captioning sponsored by wnet >> stewart: on this edition for sunday, march 13: the countdown to pivotal presidential primaries in five states: the candidates try to get out their vote. germans go to the polls in a test of popularity for chancellor angela merkel and her handling of the refugee crisis. and we'll explore the intersection of income inequality and life expectancy: the rich are living longer. next on pbs newshour weekend. >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: lewis b. and louise hirschfeld cullman. bernard and irene schwartz. judy and josh weston. the cheryl and philip milstein family. the citi foundation. supporting innovation and enabling urban progress.

the john and helen glessner family trust. supporting trustworthy journalism that informs and inspires. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we are your retirement company. additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, alison stewart. >> stewart: good evening and thanks for joining us. ohio received the bulk of candidate attention today, as it and four other states: florida, illinois, missouri, and north carolina, prepare to hold presidential primaries on tuesday. on the republican side, ohio governor john kasich and florida senator marco rubio campaigned in their delegate rich home

states, hoping to thwart businessman donald trump and texas senator ted cruz, who are well ahead in delegates needed to win their party's nomination. yesterday, rubio and kasich split the delegates at the washington, d.c. convention: rubio narrowly won and earned 10 delegates, and kasich placed second taking nine. in wyoming, cruz easily won the state convention and nabbed nine of the 11 delegates, followed by rubio and trump with one each. overall, trump leads the republicans with 460 delegates, almost 40% of the number needed to win the nomination, while cruz has 369 delegates, rubio has 163, and kasich, 63. cruz said today his party should not fear if no one candidate goes over the top before this summer's national convention. >> if donald and i both go into the convention, and we've both got a big chunk of delegates, but both of us are shy of 1,237, then the delegates will decide. that's the way the process works, and that's allowing democracy to operate.

>> stewart: trump returned to illinois today, after canceling a friday rally in chicago amidst fights between supporters and protesters, with a large police presence, his speech in bloomington went off without incident. on the democratic side, former secretary of state hillary clinton is halfway to number of delegates needed to clinch the nomination. she leads vermont senator bernie sanders in total delegates, 1,231 to 576. both democrats campaigned in ohio today, where 159 delegates are at stake tuesday. clinton bested barack obama here in 2008, but sanders beat clinton in the primary next door in michigan last week. ohio is winner take-all for the republicans, meaning the first place candidate gets all 66 delegates. for more on the ohio campaign, i am joined by nick castele, the political reporter for our cleveland pbs affiliate wviz. the headlines coming out of the campaigns some of the biggest

ones are about the atmosphere at the rallies for the republican front runner donald trump. i know you went to one of his rallies in cleveland. tell me what you witnessed. >> well there were a few of the protesters that tried to interrupt. maybe half dozen. i heard there was one scuffle on the floor in cleveland and then outside the rally afterward, there were protesters who were waiting there for trump supporters to come out and there were some shouting matches that broke out in the parking lot between protesters and then donald trump supporters who outnumbered the protesters by a great deal and at some point were trying to chant down the protesters. and also some very vicious things were said back and forth. >> let's talk about the issues. how is donald trump trying to connect with ohio voters specifically? >> he's talking a lot about trade in northern ohio. he tried link governor john kasich with nafta.

building the wall in mexico, focusing on economic issues, focusing on trade, immigration, a lot of things we've heard donald trump talk about before. i think there are a lot of voters in northern ohio for which trade are very important and he's trying to hit those notes with them. >> governor kasich, he's got the lead right now we should point that out. if you're in ohio, republican, and not voting for governor kasich why is that? >> it's interesting. governor kasich is pretty popular right now in ohio but i did talk with some trump supporters at the rally and they said donald trump's message excited them more than kasich's did. i talked to one 19-year-old who said trump sounded stronger than kasich. it was a gut level decision for him to trump rather than kasich. >> hillary clinton and bernie sanders vying for votes before tuesday. tell me where each stands.

>> hillary clinton was in the cleveland area in african american churches in cleveland. she spoke a lot about the economy, criminal justice, prisoner reentry, felt like cleveland had not yet recovered from the recession. bernie sanders had a pretty similar message, campaigned on toledo, ohio, and talked about the campaign, nafta and trying to link secretary clinton with nafta. trying to link blue collar workers in toledo. >> there could be surprises because of it. >> early voting is already underway, underway a few weeks, there are people who have already cast their votes and also people who are trying to make up their minds so there could be a dynamic there between which candidates get supported in the early votes and with you

candidates get supported on election day. >> nick castele from >> stewart: learn more about what's at stake for the republican candidates in florida. watch our report online at pbs.org/newshour. in germany, millions of voters in three states went to the polls today, in what amounted to a referendum on chancellor angela merkel's welcoming of more than a million refugees from the middle east. for merkel, it was a disappointing setback. exit polls show her conservative democrats will lose seats in the state legislatures, some to one anti-immigration party. for more on this i am joined from cologne via skype by gabriel borrud, a reporter for the german international broadcaster deutsche welle. >> gabriel what is today's results mean for the german government? >> at there point it's more than fair to say that the, superelection sunday it's being called where chancellor angela merkel and her conservative ceu the clear winner is the upstart

alternative for germany any. every five years these states elect a new government. this sunday was about eastern impoverished state. in each of these states merkel's cvo lost ground and one particularly shocking example of von wertenberg the home of porsche, mercedes benz, a bastion of conservatismç here, it's going to be harder for berkley's cdu to pass laws and there's a lot of important legislation that's going to have to go through this house and this is black sunday for bhecialg merkel is ahas been report ed by her the >> stewart: an al qaeda affiliate, al qaeda in the

islamic maghreb, or northwest africa, is claiming responsibility for today's terrorist attack in the nation of ivory coast. gunmen opened fire on three beachside hotels in the historic seaside resort town of grand- bassam. the country's president said 14 civilians and two soldiers were killed, and security forces killed six attackers. in neighboring burkina faso and mali, in recent months, islamic militants killed 50 people at hotels popular with foreigners. french aviation officials are recommending new rules for airline pilots, after concluding their year-long investigation into last year's crash of a germanwings airliner. the panel said today: "health care providers should be required to alert authorities when a pilot's physical or mental health could affect his ability to fly." investigators say doctors knew german pilot andreas lubitz was struggling with severe mental health problems when he barricaded himself in the cockpit and intentionally crashed into the french alps, killing all 150 people on board. under german law, there was no duty to warn authorities, and the french report asks the european commission to draw up

guidelines. the united nations-sponsored peace talks about syria are scheduled to resume in geneva tomorrow, the eve of the fifth anniversary of a civil war that has cost more than a quarter- million lives and created a refugee crisis. representatives of syrian president bashar al-assad have agreed to attend, but are rejecting calls by the u.n. for new presidential elections within 18-months. u.s. secretary of state john kerry and france's foreign minister said that position could disrupt the talks and a three-week old cease-fire which has greatly reduced fighting and casualties. there's been another deadly car bombing in turkey's capital, ankara. turkish officials say at least 33 people were killed and more than 75 wounded in an explosion tonight close to crowded bus stops near the city's main square. a car bomb only blocks away killed 29 people just last month.

>> stewart: despite advances in medicine, technology, and education, the gap in life expectancy between high-income and low-income americans is growing. the brookings institution recently found that a wealthy american man born in 1920 lived six years longer than a poor man born that same year. but for a man born in 1950, that difference has more than doubled to 14 years, while for women, that gap grew from five to 13 years. to review the implications of this, our hari sreenivasan recently sat down with lisa berkman, the director of harvard university's center for population and development studies. the interview is part of our poverty in america series," chasing the dream." >> sreenivasan: so why is this gap growing? >> well that's perhaps the most interesting question but one of the things to put into perspective is that this gap has been growing for probably the last 50 years. so the difference between rich and poor was getting smaller and

smaller. through a great part of the 1900s through about 1950 or 60. and then something started to change. and that flip suggests that there's something about our environment, something about our set of policies, that would drive that. so the really clever thing about the brookings study which is really outstanding is they divided each birth cohort, if you were born in 1940s they subdivide you into 10 percentage point december i'lls. deciles, e bottom had no increase in life exfs over -- expectancy over the last ten years. people at the top experienced these enormous gains, somewhere six to eight years. people at the bottom stayed the same and all the benefits that

have happened in the terms of life expectancy in the last years have occurred for the best-off in this country. >> sreenivasan: do the rich experience life better than the poor do? >> we know that physical health, smoking may explain part of the difference in this inequality, it's unlikely that these behaviors actually explain very much. i mean in fact in the brookings report they examined that quite carefully and came to the conclusion that behaviors were not the answer to this. >> sreenivasan: the type of work the do versus the type of work the poor do, if the poor are in coal mines or among chemical noxious fumes, does that start to factor into this? >> i think so. probably a set of job exposures are very important. it is interesting the ones youñi pick, the physically demanding jobs working in a coal mine, the

kinds of accidents that people used to have at the turn of the century, that has been a huge success story in terms of federal regulation for occupational health and safety. so it means in some way that another set of exposures that are related to work might be on the lurch out there and they may have to do with job security, work-family conflict, job strain. just the sheer hours of working. and when you think about that at the upper level, obviously people who are in the upper reaches of education and income have many of those same experience but they have many, many many resources. >> sreenivasan: is there a geographic breakdown, arts of the country that are more affected than others or is it zip code by zip code in the same city? >> this last -- there last been a lot of work in regards to

geographic diversity. south versus north, for instance, life expectancy in many southern states is much worse but the thing you're alluding to is the difference in zip code. you could be in one city and if you were in one zip code your life could be very, very very different than living in a zip code that was much better off. >> sreenivasan: i remember being in baltimore last year and literal a difference of six blocks was massive difference. >> you could get on the subway and life expectancy was five years different or six years different. now again the reasons for that are pretty interesting to think about because it is easy to think that they are ought attributed to -- all attributed to that neighborhood or to the community. it may be that there are some neighborhood be variables or conditions that are very risky. we know that physical pollution, environmental exposures, toxic

exposures get more concentrated in poor areas. so people who live in poor neighborhoods can be more exposed to physical environments. with noxious kind of risks. we also know that their social risks could be different, levels of violence could be different in different neighborhoods job opportunities, access to healthy food, places to exercise, all of these things are patterned by neighborhood. so where we live is a very important determinant of this growing inequality. but it's not the only one. so i think we have to think about where we live, where we work, and probably, how our families are constituted. >> does access to health care seem to affect this at all? >> it seems access to health is important and the health care is terribly importantñi in providig access and improvements.

but health insurance has another goal which is to keep people out of poverty. >> sreenivasan: right. >> othe idea is if you had a heart attack you could easily be swamped with the cost associated with hospitalization and you might have to sell your house. you would lose your job. any number of bad things would happen. to health insurance can be good for you -- so heal insurance could be good for you by sort of preventing economic shocks. >> what about the other existing safety net programs we have, social security or medicare? >> there are a number of examples of public policies that do work. one of the things i talk about is earned income tax credit. earned income tax credit encourages men an women to stay in the labor force and it does that successfully. it also turns out that it promotes healthy births and infancy and women who are on -- who get an earned income tax credit actually smoke less. medicare medicaid certainly are

policies that will soonçó be linked to the affordable care act. >> sreenivasan: are there other policies that you see that we could try to think about or fiduciary forward that would actually work on this gap? >> yeah. so one of the most fortunate areas we suspect is important is this work-family flexibility set of issues. so we are virtually the only country in the world that doesn't have a federal family leave provision. except an unpaid family medical leave. i think that might go very, very far. and in fact we have data from europe that in countries where people were exposed to family leave policies, when they were older, they were healthier, they were less depressed, and they said in the workforce. -- and they stayed in the workforce longer. so i think we should think about a is the of policies around work and family issues, flexibility and ultimately we need to think

about social security quite carefully. >> sreenivasan: clrm thanks so much for joining -- lisa berkman thanks so much for joining us. >> stewart: congress is considering regulating one of the most unpopular aspects of flying: those airline fees for reservation changes, checked luggage, and even leg room. a bill introduced this week is called, literally, "the forbidding airlines from imposing ridiculous fees act," or fair. joining me now from dallas to discuss the issue and the proposed remedies is "bloomberg media" aviation and travel associate editor justin bachman. sponsored this legislation, why and why now? >> it's from two senators who are at least ed markey from massachusetts and jeb bloomenthal.

things are getting a little tight and a little bit uncomfortable. >> what kind of fees are being targeted as egregious? >> this talks about fees in charge when you want to cancel your ticket, the fees you get charged when you check a bag or two or three. most airlines it's up to 10. when you get to 10 it can be pretty high. >> stewart: can you give me an example how high these fees can go? >> yeah, if you are flying internationally and you wantedc to change your ticket and it's a non-changeable ticket you are paying up to $200 for that change fee. >> stewart: and is that what really has people exorcized? >> that's a pretty.prominent example. the change fee is a lot of one that people tell their folks in

congress we don't like this. >> stewart: how much are we talking about the airlines are making on these fees? >> altogether more than $5 billion a year from the are industry. that's a large amount of money that goes directly to the bottom line. so fees have become a very critical aspect of you know airline profitability these days. >> stewart: if we pull out a little bit this isn't just about baggage fees necessarily. this is about regulation. can you explain that a little bit more? >> yeah, this -- in 1978 congress passed a bill to deregulate the airline industry so there was no government intervention in what fares would be, what routes would be, what airlines fly. and now we're talking about an area where congress would get involved and say there are some rules on what you can charge and not charge the public for bags and ticket changes and that. so this would be a really fairly substantial change that you know, that imposes a pretty big hurdle for this bill to get forward. >> you're writing about it you sit was a long shot, is that the

reason? >> it's a long shot because the fact that congress would get into pricing and congress does really not get into the business of pricing for companies. >> stewart: airlines are pushing back, how so? >> they put out a statement they don't like this bill. the question is how far does it need to advance before they push back? you will see a very concerted action from the airline industry. >> justin bachman, thanks. >> and finally tonight there were 8,000 applicants for the second annual global teacher prize. the winner fownlsed today is -- fownsed today the palestinian teacher hanan al harub. she says she'll use the prize to

introduce a scholarship for palestinian teachers. that's all for pbs newshour weekend. thanks for watching. i'm alison stewart, good night. >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: lewis b. and louise hirschfeld cullman. bernard and irene schwartz. judy and josh weston. the cheryl and philip milstein family. the citi foundation. supporting innovation and enabling urban progress. the john and helen glessner family trust. supporting trustworthy journalism that informs and inspires. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. provided by:upport has been

and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. ank you.

steves: the colosseum was and still is colossal. it's the great example of ancient roman engineering. it was begun in 72 a.d., during the reign of emperor vespasian when the empire was nearing its peak. using roman-pioneered concrete, brick, and their trademark round arches, romans constructed much larger buildings than the greeks. but it seems they still respected the fine points of greek culture. they decorated their no-nonsense mega-structure with all three greek orders of columns -- doric, ionic, and corinthian. stepping inside, you can almost hear the roar of ancient rome.

take a moment to imagine the place in action. romans filled and emptied the colosseum's 50,000 seats as quickly and efficiently as we do our super stadiums today. it's built with two theaters facing each other. that's what an amphitheater is. so twice as many people could enjoy the entertainment. canvas awnings were hoisted over the stadium to give protection from the sun. these passageways underneath the arena were covered by a wooden floor. between acts, animals and gladiators were shuffled around out of sight. ancient romans, whose taste for violence exceeded even modern america's, came to the colosseum to unwind. gladiators, criminals, and wild animals fought to the death, providing the public with a festival of gore. to celebrate the colosseum's grand opening, romans were treated to the slaughter of 5,000 animals.

good evening. my name is tj lubinsky, the executive producer of our my music presents series here on public television. recently i had the occasion to witness an extraordinary film on the life and story of karen and richard carpenter. so compelling is this film that i felt the need to share it with you immediately on your public television station. it's the story of the carpenters-- their rise to success, their fame, and all we cherish and celebrate about this amazing duo. music that has impacted and changed our lives forever, as tonight a special edition of my music presents brings you the carpenters: close to you.