captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> woodruff: good evening, i'm judy woodruff. >> ifill: and i'm gwen ifill. >> woodruff: on the newshour tonight, growing g.o.p. defections: we sit down with senator susan collins, the latest in a group of republican leaders refusing to support a donald trump presidency.de >> ifill: also ahead this tuesday, turkish president erdogan and russian presidentd putin work to mend ties. what renewed relations could mean for the two countries, and the u.s. >> woodruff: plus, what happens: when children with autism reach adulthood, in the first of our two part series we look at a pilot program for a group that's often ignored. >> there are so many ways that he has changed and grown. he's going to school he's learning classes. he's taking responsibilities for his homework. he's taking responsibility for his budgeting.

>> ifill: and, spending a day on the other side of the classroomh what a high school assistant principal learned after shadowing one of her students. all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> some say it's a calling. some say they lost someone they loved. a many say it's to save lives, asy many and as often as possible. there's 100 reasons why someone becomes a doctor, but at m.d. anderson, it's because there's nothing-- and we mean nothing--n we won't do in making cancerg history.

>> lincoln financial-- committed to helping you take charge of your financial future> >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions: >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.ca >> woodruff: for donald trump, more discord in his own ranks, as he tries to make up ground in the presidential race.

his economic speech of monday was swept from the headlines by a high-profile rejection today. the republican nominee faced new defections just a day after trying to reset his campaign. republican senator susan collini of maine wrote in "the washington post" that she willon not vote for trump, explaining she's been, "increasingly dismayed by his constant stream of cruel comments." and, she added, "treating others with respect, (is) an idea thate should transcend politics." trump had his response ready, this afternoon in wilmington, north carolina.sp instead he went after hillary clinton over gun rights. >> hillary wants to essentiallynt abolish the settlement. by the way, if she gets the pick... [audience booing if she gets to pick her judge,

nothing you can do, folks, although the settlement people, maybe there is, i don't know. but i'll tell you what, that will be a horrible day. >> woodruff: clinton has said she does not favor abolishing the second amendment. criticism from trump came from 50 republican national security officials, as well. in a letter yesterday, they wrote: "we are convinced that (trump) would be a dangerous president and would put at risk our country's national security and well-being." trump dismissed their opposition this morning in an interview with fox business, claiming they would have loved to have been part of his campaign. >> these were the people that had been there, long-timed washington establishment people that have been there for a long time. look at the terrible job they've done. i hadn't planned on using any of these people. >> woodruff: the candidate also leveled a harsh new charge at clinton, in a tweet about iran's execution of a nuclearof scientist. it said: "many people are saying that the iranians killed the

scientist who helped the u.s. because of hillary clinton'sbe hacked e-mails." trump cited no evidence for the claim, and a clinton campaign spokesman tweeted back: "'many people are saying' (equals) 'i made this up." meanwhile, clinton was hunting for votes in florida, with a stop in miami: the democratic nominee took on congress, too, demanding that lawmakers return to washington immediately to vote funding forv fighting the zika virus. >> i am very disappointed that the congress went on recess before actually agreeing on what they would do to put the resources into this fight. >> woodruff: clinton has now formally agreed to participate in the three scheduled presidential debates. all this comes as more new polls show clinton surging ahead, and opening up big leads with college educated women, a

demographic that republican mitt romney won narrowly in 2012. later, critics accused trump of suggesting that gun owners resort to violence. the trump campaign said he was actually referring to political power, urging them to vote in record numbers. we'll hear directly from senator susan collins, about why she's rejected the trump candidacy, right after the news summary. >> ifill: in the day's other news, a major wildfire surged through california's san bernardino mountains, threatening up to 5,000 homes. 900 firefighters are now battling the blaze that sparked to life on sunday. so far, it's only six percent contained, and officials have shut down area schools. another california fire, north of big sur, has engulfed more than 100 square miles. it's about 50% contained, butbu still growing. >> woodruff: delta air lines faced more turmoil today, as it struggled to recover from monday's computer system outage.

more than 500 flights were canceled today, on top of 1,000 yesterday. hundreds more were delayed. as passengers waited in airports around the world, delta offered refunds and $200 in travel vouchers. it's also waiving fees for people switching flights. >> ifill: the united nations appealed today to all sides in syria, for a humanitarian cease- fire in aleppo.le the country's largest city has seen heavy fighting, with rebels breaking through a government siege over the weekend. in geneva today, u.n. officials warned there's a grave risk of disease unless aleppo's public utilities can be repaired. >> attacks on civilian infrastructure this week have severely damaged the city's electric and water infrastructure, leaving over two million residents of aleppo without electricity or access to the public water network. water available through wells and tanks is not nearly enough to sustain the needs of the

population. >> ifill: the u.n. says that, ai a minimum, it needs weekly pauses in the fighting to allow food and medicine to get in. >> woodruff: in yemen, an coalition led by saudi arabia resumed air strikes on the capital for the first time since april.pi one strike hit a food factory in sanaa, killing 14 workers on the overnight shift. it came after u.n. peace talks collapsed over the weekend. >> ifill: back in this country, search crews have recovered the black box recorder from a freighter that sank during ang hurricane last october. the "el faro" went down off the bahamas, en route from jacksonville to puerto rico. all 33 crew members died. the recorder is being brought back to virginia beach, virginia for examination. >> woodruff: on wall street today, the dow jones industriall average gained three points to close at 18,533. the nasdaq rose 12 points, and the s&p 500 added aan fraction. >> ifill: and, a late result from the summer olympics in rio de janeiro: the u.s. women won the gold medal this evening in team gymnastics, for the second

olympics in a row. led by powerhouse simone biles, the americans posted top scores in all four events. competition in individual events comes later this week. still to come on the newshour: a republican senator explains why she won't vote for donald trump. turkey and russia meet amid strained relations with the u.s. learning to live as an adult with autism, and much more. >> ifill: for more on the republican defections and discontent surrounding the trump candidacy, i am joined by maine senator susan collins, who as we noted earlier announced today she will not vote for donald trump, her party's nominee. i spoke with her earlier todayom from bangor, maine. senator collins, welcome. you have declared donald trump today in your d op-ed as unwortn to be your party's nominee for

president.es why didn't you make that conclusion sooner? >> i kept hoping that donald trump, once he won the primary,y would change. i hoped that he would see a new donald trump, one who put forth thoughtful policy positions, stopped denigrating people and had a more positive vision for america. regrettably, i have concluded that there is not going to be a new donald trump, that he's incapable of saying he's sorry, of changing, of learning, of growing. and it was that conclusion that has led me to believe that he lacks the temperament, the judgment, the knowledge, and the self-restraint to be our next president. >> ifill: the question about his temperament were raised again today when he spoke in north carolina and suggested that the only way to stop hillary clinton from appointing

judges that they disagreed with is that maybe the settlement folks could handle it. does that suggest to you that he was... maybe you didn't hear it because i know you've been traveling today, but does that comment to you suggest a comment on his temperament or joking or suggesting violence against hist rival? >> i certainly don't think he's suggesting violence in any way,a but again, it's a very poor choice of words. and i think it speaks to a broader issue, and that is the politicisation of the judicials3 nomination process, which both partys have been guilty of. >> ifill: senator collins, what does donald trump's nomination as the standardar bearer for your party tell you about your party? >> i don't think that donaldat trump represents the traditional republican values and heritage of my party. that's one reason that i don't

support him. the republican party has always revered the individual. we've led the way in abolishing slavery, for example, and we recognize the dignity and worth of every human being. and it is clear that donald trump, by his derogatory comments, by his mocking of the most vulnerable people in our society, by his marginalization of ethnic and religious minorities, does not reflect the traditional republican values. i want to see a republican partt that is a big tent, inclusive party that welcomes all people to be republicans and to contribute their ideas and support our position of providing opportunity to the american people. and i believe he goes in the opposite direction and deepensee the divisions that are so

pervasive in our society today. >> ifill: you acknowledged in your piece today that ran in the "washington post" that he is connecting with some discontent in our country and perhaps thata bernie sanders was, as well, you wrote. so what is that? and who can speak to that in this election year? >> i see that disconnect very clearly in my own state of maine where there are people who have been affected by mill closures, some of which have been brought about by poorly negotiated trade agreements, and they do feel marginalized and left behind. they have not been able to find new work despite the fact that they did nothing wrong that caused them to lose their jobs. both parties need to do a better job of reaching out to those individuals, to those hard-working families, and

providing job training, matching people and giving them new skills for new jobs. that is the one area where i think donald trump is striking a chord that really resonates and should resonate. both parties need to do a better job of rejecting poorly negotiated trade agreements, and i would put the president of the t.p.p., the trans-pacific partnership agreement, in that category. we've lost thousands of manufacturing jobs just in the state of maine alone, and that resonates with people and understandably so. >> ifill: would you supportrt hillary clinton?o >> i would not. i did work well with hillary when she was my colleague in the senate, and i certainly don't bear her any ill will, but when

i listened carefully to her commence.nc speech, what i heard was a laundry list of very expensivee new programs that our country simply cannot afford and that would add to our already overwhelming $17 trillion debt. i must say i was disturbed by the mismatch in her answers to the questions about her e-mail server and what the f.b.i. director comey says that the f.b.i.'s investigation found. >> ifill: you said commence. speech, but i'm pretty sure you meant convention speech.ch >> i'm sorry. >> ifill: have you ever met donald trump? >> i've only met him once. it was when he spoke to the republican caucus. at that time i suggested he present a more positive agendaen to the american people, and i

used the example of supporting more funding for biomedical research, which has been a real priority among republicans in both the house and the senate. >> ifill: would you suggest to any of you colleagues that they join you in opposing, those who have endorsed him already especially? >> each of my colleagues has to make his or her own decision. i wouldn't presume to tell them what decision they should make. i have been heartened by the number of e-mails that i've received and text messages from colleagues in the senate on both sides of the aisle applauding my op-ed and supporting what i have done. now, to be sure, there are those who disagree with me, as well. >> ifill: senator susan collins, republican of maine, thank you very much for yourr time. >> thank you.

>> woodruff: tonight we begin an occasional series about people living with autism and other spectrum disorders, "a place in the world." while reporting the history of autism if their book "in a different key: the story of autism," the coauthors found a program in phoenix, arizona, that expands options for people living with autism. this is the first of two reports. >> reporter: so why is it a big deal that josh kluger gets up every morning, makes his ownes breakfast, straightens up the place a little, and remembers belatedly to go back and grabo his lunch before he heads off to work, which takes a quarter mile hike to reach the bus stop and a 45 minute trip with one transfee along the way?

because until last year, josh had experienced none of this. no apartment. no paying job. no bus pass even. a ctually he'd never ridden a bus on his own before last year. how old are you now?e're >> i'm 36. >> reporter: so you only began to really ride the bus when you were already over 30? >> i think so, yes. >> reporter: and though he's not the chattiest person around, except perhaps when he's texting...pe you can tell from his stride and from his air of confidence about where he's heading that josh really likes the life he has right now. is this ours?at >> yes. l >> reporter: and that he's going to keep going with it autism or not.at >> never give up on wishes. >> reporter: its usually kids whose faces we see when autism is discussed. children like these we root for their success in school and on

the playground, and we've come a little boy like this one, who may look disconnected, whoselo autism keeps him from many speaking words, nevertheless can sing and therefore also hashe something to say. >> never give up on wishes. but the kids grow up. the boys you just saw-- they've become these men. stuart is now 22. josh is 36. this kid is 21 now and namedam ian. craig, he's a 26-year-old now. and jake, he grew into a man also. he's 22. and the point is adults don't get nearly the attention and support the kids do, maybe

because they're not as cute or because people forget that autism is lifelong. but it is. that fact is the driving idea behind a new pilot program called "first place transition academy," located in phoenix, arizona new york which thesehe same young men are today the pioneers. >> are you going to mix it? where would you find that? >> in the store. >> in the store? >> there are nine of them in all, paired off in a cluster of apartments in a complex where their neighbors are mostly retirees who have no autism connection. they eat together and learn together, two years of specialized training designed to improve their odds of having, let's call it a successfulf adulthood.d. which means what? >> what would you like for that one? >> well, take ian, who is now holding down a paying job arranged for by the program, showing that he can be good at customer service. >> i got the lemonade.

>> social interactions can be enormously changing for people on the spectrum. that's part of the reason that unemployment among autistic adults hovers near 80%. >> how you doing? >> pretty good. >> not long ago that included ian, who is an unfailing optimist. before you came here, where were you? were you in high school?o >> i was in my parents house for at least two years. i enrolled. here i am now a year later. i am satisfied with my future. >> what is your future? do you know? >> it's hard to predict right now. >> sure. >> but just a brief idea. i would like to live in an apartment, pay my own rent, have my own car and have a career in other words, because i'm... the part-time job is tedious, but it's my main focus for now. >> that's all about learning how to do jobs, right? >> absolutely, yes. >> the other men go to other workplaces, a garden that raises produce for sale to restaurants. >> awesome. >> an animal shelter which

happens to be a volunteer job, but that doesn't matter. knowing how to be professionally responsible and productive does, like being on time for work, dressing correctly for the situation, completing tasks assigned reliably. these are learned skills that do not necessarily come easily to all members of the group because of their autism. >> so on the worksheet, guy, yoo are putting a checkmark for the items that you're going to need to purchaseg in your first department. >> and support staff literally imparts lessons on the logistict of adult life, like this session held in a lecture hall made available by gateway community college. it's a class on how to navigate the options available in public transport, how to get from herem to there. with quizzes. >> exact fare required. >> exact fare required. >> when it comes to successful adulthood, it's this sort of mundane seeming know-how that can in fact be crucial. how important is that to their

success in the program? >> it'scc critical. it's one of the skills that we target really early on. i mean, again, this is the thing that's going to allow them to access employment. it's going to allow them to access different social activities, different quality of life things. >> so getting around is key to independence? >> absolutely. it's critical. >> which brings us back to josh. that 45-minute commute of his landed us here. so this is your place of work? >> yes. >> wow. josh works for the arizona diamondbacks baseball team. he and anotherdb member of the group named jake have been cycling through a variety of jobs here, some in the office upstairs, and now they're getting their hands dirty with ground maintenance. josh, you're not a big baseballl fan. >> i'm not. >> but you're a work fan. it sounds like you really love this job. way. a >> in a way. okay. but he loves being a working man, even though his boss here, marian rhodes, says it has not

always been smooth. >> we b had a thing with his badge. he was losing his badge constantly. i said, where's his badge. i left it here. i had to explain, your badge is like the key to your home. that's the key to our ballpark. if you lose it, someone has the key to access our billing at any time. so what's the answer here? we now have him drop the badge off in the morning and pick the badge up. and so he is always clocked in and clocked out. >> but that's what learning is about. are you willing to let these guys make mistakes more than you would other people? >> definitely. definitely. >> yeah.. why is that important? >> you have to meet them where they are. >> josh's mom has been astounded by the change she's in the past 12 months.s >> there are so many ways that he has changed and grown that he's going to school, he's learning classes, he's taking responsibility for his homework, he's taking responsibility for his budgeting. >> this is all new. >> this is something he learned as a middle-aged man..

>> a middle-aged man. the growth has been amazing. it's really been amazing. >> if josh were not here, where would he be in life? >> at our house, doing probablyb the same thing and not being very happy and i don't know what his future would have been. w >> and back at the apartment complex, you can see how these guys, some of whom had no friends to speak of before in their lives, are learning to help each other out. they are in short a community, while this pilot project has enrolled only men who today make up roughly 80% of people recognized as autistic, the program will grow to include women, as well. now something needs to be said as that group shot we started with, and in particular about a the man on the lower right. he was once that singing boy, and, in fact, he does not live with the other men. he can't, because his autismm affects him differently from the others, but there is a place

being built in phoenix that will also have room for him. that story in part two tomorrow. [singing] g] >> ifill: stay with us. coming up on the newshour: what an assistant principal learned from spending the day with a student. the man with amnesia who taught us about memory. and creating art with a lawn mower.ea >> woodruff: but first, it's been three weeks since a failed coup attempt rocked the nationed of turkey. since then, thousands have been arrested in a crackdown on suspected plotters, including military officers, educators and journalists. today, there was no mistaking that the message from turkey'sag leader has changed, by his choice of where to travel. a telling moment in st. petersburg, russia's president

vladimir putin welcomed turkey's president recep tayyip erdogan, >> ( translated ): the relations between russia and turkeya entered into a really positive stage. i am sure that steps we both take will widen our cooperation. >> ( translated ): your visit today means that we all want at renewal of our dialogue and restoration of our relations in the interests of russian and turkish peoples.alr h >> woodruff: it's their first meeting since those relations were sent into a tailspin last november, when turkey shot down a russian warplane near the syrian border. erdogan has since apologized, and today, the two pledged to restart commercial deals. they will also discuss their differences over syria: erdogan wants president bashar al-assad ousted, but russian air power has helped keep him in place. the visit also comes as the july coup attempt has triggered tensions between turkey and the west.

>> ( translated ): does the west support terrorism or not? does the west side with democracy or the coup or terrorism? >> woodruff: erdogan accuses a former ally, cleric fethullah gulen, of fomenting the coup; h lives in pennsylvania and turkey wants the u.s. to extradite him immediately. today, the turkish justice minister said the u.s. is risking relations with a nato ally by not handing gulen over. the obama administration says the normal extradition process must play out. >> we expect all parties media civil society the turkish m government to be responsible in >> woodruff: meanwhile, millions turned out in istanbul on sunday in a mass show of support for erdogan. all the while, purges continue throughout the turkish military and public sector. to date, more than 16,000 people have been arrested over the coup

attempt. thousands more, including judges and educators, have been sacked; journalists have been detained and scores of news organizations shut down. joining me now for more on thisf kemal kirisci, a senior fellow at the brookings institution. and, henri barkey, director of the middle east program at the woodrow wilson international center for scholars. and welcome to both of you. henri barkey, to you first. you were in turkey for a conference the weekend the coupu took place. you've been accused by the turkish media of having played a role in fomenting the coup. is there any truth to that? >> of course not. it's complete imagination. they just want to accuse america, and they're using us as a scapegoat. >> woodruff: so they just made it up? >> oh, they made up the story... the stories they made run so incredible, they're not worth repeating on the air, but they involve american criminals who c came from california to help us

do things, complete, complete fiction. we were on an island 45 minutes away from all the events and doing our job. >> woodruff: kemal kirisci,l who do you believe was behind the coup? >> i very much empathize and agree with my colleague, henri barkey, but i think one also has to understand that this nation is going through a major shock, a major trauma. there was a coup attempt. it was a bloody coup attempt. turkey has had previous experiences with coups. but none of them have been directed toward the public in the manner in which this has taken place. none of the previous coups attacked actually the turkish parliament and the people on their own steam at first, and

then galvanized the president of turkey stood up against this coup and feel that they have succeeded in protecting their democracy as much as this democracy may have its problems. but the country is also... has a long standing tradition of unfortunately anti-americanism, anti-westernism and scepticism toward the west. and a number of issues have aligned one after the other that is fueling this perspective on the west. >> woodruff: let me stop you. there i want to get to this point. turkish government has repeatedly said and suggested that the united states is behind the coup. henri barkey, is there any evidence that ties the united t states to what happened? >> there is absolutely no evidence. there is no reason for the united states to execute a coup. it's not in the interest of thee united states.

although they have disagreements, they have been working very closely on syria. the countyline, tequesta and riverside drivestries, there wat an agreement between president obama and president erdogan as to what to do in syria. the days of coups over. no administration in the united states in thein 21st century is going the sanction a coup in turkey, but this fallacy in turkey that everything is done by the united states, it's an easy way of blaming others for domestic issues. >> woodruff: kemal kirisci, how do you explain this? the turkish government has said the u.s. is involved. what do you believe about that? >> you know, there's very many conflicting views that are coming out. on the one hand, there is what you've just said, what henri has said, but then the spokesman of the president keeps saying that that's not the position of the turkish government and presidency. yet on the other hand, i have watched hours and hours of tv

debate, and in those debates, unfortunately, people of high military rank, including a former chief of staff, is convinced that there is an american finger somewhere arouna the way, directly or indirectly. >> woodruff: henri barkey, what are the consequences ofns that if this continues in turkey? >> well, the consequences are serious. at the moment the american government is trying the keep low and not to make too much of this, but, unfortunately, the longer this lasts, the more the turkish officials directly or indirectly attack the unitedd states, the more the american turbish public is going to become more anti-american, and we've already seen the consequences. there's been cancellations going forward because people arer afraid that americans will be upset. and therefore it's more than

just americans being upset, it's a fact that it will be very difficult for turkish officials and american officials to work together in a harmonious way as they did before. >> woodruff: kemal kirisci,r we're hearing that officials in the erdogan government are saying this.go what about president erdogan himself? do you think he believes that the u.s. was involved? >> if you listen to his rhetoric, i think you would say yes. however, it's very difficult to go into his mind. he can also be very pragmatic when he chooses to be. i think the point here is thata there was a coup attempt and there are allegations for some quite convincing allegations, but individuals involving to tht movement were involved in it. as the conflict run, an ally of the united states, a member of nato, military, the country isy in a state of turmoil, and from

my perspective, i think these allegations need to be taken seriously and maybe some cooperation put into place to investigate whether they are true or not independently of the extradition issue that was made reference to. >> woodruff: you're talking about extraditing the cleric, the turkish claire nick pennsylvania. the u.s. has said they don't have the evidence to proceed with an extradition. but just to be clear, what are you saying by an investigation? what are you saying needs to be done here? >> for the average turkish mind, it's very difficult not to think that the united states would not have some access to intelligence information when, for example,, the commander of the group with whom the united states shares the base was amongst the

instigators of the coup and even attempted to seek asylum with u.s. military authorities there. so put yourself in the shoes of an average turkish person and maybe officials, as well, and look at the united states, look at its resources, look at its intelligence networks.s it becomes very difficult to convince them that somehow the t united states was oblivious to what was coming up there. i'm prepared personally to go along with it, but that's the state of mind. and i'm suggesting that the united states has a steak, the government has a steak to cooperate with their counterparp and look into whatever intelligence and information may be available through the network that the u.s. has access. >> christa: henri barkey, is there a way to do that? where do you see this going? >> i actually think the only way this is going to end because of

the response of the united states that president erdogan needs to squash these stories. the only person in turkey who can squash these stories is mr. erdogan. if hemr gets up and says, i believe the united states was involved, that just puts most of the rumors to bed. but for that i think president obama has to get involved. i don't think it's going to happen because some state department spokesman said so. >> woodruff: president obama: has said this absolutely, unequivocally didn't happen, that there was no u.s. involvement. soin what more should president obama do? >> het said this in a press interview with the president of mexico.ex he needs to address directly the turkish press, maybe invite the turkish press to the white house and talk to president erdogan. he can't let this go on like this. there won't be an investigationa there cannot be an investigation. >> woodruff: you're saying the administration hasn't taken it

seriously enough? >> they've taken it seriously, but they're choosing to keep quiet. that keeps the rumors going. >> woodruff: henri barkey,ey kemal kirisci, thanks to both of you. >> thank you. >> woodruff: high schoolf: students and parents sometimes say principals and teachers don't quite understand what it's like to be a student these dayss it turns out, there's an effort to change that. some 1,300 principals recently30 took a day off from their usual role and instead followed one of their students for a day.da the approach came from two groups outside the traditional field of public education: the design school at stanford university and ideo, a design company based in palo-alto, california. special correspondent john

tulenko of "education week" followed one principal through the first-ever, "national shadow-a-student-day challenge". it's part of our weekly education series on "making the grade." >> my name is karen ritter. i'm an assistant principal of leyden high school which is just outside of chicago.sc but today, i will be shadowing a student. >> reporter: why are you doing this? >> just to get a sense of whatof students go through during the day. g i don't really get to spend a lot of time with students. usually i'm in charge of things that the teachers are involved in, this includes teacher evaluation, teacher attendance, professional development. i would say 50% is in meetings. >> reporter: do you feel like you know what goes on here? >> i, i do. just because i do observe a lot of classrooms.

now i'm looking at it more from the teacher's perspective. but now, i want to know what it feels like through the lens of a student. >> reporter: today karen ritter is following one student, 9th- grader alan garcia. >> i first met him because he came to my office and said he wanted to talk about his schedule for next year. he's in a lot of remedial classes.' and he wanted to be changed out of those classes so, i really want to know what makes him feet that way. >> reporter: she hopes to find out, not just observing alan's classes, but by fully participating in his entire day, which started at 7:35, with a boost of physical education. >> this is the class i was most nervous about. because i don't run! >> reporter: her stamina would be is put to the test, with

seven more 50 minute periods, starting with learning centerar for one-on-one help. followed by alan's usual two- hour double-math class. then barely pausing for a bite, before jumping into the second half of the day: four back-to- back classes: literacy, computers, english and freshman seminar, until the 3:00 p.m. dismissal bell marks the finish line. >> having the principal follow you everywhere, it's weird. >> we checked in about half-way through the day. >> i'm holding up. (laughs).gh i definitely feel like my energy level has gone down since this morning.er i had to write an essay in

literacy and felt like i had afe hard time concentrating and trying to focus. it's a lot of sitting and a lot of thinking. like algebra, algebra block so it's a double period. that was hard. (laughs) especially, it's over a couple different lunch periods, so every time the bell rang i wanted to get up and leave but it's like, "oh, no. we have another period to go." >> it's really boring. it gets me exhausted at times. just sitting down for two hours. it gets me mad and sometimes puts me down because i'm like, i could be like learning new stufn and instead i'm stuck with something i've been doing for like 7th, 6th, 8th grade. >> reporter: so what do you want to be doing?

>> i would like to be taking, french, woods, metals. >> because alan is in the classes that he is, he doesn'tes have the opportunity for a lot of those electives. he was placed in certain classes because of his test scores, but i don't know if he necessarily needs to be in that level. i mean he was getting things,, and teaching them to me. i think alan represents someone who is very representative of our school. middle of the road kid who, when challenged, can reach very high expectations. and i think maybe keeping him at a certain level might hinder his opportunity to do that. i would like to see more opportunities given to students. and maybe we need to rethink the way that we place students.

not based on test scores. >> reporter: to find out how shadowing might change karen's overall view of school, we askev her to grade leyden high on some key measures before and after her immersive experience. in this school students learn actively, creating, questioning, discovering. your grade yesterday was a "b." today? >> i would say a c-minus. >> reporter: her scores also went down for student engagement from b to c-plus and relevance, how often teachers drew a clear connection between students' work and the outside world. that dropped from c to d. but her take on the school climate and the expectations, both remained high. >> yeah we have some work to do

and we have some things we need to fix but it's a great place.of i think we provide a safe environment for kids. we have plenty of resources for them. i think i will do some more shadow experiences with an e.l.l. student, with a special- ed student, with an a.p. levelve student, because i do think they have different experiences here. the point is to know what the students are thinking and wanting, and start with them. >> ifill: now, a story of scientific history, human drama, and ethical controversies, shaped around the idea of memory. jeffrey brown has our newshourn bookshelf conversation.

>> brown: in recent decades, scientists have made great advances in understanding howat and where the human brain makes and stores memory, a key part of forming our identities. man who unwittingly helped them do it, henry morrison, who underwent a lobotomy in 1953 intended to relieve his epileptic seizures.se a large part of his hip to campus was removed.ed >> as soon as he came out of the operating room, it was career he was no longer able to create new memories, so this gave scientists for the first timers really a clear sense of how important these structures were to the creation of new memories. that was sort of the first and in many ways most fundamentalnt thing that he taught us about how memory works. >> brown: in his new book, luke dittrich tells the story of the man known for decades as patient h.m., considered the most important research subjectt in brain science. and there's more, the lobotomy was performed by dr. william w

scoville, a prominent brain surgeon at a time when such procedures were done by the thousands. i spokere the luke dittrich at washington's lincoln theater. >> i found it to's be a very shocking story during the course of my reporting. this came to be during an era when the lines between medical practice and medical research were fairly blurry, and, you know, people crossed some lines they most likely shouldn't have crossed. >> brown: it was the era of lobotomies. >> that's correct. one thing my research led me deep into was the history of the lobotomy and of this whole field known as psychosurgeries that came out of desperate times, tho mentally ill at the time and the sort of 1930s and 1940s. there were no... there were no real good, effective treatments for a lot of the things they suffered from, and the lobotomym rose up as a sort of quick fix. but it had serious consequences. >> brown: we live in an age

now of neuroscience. it's sort of everywhere with a lot of new technology, but thiss is a period not so long ago, in the 20th century, where little was known about the brain. >> two mill lenya ago doctors thought nothing of performing vivisections on live prisoners in order to understand anat million. thankfully our standards of medical ethics have evolved quite a bit. but i do think readers will be shocked to see kind of how bad things were, you know, back in the middle of the 20th century. >> brown: it's a very personalon story for you because the doctor who performed the surgery on pairtd h.m. was your grandfather. >> my grandfather was a neurosurgeon. he was by all accounts a brilliant neurosurgeon and a renowned one. he founded and was the director for many years of the department of neurosurgery at hartford hospital. he was a yale professor. he did a lot of good. i mean, he saved a lot of lives. he also was one of the world's

most sort of zealous proponents of psychosurgery and one of the world's most prolific la bought mists. and his driving passion for the lobotomy and for psychosurgery grew in large part out of the fact that his own wife, my grandmother, was mentally ill. she was institutionalized in one of the same asylums that he practiced in. and he was, you know, on a kind of crusade, on a sort of a quest to develop a cure for his own wife's madness. one of the things that struck me in sort of looking at the history of psychosurgery is how often, you know, how often the la bought minded individualsdi were women. there are a number of possible answers for why that may be so, but i think programs the most compelling one is that a lot of the symptoms of the lobotomy, the tractability, these were symptoms that at the time were viewed as kind of, you know, ideal elements according to men

of a feminine trait and that in some sense a lobotomized womaniz could be viewed as an ideal wife, which is a horrifying thing that i was grappling with as i was looking at this story. >> brown: and henry himself, how much was he aware of his own role in scientific history? >> he didn't have a clear awareness. he would be told many times that he was famous in a certain sense. as the studies on him went on, you know, certain things would stick, and so he may have by the end of his life had this, you know, vague sense of his importance, but he certainlyr didn't have any sort of clear sense like we do of how deeply and fundamentally important he was. >> brown: part of his story goes on past henry's life, because you raise some questions at the end about the extent of how much he was sort of

controlled, how much research on him was controlled, how much we really know the story in the end. >> some of the more fascinating chapters in henry's history really happened quite a few years after his death, just recently. the story in some sense is still unfolding. the ethical questions surrounding henry's story to me begin in that operating room where my grandfather made that decision to operate. and i think that was a decision that deserves close scrutiny. afterward there are a number of other questions that, you know, follow throughout the six decades of experimentation thato was done on him, and, you know, even after his death, what was ... >> brown: including who owned his brain. >> a custody war broke out over the possession of henry's brain. >> ifill: we'll continue that part of the story online, and i'll invite our watchers to go

there later on. for now the book is "patient h.m.." luke dittrich, thank you so much. >> thank you very much for having me. >> ifill: finally, to our newshour shares, something that roger baker is an artist whose paint brush is often a lawnmower. his latest work: a giant en portrait of beethoven etched >> i'm roger baker. i'm an artist, commercial artist.m . so the field piece is an expression of my own personal interest.ld p i start with something that i'm passionate and interested in and so it's real. i'm not cutting for everybody else, i'm cutting myself and doing these pieces myself. so the first one i did in 2000, we cut the statue of liberty. after the statue of liberty, we did elvis. and then we did einstein with the museum of natural history in new york. and then i cut hendrix and then indian larry.n i cut a piece in orange county, new york.a it was for the 75th anniversary of the purple heart.fo

and this last piece i did, which was beethoven, it was about ab million square feet. it has some shag bark hickory s trees which are loaded with squirrels and they kind of landed on beethoven's lapel. i pick a field that's going to be conducive to the piece. it has to be a healthy field, a hay field.el i do a scale drawing in mywi studio. i might do four or five different drawings. and then we come in and lay out our image and then we cut with smaller mowers like v-row turns and just push mowers. once that's established, we can come in a cut the gradations and get the different levels of grass to reflect the light differently. so when you are over, on top of the field from 2,000 feet, looking straight down, the areas that are cut real low will be lighter. the areas that are left tall will be darker. and we have gradations in between those. on the ground, when you look at it, you can't tell really anything. it just so huge. it just looks like a bad mowing

job. but when you get up high, it becomes very representational and becomes an image of beethoven. you're mowing a lawn, that's all i'm doing, mowing a lawn. and it brought people together. i think that's really, really great and it's very satisfying to see as an artist to have a piece of artwork that you dowo from the soul and the heart, go out there and it brings people together. and i think that's really special.e that's really special to me. >> woodruff: massachusetts will make it illegal for jobuf interviewers to ask about a potential hire's salary. on making sense, our job-hunting expert argues why he thinks you should never disclose what youat earn when you're looking for a new job. all that and more is on our webb site, pbs.org/newshour. >> ifill: and that's the newshour for tonight. on wednesday, part two of our, autism series, a profile of a young adult living with autism and the challenges of

independence.it i'm gwen ifill. >> woodruff: and i'm judy woodruff.>> join us online, and again here tomorrow evening. u for all of us at the pbsf newshour, thank you and good night. >> major funding for the pbsor newshour has been provided by: >> the ford foundation. working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change worldwide. n. >> carnegie corporation of new york.rk supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and security.su at carnegie.org.ns, d

>> and with the ongoing support of these institutions tnd individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llcll c captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.orgne

this is "nightly business re" with tyler mathisen and sue herera. box office success. disney string of movie hits powers its on the big screen. it will be on the small one. return to sernd. the postal service delivered a loss t. the reason? it deliveredpackages. if you build it, bauns off come? what the business inhe more ton on "nightly business report" f good evening, everybody. welcome. the nasdaq closes at a record. but tonight, we begin disney. the blue chip