rules" change constantly. one day refugees can cross the path between the fields, the next day they can't. >> why won't you let me across? i just want to go to my family-- right there! >> sreenivasan: why living in a smaller city is costing you more to fly. and the rise of sneaker culture. >> this 2009 collaboration sneaker between louis vuitton and kanye west retailed for $960. this ebay seller is asking for $3,400 for her pair. >> sreenivasan: next on pbs newshour weekend. >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by:

lewis b. and louise hirschfeld cullman. bernard and irene schwartz. the cheryl and philip milstein family. judy and josh weston. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we are your retirement company. additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasan. >> sreenivasan: good evening and thanks for joining us. on the eve of a european union summit to deal with the unabated flow of migrants and refugees into europe, germany is now limiting its welcome of arrivals. today, germany blocked migrant- packed trains coming from austria and announced new border

checks. the move came after germany had accepted 16,000 refugees this weekend. 8,500 migrants crossed from europe's busiest arrival point, greece, into neighboring macedonia, a one-day record according to the united nations. but 28 migrants died trying to reach greece today, drowning when their wooden boat carrying 130 people capsized in the aegean sea. more than 2,700 people have died this year during sea crossings, though more than 430,000-- many refugees seeking asylum-- have made it. over the past week, our pbs newshour team of william brangham, jon gerberg, and saskia de melker has been in europe covering the massive migration of refugees from the middle east, africa, and afghanistan. the new arrivals struggle to make their way from southern and eastern europe-- greece, macedonia, serbia, and hungary-- to wealthier, more welcoming countries in the north and west, like austria, germany, and sweden. tonight, our team files this report about their journey and the people they met. it is presented by william brangham.

>> sreenivasan: russia is >> the iraqis, afghans, north africans but most of the people here are syrian, fleeing their nation's four and a half-year-old civil war. people like the halabi family, saibi his wife, two young sons and 14-year-old malia. >> we are so-- everyone is traveling this way. so we decided to travel just like them. we've been traveling like two weeks ago. turkey, greece, macedonia, serbia and then we're here. >> hungary more so than almost any other european nation is doing everything it can to slow the arrival of these refugees. but the government just can't build fences fast enough.

the police seem overwhelmed by the task at hand. the camps they build quickly fill to capacity, so this muddy field is where everyone else gets put. the results here are changing constantly. one day refugees can cross the path between the fields and another day they can't. >> i just come, i want to go this 100 meter. they don't let me. >> we hope to follow the routing my grants take from here to points north to the nations who welcome their arrival but it is confusing. the halabi family tries hard to follow the rules waiting patiently, doing what police ask, cleaning up the trash when they can. but said is frustrated. >> we do respect the law. and we hope that they understand this. if there is a procedure, everyone will follow the procedure. but opportunity, nothing is clear for us. >> they pack up and wait in line for hours for buses to take them farther north but not necessarily where they want to go. they'll likely end up stuck

in hungarian processing centers whose conditions have been described by human rights watch as quote abysmal. but the buses don't come so it will be another night sleeping on the ground. either way, their goal of getting to sweden which they have heard have great schools for their kids is put off for another day at least. others grow impatient at the conditions and being held by police and they choose to break through police lines to set off on foot, hoping for strength and safety in numbers. after their breakout, the kad o, r family hides in a field waiting for night fall to make a more discreet escape. in two more days they will make it into austria sending us photos of them in a refugee center run by the red cross. next we leave hungary's southern border and drive north towards the capitol, budapest, the main transit point for refugees. it is a 110 mile trek but almost immediately we find those in the as lucky as the kador family this is an afghan family we were talking to on the side of the road headed in this

direction. but the police came by, stopped them and told them now they can't go to the train station as they wanted. they have to be taken to a camp, from what we have been told, some of these camps mean that you can be stuck for weeks. so they thought they were headed to a train station, eventually on the way to germany. now it's not clear what is going to happen with them. >> further along the highway to budapest we spot two young afghan men seeking shelter underneath an overpass. traveling out in the open in hungary without a proper visa or i.d. usually ends this way. >> these men, do you know where they will be taken? >> the police station. >> after that the immigrant camp. >> to an immigrant camp in-- in budapest? in austria. >> sorry, but i-- can't give you -- >> we have heard smugglers make a fortune trying these roads picking up refugees and gas station and restaurants, charging exorbitant rates and

promising safe passage. on the highway we pass buses with refugees shuttling them to their next temporary stop. i'm at the central train station in budapest hungary. most of the refugees have been bused or sent on trains from elsewhere in southern 100 gary and they have been waiting to take the next train to vienna and further north. >> how long you have been waiting here? >> i have from this morning,. >> everyone penned in close. a volunteer shouts instructions in arabic to move this way or that, sit down or stand up. but no one seems to pay her much attention. hungarians get moved to the front of the line. they get their own carriages separate from the migrants once the trains finally come. because of overcrowding austria stopped running trains into hungary, so to make it to the boarder there is another transfer an a two mile walk to the check point. a few days earlier thisrd boer crossing was barron. on this night it's a sea of confusion. refugees come up to us to ask, is this austria.

where will the next bus take us. we are as confused as they are. they shout instructions in languages most of the refugees don't speak. hamid is from aleppo, a city a faulted from all sides, by rebels, by isis, by the assad reg em. he fled with his wive, two kidses, brother-in-law and best friend. after what they lived through the chaos here is taking in stride. >> what we can do. we learn so many things on this journey. here, more safety than when we before. >> they like many of the refugees we meet still retain their hospitality and warmth offering us food and a spot on their blanket on the concrete floor where they will end up sleeping tonight.

>> the market, everything -- >> what did you hope for when you left. >> really, i just want a se place to stay. >> the next afternoon we are in vienna in the exhausted family finally makes it here by bus. hamid brother who is already living in munich, germany has come to meat them. thanks to a kind police officer, they'll be permitted to drive a which with him across the austrian border and on into germany. even on this uncertain road, there are turns of good luck. >> russia is >> sreenivasan: russia is continuing to back the embattled regime of syrian president bashar al-assad. russian foreign minister sergei lavrov said today russia is sending more weapons to the syrian government and advisers to train his army soldiers how to use them. russia has remained an ally of president assad during the country's civil war. the u.s. opposes assad and has warned russia that arming him will only escalate the war and increase loss of life. in the west african nation of cameroon, the islamic militant group boko haram is suspected of carrying out two suicide

bombings today. the first bombing killed two people in a town near cameroon's border with nigeria, the second bombing near a church killed four. cameroon has been repeatedly attacked by boko haram, which is based in nigeria, and has contributed troops to a five- nation coalition fighting the terror group. a fast-moving wildfire in northern california has forced thousands of residents to evacuate their homes. the fire has grown from 10,000 to 40,000 acres since it began yesterday and has caused heavy damage in and around middletown, california. the fire, in lake and napa counties, 100 miles north of san francisco, has destroyed blocks of homes, businesses, and a school. more than a thousand firefighters are fighting that blaze, and hundreds of structures remain threatened as residents flee to shelters. >> as we came down it was just fire everywhere and all the houses, neighbor houses, friend's house, everybody's houses are burning up. it's awful. but we're here and we are safe.

>> everything behind the gas station is gone, school is gone, store's gone, and a lot of people have dogs stuck up there, and they won't let them go get them, so just kind of waiting. >> sreenivasan: a larger wildfire that broke out wednesday 70 miles southeast of sacramento has burned more than 80 homes to the ground. there are 13 active wildfires in the drought-ridden state. if and when the federal reserve bank raises interest rates, as it is widely expected to do possibly this week, it would be the fed's first rate hike since before the 2008 financial crisis. the cost of your home mortgage and borrowing money for just about anything will likely go up. there will be deep consequences for corporations too." financial times" reporter eric platt joins me now for some insight. how did companies take advantage of these near 0 percent

interest rates, cheap money over the past six, sever en, eight years. >> over the past three year as we've seen more than a trillion dollars of issuance each year and it accelerated each year as they try to take advantage of cheap borrowing costs, to fund buybacks an purchase other companies in a record wave of mergers an acquisitions. >> so this is how they are able to give some of those stock dividends or to investors. >> exactly. instead of using cash that they have, they can tap debt markets nearly unlimitedly. we've seen apple doing it. they have cash everseas but they radio rather not take a tax hit on. instead they issue bonds here to pay back dividends to shareholders or buy back shares. >> so app sell a big successful company. i get that. but what happens when the rates start to creep up little by little and the cost of borrowing gets more expensive. >> so the companies you would be looking at would be anything in speculative grade, particularly the energy center which has been hit by the drop in commodity prices. also companies like american

apparel is struggling under a debt load, companies like sears and j.c. penney which struggled with the rise of amazon. anyone that borrowed heavily over the past faw years to finance their operations or haven't been able to turn around their operation was be a threat. >> srennivasan: so those companies we could see them start to default on some their loans because it's not so cheap any more? >> that won't be the main concern. it would be if energy prices continue to stay down here. however, the issue is if they were able to finance their operations over the past years with debt issuance and now they come to the market in 2016 or 2017 and investors aren't interested. they might not be interested in paying 6% or 7% interest rates if they can get access at all. >> what happens on a consumer front, what is the ripple effect if there is this contraction in liquidity for companies? >> so that's what the federal reserve has been looking at. they have been hoping that robust jobs growth would take away any kind of default you would see. so if these companies do fail, i would hope these job

was be made up elsewhere, they could go to the health-care sector, education which has been adding jobs at a fast clip. that said, their concern is consumer confidence dips a little bit. if you see big companies go under, in the energy sector, if suddenly consumers don't want to-- they spend a little less so they pull out money from the stock market. >> what are the odds then going into this week, the fed could raise the rates as soon as this week, who says what? who is betting on now versus december. >> economists on wall street bet now. they say the fed rants to-- they say the federal reserves wants to get ahead, so if we see economic growth slow they could lower rates to spur borrowing costs but traders don't think they will. traders say they are worried with the ripple effects of china and financial market gyrations over the past few weeks that the fed doesn't want to add to that volatility so they may wait until december. >> thanks so much for joining us. >> thanks for having me.

>> sreenivasan: airline mergers in recent years are resulting in fewer flights in the u.s. as well as a disparity in service and ticket prices between large cities and small ones. a new "wall street journal" analysis finds ticket prices at the nation's ten busiest airports-- including atlanta, dallas, and denver-- have been stable, increasing around one percent on average from 2007 to 2014 while airlines reduced the number of passenger seats available by 1.6%. but at the 90 next biggest airports, including detroit, honolulu and birmingham, airlines have raised fares more than six percent on average and cut available seating by more than 14 percent. yesterday, i spoke about this with jack nicas of the "wall street journal." >> what caused this? why is this disparity happening? >>. >> what we've seen over the past seven years or so there's been dramatic transfor passion in the u.s. airline, there was a bankruptcy with american airlines, four big mergers

combined eight into four. and volatile fuel prices have caused a shift in strategy that really have caused airlines to look more at profits rather than chasing market share. as a result, what we've seen is they are pulling service at some of these small tore midsize cities and consolidating their resources at the megahubs where they can make the most money. >> srennivasan: so the airlines say listen, i have added flights to places where the economy is doing better where people can afford to fly and la crosse, wisconsin probably doesn't mean as pain new planes or new aircraft as seattle, washington does. >> right, exactly. it's a matter of economics. flyers aren't so used to this the airline industry for many years was focused on market share. it meant a lot of competition and a lot of flights in the smaller to midsized cities but the new reality is airlines are really cutting back some of these smaller planes and smaller routes. and as a result, fliers are having to oftentimes connect at some of these megahubs if they are living in one of the midsize cities or driver an hour to unwft bigger air

-- airports. >> does this mean that the prices are getting lower or higher. >> prices are largely stable at some of the megahubs so if you are living in one of these cities, it's good news because you've got a lot of options and prices are mainly stable. but air lanes are cutting back at some of the smaller to midsized cities and as a result prices are going up. we have to say as well, airfare don't tell the whole story. over this period of time from 2007 to 2014 this great transformation in the u.s. airline industry, there has also been a big move to increase the number of fees on passengers for things like checked baggage and change fees. and as a result, the average round trip domestic prices have soared not just from the base fare perspective. >> i got stuck on a plane recently where they had a fae for the overhead bag, a fee to pick your seat, a fee to check a bag in, what about the low-cost airlines, are they also moving their prices up? >> there's an interesting new niche in the u.s. airline industry called an ultra low-cost carrier, the

base fair includes basically just a seat on the plane to do anything else including to get your boarding pass from a human to get a cup of water on the plane to choose your seat to bring a carry on bag in the overhead bin all costs extra. the more traditional discount carriers like the southwest and jet blues are becoming, they are called more hybrid carriers that are less of discounters any more and more of like these major network carriers, and fares are going up with these carriers as well. >> jack of "the wall street journal," joining us from san francisco, thanks so much. >> thanks for having me. >> sreenivasan: sneakers are now a multi-billion dollar business. consider that michael jordan makes more money sponsoring sneakers than he ever did playing basketball. but sneakers are not just for sports anymore. a museum exhibit open here in new york until next month shows how sneakers have become high fashion items prized by collectors. newshour's ivette feliciano reports. >> these are like my children.

>> reporter: tye wallen says he wears every last one of his 300 pairs of "children," though you might just call them sneakers. since the 22-year-old brooklyn college student began collecting vintage and new basketball shoes ten years ago, he estimates he's spent close to $50,000 on them, from $25 to $1,500 a pair. >> i'm into them because of the style, how they look, how they feel. i get stopped all the time about the different sneakers i wear. i won't get rid of any of them unless i really have to. >> reporter: when he buys sneakers secondhand, wallen keeps the original box to preserve their history. >> reporter: out of all of these shoes, how many would you say you actually wear? >> ten, 15 pairs? >> reporter: ten, 15 pairs out of more than 100 pairs of shoes? >> yeah. >> reporter: unlike wallen, 21- year-old chris vasquez, who's also from brooklyn, keeps most of his more modest, 100-pair sneaker collection stored away in his closet. >> i mean, if you just look at the way these sneakers look and

the box that they came in, this is more than a shoe; it's art. so, i think, if you wore them, you kind of, like... you kinda destroy them. i mean, you wouldn't wear a painting, would you? >> reporter: no. >> yeah. >> reporter: if both vasquez and wallen, who consider themselve"" sneakerheads," needed any validation their collections are art, they need to look no further than this exhibit at the brooklyn museum. the story begins in the mid- 1800s, when the tire company goodyear invented the vulcanized rubber-sole. the fact that we are in an exhibit dedicated to sneaker culture, what does that say about the industry and where it's headed? >> i mean, it's a double-edged sword. >> reporter: jian deleon is the deputy style editor at complex magazine, which covers urban fashion and hip hop culture. >> this culture that was once for a certain group of insiders who were super passionate about it has become mainstream. >> reporter: in 1917, converse introduced the first canvas-top sneakers made just for

basketball. the "all-star" was later named after athlete chuck taylor. >> ♪ my adidas >> reporter: fast forward to the 1980s-- sneaker companies saw an emerging market in black and urban communities. >> sneaker culture, hip-hop culture, street wear, they're all part of this community that stems from, you know, hip-hop in the '80s. there was a distinct mode of dress that, you know, for a lot of minorities, like, these were our status symbols. >> is it the shoes? >> reporter: nothing brought more status than owning a pair of "j"s, or air jordans, created by nike in the basketball icon's rookie season. de leon believes this is when sneakerhead culture was born. >> it's like advertising was made to make us want these as luxurious items that represented, "okay, i have enough to spend $200 on a shoe." you know, "my house may not be as big as i want it to be, but i got them js, though." >> reporter: sneaker sales in

the u.s. today are $34 billion a year. dozens of blogs and forums announce sneaker release dates and where to snag a coveted pair. de leon points to high end sneakers on display at the museum by designers such as christian louboutin, jimmy choo, and even chanel. this 2009 collaboration sneaker between louis vuitton and kanye west retailed for $960. this ebay seller is asking for $3,400 for her pair. >> it's a great feeling, but it's never over. >> reporter: tye wallen says he cares less about brand-name recognition or price tags. sneakers simply make him happy. he knows many people may not understand his pricey hobby, but he'll keep collecting sneakers for years to come, keeping a running wish list on his smartphone. >> any shoe that i bought, i don't regret. you can be anybody you wanna be through a pair of sneakers. >> sreenivasan: more than just fashion, sneakers in america are big business. view our infographic online at pbs.org newshour.

>> this is pbs newshour sunday. >> sreenivasan: aerial drones can be used for spying on enemies and now, in mexico, for saving turtles. off the warm waters of oaxaca, mexico, has a new plan to protect the threatened "olive ridley" turtle, deploying a pair of drones this week to keep watch on their eggs. the small green sea turtles return to this stretch of coastline every year to hatch their eggs in the sand by the thousands. they are hunted by birds, dogs, and crabs... or eaten by local residents. mexican environmental officials

say their new eyes in the sky can spot people encroaching on the egg sanctuaries. >> ( translated ): from the air, it's easy to identify the paths. when someone walks, they leave a track and, when many people start to walk along that track, we start to see paths. so this equipment helps us identify who has that kind of access. >> as federal inspectors, we secure the eggs in a precautionary manner. up to now, we've secured up to 9,000 turtle eggs, which we return to the beach. >> sreenivasan: even though it's illegal to sell turtle meat and eggs in mexico, that doesn't deter poachers from stealing eggs-- even in broad daylight-- and selling them for about a dollar apiece. on this oaxaca beach earlier this year, 80 percent of the unguarded eggs disappeared. officials hope this new effort using drones will keep more turtle eggs safe until they hatch.

>> srennivasan: and finally basketball hall of famer moses malone has died am he was a three time mva most valuable player and led the 76ers to the championship in 1983. following a 21 year career, malone remains in the league's all-time top ten for points scored and rebounds. malone was also one of the first players to go straight from high school directly to the pros. he was 60 years old. an april goss is the second woman ever to score in college football after kicking an extra point for an easy win over delaware state it was her first chance after four years on the team. >> on the newshour tomorrow, correspondent miles o'brien explores the latest research in the race to create an ebola vaccine. that's all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend.

i'm hari captioning sponsored by wnet have a good night. captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: lewis b. and louise hirschfeld cullman. bernard and irene schwartz. the cheryl and philip milstein family. judy and josh weston. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we are your retirement company. additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.

[ heart beating ] andrea: sebastián. garza: are you aware that over 90% of embryos will not survive the procedure? andrea: in my case, that was not the case. garza: in any case. announcer: funding for this program was provided by the corporation for public broadcasting. additional funding was provided by chicken & egg pictures,