captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llcl >> woodruff: good evening.g. i'm judy woodruff. gwen ifill is away. on the newshour tonight: >> this is not just about j property damage, this is about people's roots. >> woodruff: president obama visits the ravaged communities of louisiana after historic flooding left 13 dead, and thousands of homes destroyed. also ahead this tuesday: uncovering a surprisingly common classroom practice-- why somece u.s. schools are still using corporal punishment to discipline unruly students.nr and scientists in iceland make a breakthrough discovery turning carbon dioxide into rock in an effort to fight climate change.

>> when we were testing the technology we didn't know if it would work. we're still proving that we can keep it all down there. >> woodruff: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour.ou >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> some say it's a calling.e some say they lost someone they loved. many say it's to save lives, as many and as often as possible. there's 100 reasons why someone becomes a doctor, but at m.d. anderson, it's because there's nothing-- and we mean nothing-- we won't do in making cancer history.

lincoln financial is committed to helping you take charge of your future. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions: >> this program was madem possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> woodruff: the president toured flood damage in louisiana today after historic storms more than a week ago inundated 20 parishes and left 13 people dead.

president obama surveyed the damage from streets that just a few days ago were underwater. it's one sign of a gradual return to normal, but stacked up on the side of the streets werer the remnants of jushow bad, and historic, the floods had been. >> people's lives have been upended by this flood. this is not just about property damage, this is about people's roots. >> woodruff: the president was in east baton rouge to meet with officials, first responders andn just some of the thousands who were flooded out of their homes. more than 115,000 people have signed up for federal disaster assistance so far. today, mr. obama pledged more help is coming. >> what i want the people of louisiana to know is you're not alone on this. even after the tv cameras leave, the whole country is going to continue to support you and hel you until we get folks back inol

their homes and lives are rebuilt. >> woodruff: he said the federal government has already allocate> $127 million for flood victims. the flooding was the worst disaster in the u.s. since superstorm sandy hit the east coast in 2012. days of torrential rain dumped more than two-and-a-half feet of water in some parts. now more than a week later, the water is receding, but in its wake it is estimated that more than 60,000 homes were damaged or destroyed. >> heartbreaking. you know, not just for me, but to see. it looks like a bomb went off. >> i kinda got shook up. >> reporter: your whole life is... >> it's just ruined. >> woodruff: officials in east baton rouge say it could take up to three months just to clear debris from the streets. 7,000 people are still living in temporary shelters. and, some political criticism continued over the timing of tho president's visit.

he had been on vacation on martha's vineyard in massachusetts.hu republican presidential nominee donald trump tweeted today: trump-- along with running mate mike pence-- toured the flood zone last friday. earlier, louisiana's governor john bel edwards-- a democrat-- had asked mr. obama to delay aa visit to avoid tying up local authorities. today he welcomed the president. the governor had said after trump's visit that it was "helpful" in attracting national attention. we'll have more on the flood m aftermath right after the news summary. in the day's other news: an american soldier died iner afghanistan, after his patrol triggered a roadside bomb. another u.s. service member and six afghan soldiers weresi wounded. the explosion occurred in lashkar gah, the capital of helmand province.

fighting has intensified there in recent weeks, now that the t taliban has reclaimed about 80% of the province. it's the first u.s. combat death in that country since january. there are staggering new numbers on the flow of unaccompanied children making the riskyof journey to the u.s. from central america. a new report from the united nations' children's agency-- c unicef -- estimates about 26,000 unattended children were apprehended at the u.s. border e between january and june of this year. most fled from el salvador, guatemala, and honduras to escape brutal gang violence and poverty. five new homegrown zika cases were confirmed in florida todayo they include the first one on florida's gulf coast in pinellas county near tampa, nearly 300 miles away from the other infection zones in miami. florida's surgeon general conceded they still don't know precisely where that individual contracted the virus, since they

had not traveled internationally. >> the department of health here under dr. cho and his team willi speak with that person, get a good history. they're already testing family members. they'll be looking at coworkers as well to better understand where transmission may have occurred. >> woodruff: state officials stopped short of labeling it a new area of active local transmission. there are new revelations todaya about hillary clinton's activities at the state department. an associated press review found more than half of the non- government figures who met with her while she was secretary,ar gave money to the clinton m foundation. combined, those people contributed as much as $156 million to her family charity. the nigerian military today saii that it believes airstrikes have killed a number of top boko haram militants, including the group's leader, abubakar shekau. but there was no independentnd

confirmation. his death has been falsely reported at least three other times. the announcement came as secretary of state john kerry arrived in abuja for talks witha nigeria's president on strategies to defeat boko haram. >> your country has taken back most of the territory that the terrorists had once captured.pt we also know that beating boko haram on the battlefield is only the beginning of what we need to do. >> woodruff: boko haram, which has pledged its allegiance to the islamic state, has killed thousands of people, and abducted some 300 schoolgirls. 218 of them are still missing. turkey has formally requested the extradition of u.s. based cleric fethullah gulen. a state department spokesman said the extradition request was unrelated to last month's l attempted coup in turkey, which the turkish government hasrn blamed on gulen and his followers. gulen lives in self-imposed

exile in pennsylvania. traffic deaths across the u.s. are on the rise. the national safety council reported more than 19,000 people have died on the roads from january through june of this year. that's up 9% over the same's period last year, and up 18% from two years ago. it attributed the rise to more people traveling on the nation's roads due to a stronger economy and lower gas prices. new estimates out today are forecasting this year's budget deficit will increase after years of declines. the congressional budget office projects it will grow by one- third to $590 billion, due to lower-than-expected tax revenues. on wall street, stocks closedon higher, led by gains in the technology sector. the dow jones industrial average was up nearly 18 points to close at 18,547. the nasdaq rose 15 points, and the s&p 500 added four.

still to come on the newshour: what's working and what's not in louisiana's flood recovery efforts, i sit down with green party presidential candidate jill stein, the prevalence of corporal punishment in schools, and much more. >> woodruff: now, the aftermath and long road back from the floods in louisiana. president obama promised a sustained national effort to rebuilding southern louisiana during his visit today-- oneit that he said would last "long after the cameras leave." one of the worst-hit areas was livingston parish where 70% of the homes suffered damage from the worst floods in decades. layton ricks is the president of that parish and i spoke with him by skype a short time ago.

mr. layton ricks, thank you very much for talking with us. first of all, tell us where isks livingston parish in the batone rouge area, and just what shape is it in right now? >> well, livingston parish is just east of the river right across from baton rouge. we're a suburb of baton rouge. about 141,000 people. right now we're not in real good shape. if you drove across our landscape, you would see all the water lines, but that's where we're located. we're a suburb of baton rouge. >> woodruff: when you say you're not in good shape, spell that out for us. what sort of damage there? >> yeah, well, we had roughly 60,000 plus structures that were affected, damaged in some way by the flood that we just went through. the water has now receded, but we're still dealing with the aftermath and have begun the recovery process, but if you drove through our parish right now, you would see a lot of people's belongings beginning to pile up on the side of the road so we can start picking it up.

that's just the aftermath of the devastation we're looking at if you drive across from this flood event that we just went through. >> woodruff: do you have any idea at this point how much it's going to cost to bring everything back? >> youer know, i don't. they're still assessing. they're still riding around. our debris haulers are riding around, assessing and mapping out, as is fema. i really do not. a developer is telling me one mall alone is roughly $30 million hit. the stores were still opening. we were moving into the second phase of the mall opening. that's just one mall. so we have substantial damage here in livingston parish. >> woodruff: how would you h describe the main challenges now facing the people around you? what are you facing? >> well, i think we've made it through the rescue phase. we've moved into the recovery phase. now the hardest part is going to be trying to get people some

help to get them back in their homes, which were severely damaged in one way or another by the flood. it could be anywhere from twotw inches to eight, nine, ten feet in some areas. so the real problem is we also have schools that were damaged. so the real problem, the challenge ahead is to try to get these people back to their homes as quick as we can so the kids can get back into the schools once they can so there's some sort of normalcy there. certainly we'll assess and help them do that any way we can, but that will be a long, drawn out, slow process, because most people severely affected by the flood also lost their vehicles. so they have to get vehicles. commercial businesses are down. they don't have a job to go to. we have a mess right now. >> woodruff: what sort of outside help do you feed from the federal government or anybody else, and dod you think you're getting it? >> well, you know, fema hass really stepped up at this point.

i met with administrator craig fugate with governor edwards and his staff at the governor'sor office. it was a very good meeting. they assured us any asset we need for, it would happen. so far it has. what i need now, which would be really great for our parish and for surrounding parish, is for the president to declare this a 90/10 payback for fema versus a 25/75. that would help us. he can do that, and i hope he will do that very soon, because what that means is the parish will owe back 10% versus 25%. i quite frankly don't know where the 10% is going to come from, but i know 25% right now is just going to be astronomical. >> woodruff: well, as we reported, the president wases there in baton rouge today. there has also been some political criticism that he didn't get there sooner.

how do you see that? we know donald trump was there last friday. what do these visits mean for the area? and did the politicians get there as soon as you thought they should have?ha >> well, you know, as far as i'm concerned, yes. i didn't need him to come in the middle of this thing, in the heat of the battle last week. what i needed him to do then is declare the state of emergency. he did that. fema ramped up really fast under governor edwards along with, as i said, administrator craig fugate. they were signing off on declaration, helping us get the assets we needed at that time. so initially that's what i needed out of the federalth government. i feel like we got that. the argument about whether or not he should have come last week quite frankly in my opinion, had he come in the middle of this thing, we would have been pulling first responders away from where they needed to be, the assets we were using to rescue people, to handle the shelters, trying tole

make sure he was safe while he came into our parish. so i felt like he was okay not coming last week. i do think he could have made a couple phone calls us to. that would have been nice, to at least hear from him. but as far as getting thingsin done for me that i needed, i feel like he did that. the governor's office has been extremely, extremely helpful. that's made a big difference. now, him coming this week today, i'm disappointed that he didn't call. i'm disappointed that he didn't come over into our parish since our parish was the one most severely hit. but again, however as far as him directing fema, i think they're doing all they can do for us at this point. but this is a long, drawn out recovery process. i'm going to need fema for a long time to come to help make sure that we're going to be able to get this done for our people and that the parish will be made whole or as much so as we can ii the aftermath of this. >> woodruff: layton ricks, the president of livingston parish in louisiana, we thank you veryy

much and we certainly wish you the very best with the recovery that's coming in the weeks and w months to come. >> thank you, ma'am. i appreciate you. >> woodruff: now, to the 2016 presidential campaign. the vast amount of attention in this election year, by far, has gone to the two main partytw nominees for president: hillary clinton and donald trump. but there are a few third party candidates competing as well. tonight, we hear from the woman who is the nominee of the green party for the second election in a row. she is dr. jill stein, and iis spoke with her a short time ago. dr. jill stein, welcome to the "newshour." >> great to be with you, judy. >> woodruff: let>> me just start by asking you, what is the main difference between what you and the green party offer voters from what say hillary clinton

and bernie sanders have offered? >> so maybe the main difference is that i'm the one candidate id the race that is not corrupted by lobbyists' money, by corporate money, or by super pacs. so i'm the one candidate that can really stand up for what it is the american i people are really clamoring for, and that means jobs and emergency jobs program. we call for the creation of 20 million jobs to solve the emergency of climate change, and we call for 100% clean, renewable energy by 2030. we call for canceling student debt, and, you know, hillary and bernie talk about free public higher education going forward, but not dealing with this burden of debt, which has really locked a generation into kind of a hopeless future right now. and we also call for free public

higher education and for health care and human rights. i think we differ on foreign policy. >> woodruff: let me stop you there with domestic policy. you have a jobs program, a job for anyone who doesn't get one. in the private sector, the government should provide it, forgiving student loans, free childcare, health care, medicare for all. how much is all that going to cost? how do you pay for it?t? >> so fortunately most of it pays for itself. so, for example, providing jobs to transform our economy to the green energy economy of the future, it actually gets rid of what is causing 200,000 premature deaths a year, that is through fossil fuel. it f turns out we get so much healthier when we convert to a green energy economy that our health savings alone are enough to pay for the cost of the energy transition.it >> woodruff: so it wouldn't require, say, a tax hike, maybe

even a tax hike for those in the middle class? >> so c the other piece of thiss that moving to 100% renewable energy means we no longer need and can no longer justify wars for oil, which mind you have cost us $6 trillion since 2001, when you include the cost of caring for our wounded soldiers. $6 trillion. >> woodruff: you said wars for oil. >> that's right, wars for oils. we've been fighting these regime change wars, which are not making us safer, in fact, arguably, we are much less safe with each new war on terror. we actually have created a new wave of even more difficult terror. so we call for actually a weapons embargo and freezing the funding of our allies who are sponsoring terrorist enterprises around the world according toac health hillary clinton's own leaked l e-mails from the secretary'sc office. we'll cut our military budget, which is one thing we can do when we are 100% renewable and

heading for it. it enables us to bring hundreds of billions back into true security here in our own economy. >> woodruff: i want to ask you about the military, as well, because you would cut the military budget in half. you would close down many if not all overseas u.s. bases. you said you would cut aid to important u.s. allies like israel, like egypt and saudi arabia. so do you see the united states pulling back and not really playing a global role? >> actually, i see us more of a global role. and a more impactful global role, because we would have a consistent policy. it's not about specifically defunding israel or saudi arabia or egypt. it's about having an even-handed policy that says that we as theh united states with all due humility are asking our alliess to turn over a new page where our foreign policy is based on international law and human rights, and we will not sponsor

the governments of countries or their militaries where they are systematically and importantly violating human rights andnd international law. >> woodruff: very quickly. if russia went into eastern europe, would the u.s. respond if you were president? >> you know, the laws of war right now say that we can respond when our country is threatened. that is what international law says. so we would need to establish that there is actually imminent danger to the united states. >>wood north korea going into south korea, that's not imminent danger to the united states... s >> well, what we would be doing is trying to preempt these conflicts before they occur through a vigorous policy of engagement. so we would be sitting down to negotiate, to actually reduce conflict on the korean peninsula right now. because there's never really been a ceasefire... there's been

a ceasefire, but thereland hasn't been a formal cessationss of the war on the korean peninsula. >> woodruff: that's right. jill stein, as you know, your campaign has drawn parallels with ralph nader. virtually everyone who has researched that election says that ralph nader, who got over 97,000 voalts in the state of florida, cost al gore the state. al gore lost the state by 537 votes. so my question is: if this race gets close, why isn't it safe the assume that you're prepared to see hillary clinton lose to donald trump? because most of your votes would come from hillary clinton? >> well, i think it remains to be seen where our votes would come from. remember, the majority of donald trump supporters don't actually support him. they're mainly motivated by not liking hillary clinton. so how about we give those dissatisfied clinton opponents someone else they can vote for. in fact, many of bernie sanders' supporters, let me put this

another way, many trump supporters used to be sanders supporters, and when sanders was wiped out, they proved over to trump. so we're trying to bring in the majority of americans. we're in a very different moment now historically than we were in 2000 because the majority of american voters have rejected both health care and donald trump. they're the most disliked and untrusted candidates fores president in our history, and the american people are clamoring for an.ther choice. i think before we try to shut down the discussion, it's really important, you know to, let that discussion go forward and let people see. i think in america... >> woodruff: let me just ask you. this you made it clear you think both hillary clinton and donald trump would be terrible presidents for the country. are you saying literally that t hillary clinton is every bit as bad for the country as donald trump? i wouldn't say there are no differses, but the differences are not enough to save your job. we feel that in this election we're in the just deciding what kind of a world we're going to

have but whether we're going too have a world or not going forward. ofwing that the majority americans is unhappy with those two party choice, this is the time for us to open up. so we're pushing for opening up the debates. then let's see how the chips fall. >> woodruff: dr. jill stein d with the green party, we thankk you. >> thank you, judy. >> woodruff: and you can watch our extended facebook live interview with dr. jill stein online. she answers your questions on syria, vaccines, and the black lives matter movement. that's on our facebook page at: facebook.com/newshour. stay with us. coming up on the newshour: concerns over wikileaks' massivi release of personal information, scientists fight climate change by turning carbon dioxide into stone, and an author's take on reshaping both boys and girls' expectations of sex. but first, a new investigation examines the use of corporal

or physical punishment in public schools. and that's the focus of ourf weekly education segment, "making the grade". the practice is far less common than it used to be, but a report in the journal "education week"t finds it's still utilized in 21 states. and more than 100,000 children were physically punished in one recent year. proponents say it can be an effective way to motivate children to behave, but much research suggests otherwise. we begin with the story of a 19- year-old in mississippi-- trey clayton-- who was paddled repeatedly in high school because of discipline problems. it was produced by our partners at "education week." " mississippi leads the nation in the percentage of schools that use corporal punishment. >> my name is trey clayton. i'm 19 now. my paddling took place since eighth grade. school was fun. w i got along with everybody. i was a good student. i didn't do my schoolwork.

i didn't do my homework. but, you know, i did go to my tests. i guess i was happiest at school when i was playing football. i spent a lot of years in school getting in trouble. i've been caught with cigarettes, arguing with people, trying the fight people and stuff. i ran my mouth a lot. i didn't really like getting told what to do. but if i had the choice to get paddled, i'd usually choose paddling, just get it over with because i didn't want to spend time in school suspension, i.s.s., because my parents always told me, don't ever choose suspension, you know, because you can't miss school. it's like any otr day. i'm in trouble. my buddy's in trouble. we're talking. librarian starts telling us to hush. i just had something smart to say back. but i know i was going to get paddled. i chose paddling.

so i get three licks. they tried the escort me to class. we walk out of his office. i went to walk around him and woke up on the floor. i felt something in my mouth, and i started... i held my hand out to see what it is and i start spitding out teeth, like shards of my teeth. i done bit through both sides of my tongue. i got one tooth already missing, and my jaw's broke. and my mouth stays wired shut for six weeks. when all this happened, we was taking what they call "nine-week tests." and in the middle of them is when all this happened, so i never finished them. they never gave me the opportunity to take them. so it failed me for that year. when i had to go back to the eighth grade at the same school, i just didn't go to school much. and i failed again until finally i was just like, no sense in me

staying, doing this. well, i have a two-year-old and a one-year-old. now, the two-year-old is not mine, but i take care of her as she is mine. but i love them.m. i love them to death. i do believe in discipline, you know what i'm saying, i do believe they need to know what's right and what's wrong, but what happened to me i wouldn't want to happen to them. i wouldn't want them to deal with that. >> woodruff: trey clayton's family filed a lawsuit against the school district but lost. the family eventually droppedly the case. the current superintendent of that district says corporal punishment is still used there but it's used "very judiciously now." jeffrey brown has a closer look at all of this with sarah sparks of the "education week" team. >> brown: sarah sparks, welcome to you. i think a lot of people would be

surprised at the continuing prevalence of this. were you and your colleagues? >> we were a little surprised at how many states were still using corporal punishment. we found 21 states and more than 4,000 schools were using physical discipline. >> brown: all different age level, grade levels? >>le absolutely. we found from kindergarten all the way up through high schoolsc there were at least some students at every level. >> brown: also surprising and notable in your stories were how much policies can and do vary state to city and even within states. >> right. in some districts it was even school by school differences. there is no official training, not much guidance, and in the a whole lot of accountability on how corporal punishment gets meeted out. brown brown what about law? >> we have 29 states who have outlawed corporal punishment. 21 allow it to some degree or

another. and from state to state, the policies and practices differ tremendously. >> brown: so define terms here. what do we mean by "corporalra punishment"? >> we use the federal government's definition, which is generally paddling, spanking, any physical discipline that is done to a child. >> brown: did you find other kinds of punishment? >> we did. the data set that we used doesn't differentiate by what implement gets used. we found everything from paddling with a 20-inch wooden paddle to some case of chemical spray or even a taser. >> brown: and this data comes from the federal government,om civil rights? >> right. this is the most recent civil rights data from the education department for the 2013/2014 school year. >> brown: you also found a disproportionate cases involved

african american children and lower-income children. >> iwe was very surprised that black students were twice as likely as white students to experience corporal punishment. if you're in a state that uses corporal punishment and you'reyo low income, you're also significantly more likely to be in a school that uses it. >> brown: in the case of a student like trey clayton, who we saw in the video, do you see that as a special case or as typical? >> it's typical of the risks of using corporal punishment inin schools.s. trey clayton said that his corporal punishment was a little more severe than he was used to, but trey had been paddled many times in school before, and we just don't know what made him pass out in his case that incident. >> brown: the arguments that you often heard in favor of

this, that it's an alternative to suspension, for example.mp >> right. we heard from people who were very much against corporal punishment all the way to people who were defending corporal punishment that this is something that could be used tod get a kid disciplined quickly and bring them back to school. and it's used for everything from talking back in class to fighting in the halls. but the research shows that in the long term it can have the exact opposite effect that educators think it will and hope it will have. we have studies that find higher aggression rates, higher defiance of adults. there was a recent neurological study that found students who had experienced corporal punishment several times over time had lower brain matter in the part of the brain associated with self-control. so there's some negative side

effects to this. >> brown: and are people in places where they're doing this aware of that? what was their reaction when you pointed out the research? >> for the most part they weren't aware. but also they had a sense of this is part of our community. this is something that we as educators grew up with, and the kids that we've paddled over the years have grown up to be good people. so i think there's a lot of community support in some of the areas that still heavily practice corporal punishment. >> brown: finally, what rights if any do parents have if they want the keep their children from being subjected to corporal punishment? >> in some states, parents are allowed to opt their child out of corporal punishment. but that opt out doesn't carry the force of law. and from what we've seen in the

lawsuits that have been brought over the years, you don't stand a very good chance in court if you are a parent or student who feels you were inappropriately corporally punished. >> brown: sarah sparks of education week, thank you very much. >> t thank you. >> woodruff: for a decade, the anti-secrecy website wikileaks has published online millions of original documents and other material-- leaks that have exposed the inner workings of the national security agency, the u.s. military and state department, the saudi government and, most recently, the democratic national committee. but a new report by the associated press says that manym private individuals are caught up in the disclosures. william brangham has more. >> reporter: the a.p. went

through a sampling of the tens of thousands of documents wikileaks released in the last year and found many personal details about private citizens-- social security numbers, medicar files, and sensitive family and financial information. in what the a.p. calls "particularly egregious,"ou wikileaks published the names of two teenage rape victims, as well as the name of a saudi citizen who'd been arrested for being gay. that revelation could endanger the man's life because, in saudi arabia, being gay is punishable by death. joining me now from paris is raphael satter, one of the a.p.a reporters who wrote this story. raphael, thanks for being here. i wonder if you could tell us, what made you first off want to do this deep dive into wikileakse in the first place? >> i covered the saudi files released back in 2015, and there was an enormous amount of newsworthy information in there, but as we were going through the files with my colleague who cowrote today's story, weo noticed that there was a lot of

irrelevant information in there, too, including a few medical m files. now, at the time, we sort of shrugged it off. we thought, well, maybe there are a couple of tray files in there, but we flagged it for further research, and finally this year we've gone back and done some digging. >> brangham: we mentioned the saudi man who had been arrested for homosexuality. what sorts of other things did you find in these documents? >> we ford all kinds of -- we found all kinds of things. if it's personal or sensitive or family related, we found it. we found details of custody battles. we found parents writing to authorities about missings children. we found details of elopements,o of divorces, of partners who had sexually transmitted diseases, partners who had aids, people who were in debt, in distress, in all kinds of financial difficulty, and, of course, soms of the cases you mentioned earlier, that is to say people who were raped, includingc children who were raped. >> brangham: do you have any

sense of why these documents were releaseed? this seems to go at odds with wikileaks' stance of long-time privacy for individuals.r why are these types of documentm and this type of informationr contained in there?he >> it's difficult to know for sure. i don't speak for julian assange, the head of wikileaks, and i can't say exactly what goes into these releases. assange has indeed said that private information will be protected. in fact, he said explicitly that his site would take care for medical data. for whatever reason, thatha doesn't appear to have happened here. i've been trying to get in touch with assange for the past couple weeks, but he hasn't spoken to us or offered us any explanatiop for why this happened. >> brangham: in the past wikileaks has worked with jiftses who go through thisgh information before it's releases and redact information to try to protect people's data. do you have any sense why that didn't happen in this case?? >> that kind of thing has not happened for some time, at least

not at any great scale. that indeed happened in 2010 with the release of documents. wikileaks worked very closely with the "guardian" and other publications.io but wikileaks' stance on this kind of thing has hardened. they now argue that any redaction, any redactions at all kind of feed the propaganda that information can be dangerous, and they're very much againstst that. they say they're very much against that. so lately, although i believe there have been some redactions left and right, overwhelmingly the material comes out raw, that is to say unfiltered. >> brangham: we reached out the wikileaks for comment. they got back to us and basically argued that none of o this is new, this information has been out there for a while and you and the a.p. have some kind of animus against wikileaks and that's why you're trying to make a big story out of. this what's your response? >> i've worked with wikileaks on

several stories, including stories about surveillance in syria and, in fact, my colleagug mandy and i covered the saudi story very aggressively.es that's one of the reason we first came across these documents when no one else did. i think wikileaks has produced an enormous amount of newsworthy material, but i reject the ideaa that we did this because we have an agenda. inen fact, i have been thinking about this story for the better part of a year. the truth is the fact i'm here right now speaking with you and speaking with others over the past few hours is a testament to the fact that this story is in fact quite new, and i think very disturbing. >> brangham: let's say i'm someone whose information is contained in this dump of information, is there any route for me to appeal to wikileaks to get my private information taken off their web site? >> that's a great question. and that's a question that we got a lot from the people we got in touch with, people talked to us in a panic, those who would

talk us to, and they said, what can i do? what are my next steps? who do i write to? who do i call to get my information taken off this site? we're talking about deeply private data, like whether or o not a bride was a virgin when she got married. and the truth is i don't know. i've asked wikileaks. i've asked... i've tried to get that message to julian assange and we have no response. as far as i'm aware, there is none. >> brangham: raphael satter s from the associated press, thanr you very much. >> thanks for having me. >> woodruff: reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a key to slowing climate change. scientists based in iceland have made a major breakthrough by transforming carbon dioxide, or c.o.2, into rock. and the head of the research group says it's possible thatib

40% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions could be dealt with by adopting their techniques. special correspondent malcolm brabant has been to iceland to examine this promising p discovery, and he reports now as part of our "breakthrough" series. >> reporter: i'm standing aboutr 1,000 feet up a volcano that last erupted about 2,000 years ago. the temperature underground here is about 620 degrees fahrenheit. according to geologists, this volcano could blow at any time. but that could be any time within the next 1,000 years. the process of turning carbon dioxide into rock is happening about 6,000 feet below my feet, silently. but up here you can sense the visceral power of mother nature. the only sensation i can compare it to is being rather close to the launch of a space shuttle. >> this is hellisheidi geo>>

thermal power plant. the thermal energy is transported towards rejkjavik where we heat our houses and take showers and so forth. so as a by product of the ongoing energy production, geo thermal gases like c.o.2. ares emitted to the atmosphere. we have been working towards reducing these emissions, capturing them and reinjecting them into the ground and turnin them into rock. >> reporter: the techniques pioneered here are said to be safer than the alternative of storing c.o.2. as a gas underground with its expense and potential for leaks. under the right conditions, nature takes hundreds of years to transform c.o.2. into stone. what the scientists have done ih to accelerate the process exponentially. and to that respect it's a powerful box. so this is calcium carbonate. t and this is what the c.o.2. injected into the basalt turns into after the chemical a reactions have occurred. this one is not representative of what we would see if we were

to drill a core or dig a hole into the bedrock where we are injecting the c.o.2. rather we would see something like this. where we have the calcium carbonate in smaller particles. >> reporter: carbon dioxide is an invisible gas. but it is ever present in geo- thermal areas like this one where there are hot springs and mud pools. iceland's volcanic rock makes it the perfect test bed for carbfix. geologist bergur sigfusson drove up the volcano to point out thea key ingredient for this chemica reaction: basalt. >> here we are standing in a basaltic lava field. these rocks here are essentialle the same as we are injecting our c.o.2. into, approximately 5,000 feet below sea level. the basalt contains all the necessary elements we need to combine with the c.o.2. to form minerals in the sub surface. >> reporter: professor siggi gislason is the head of the scientific team running this experiment.

among the participating institutions: columbia university in new york. as he explains, the key toy ensuring there are no gassu leakages, is to dissolve the c.o.2. in water before injecting it into the bedrock. >> we simulate the injection by having here having pure water that goes in here. and then we have the c.o.2. that we put in the stream. it's something similar to what we have at the carbfix site where we have c.o.2. chargedav water that enters the basaltic rocks at depth. what we've done so far is a small project, but it's beautiful because we've shown that you can actually mineralize c.o.2 within two years in reactive rocks like basalts. and that's the safest way of storing carbon in the earth. >> reporter: here engineers are drilling to extract samples from the carbon dioxide infused rock. this method is that it requires huge amounts of water to dissolve the c.o.2, so that it

can be penetrate the porous and permeable basalt. 25 tons of water are needed fore every ton of carbon dioxide. at present, the carbfix project is neutralizing 10,000 tons of c.o.2 a year. project director edda aradottir. >> we're looking at a core that was drilled into the carbfix injection site. and when we look at it inside the basalt we have carbonate minerals already formed containing the injected c.o.2. >> reporter: hildigunnurgu thorsteinsson is the head of research and development at reykjavik energy. how significant is what you areo doing here? >> i think the carbfix project is one part of the solution. i think the problem with climate change and what makes it so difficult is that there is no silver bullet. and so the carbfix project isn't a silver bullet, but it's certainly another weapon in our armory. >> reporter: so how much of the

of if you employed this around the world? >> i don't have those numbers, but we do have significant potential in the ocean ridges, in countries like india that could really use thisal technology. >> reporter: only a few places on land--like northern california and southern oregon-- have the right kind of geological composition to make this work. but since basalt is plentiful on the ocean floor, burying c.o.2. off shore just might work for other countries trying to contain the greenhouse gas. to the west of iceland, and slightly closer to the north pole is the jacobshavn glacierle in western greenland, which is a barometer of climate change. during the 20th century it alone was responsible for 4% of rising ocean waters. due to warmer sea temperatures the glacier is shrinking at the rate of ten miles a year, and spawning a greater number of icebergs of the size that sank the titanic. professor rene forsberg is a climate specialist at denmark'sc technical university. >> it's a sign of global warming that greenland is melting

rapidly, the ice sheet is melting rapidly producing more icebergs. and we know it's warmer in greenland on average than it's been for many years, so this is what we see here that the icebergs get more frequent, they get larger to some degree. >> reporter: because it is self contained within the geothermala power plant, the carbfix c solution cannot be used for capturing c.o.2. from planes, cars and ships like this one in a norwegian fjord. but professor gislason believes there should be international law requiring countries to starn using this new technique. >> the more diffuse emissions like from jets, cars, et cetera is going to be more complicated but still 40% of emissions could be captured and stored in rocksp there is no question. we need legislation to force people to do this. do you want to do this by a emission trading scheme? do you want to do it by carbonit taxes? or do you want to do it strictli

directly by legislation? if you do this then you capture the c.o.2. it has to be done because it it has to be done because it i expensive. and that is the achilles heel of all of the carbon capture and storage. it is expensive. >> reporter: even here in iceland, though it's not being used to its full extent. >> 75% of the c.o.2 is emitted at the moment. of the c.o.2. we take up to the surface approximately 25% are reinjected directly to form carbonates minerals. >> reporter: why are you onlyte injecting 25% of the carbon dioxide that you produce? why aren't you going full out and putting in 100%? >> c.o.2 emissions from geo thermal energy are not very large. but we saw an opportunity here a to test the very interesting technology. which we did and it even works faster than we thought it would. now as for future development we haven't decided on that. so we might expand on that, but we just haven't made the decision. >> reporter: but if you're trying to save the planet why don't you put in 100%?t

>> we when we were testing the technology we didn't know if ite would work. and we only started injecting two years ago. we're still proving that we can keep it all down there. everything turns to minerals. as the future progresses we might do more. we haven't decided yet.'t >> reporter: the scientists aren't resting on their laurels. they're trying to determine whether they can speed up the process still further. for the pbs newshour, i'mr. malcolm brabant in iceland. >> woodruff: finally for one of our newshour essays: as students across the country prepare to return to school, peggy orenstein, the author of thest recent book "girls and sex" shares ideas on how young men and women should rethink intimacy in their relationships. >> for several years now we've been engaged in a national debate about sexual assault onua campus. no question it's crucial that young people understand the

ground rules for consent. but that's where the conversation is ending, and when it does, the media and the internet, that new digital street corner, will educate our kids for us. if we truly want young people to engage safely, ethically and, yes, pleasurably, it's time to have frank, honest discussions about what happens after yes. one thing that's clear is that we have to broaden our definition of sex beyond intercourse, because despite the hype, kids are not having intercourse at a younger age, but they are engaging in other behavior, and by ignoring, that by allowing kids to label other acts as "not sex," they are not subject to the same rules. that opens the door to both risky behavior and disrespect. that's particularly true of oral sex, which teenagers considersi less intimate than intercourse, at least if boys are on the

receiving end. the young women i met had a lot of reasons for participating. it made them feel desired. it boosted social status. it could also get them out of an uncomfortable situation. i heard so many stories of one-sided encounters that i began asking: what if every time you were with a boy he expected you to get him a class of water in the kitchen but he never got you a glass of water. the girls would laugh and say, i never thought about it that way. sex is political as well as personal, just like the questioe of who does the dishes in your home or who vacuums the rug. it raises similar issues of personal power, mental health and economic disparity. a pennsylvania educator has suggested that one way to level the playing field is to get rid of it entirely, replacing that infamous baseball metaphor with something else, pizza. think about it: you decide with your companion whether you feel like a pie. if you do, you negotiate the

toppings. maybe you like mushrooms and i like pepperoni, so we go half sis. but if i keep insisting on pepperoni and you keep kosher, you'll stop going out to pizzapi with me. it's all about a shared encounter in which everyone is equally invested in their fellow diner's pleasure. it works regardless of sexual orientation. discussing contraception,ng disease protection and con sent with teenagers is important. but it's not enough. we need to call out the forces that urge boys to see girls' limits as a challenge to overcome, that tells girls more pleasure is more important than their own. boys need to see models of masculinity that are nod n grounded in aggression and conquest. girls need to be taught to articulate their needs, desires and limits and expect those toos be respected. both sexes need to learn how to balance responsibility with joy, to transform from baseball players to pizza eaters.

>> woodruff: you can find our entire collection of essays online at: pbs.org/newshour/essays.g/ last week viewers met sam polk, a hedge fund trader turned social entrepreneur who turned his passion to poverty and nutrition. on our making sense page online, economics correspondent paul solman continues their conversation about wealth addiction and problems on wall street. all that and more is on our website: pbs.org/newshour. and before we go, a sad note: on friday, john yang spoke with photographer sebastian rich, onh assignment for unicef in south sudan. he is there to cover the plight of children suffering fromth severe acute malnutrition, amid the ongoing fighting. the first child rich photographed when he arrived there two weeks ago was this baby, named jal. cradled by his mother, he was terribly malnourished. this morning, rich returned to the clinic in juba, the capital, to check on the boy and was told

jal had died thursday. sebastian rich sent us a brief eulogy of this one-year-old, who, he wrote, is "now just one more precious little bundle, buried beneath a sad and cruel s land." you can find more on our website: pbs.org/newshour. and that's the newshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff. join us online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and goodan night. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: lincoln financial is committed to helping you take charge of your future.

>> the ford foundation. working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change worldwide. >> carnegie corporation of new york. supporting innovations in education, democraticra engagement, and the advancement of international peace ander security. at carnegie.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. at thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc y captioned by media access gro

>> this is "bbc world news america." funding of this presentation is made possible by the freeman foundation, newman's own foundation, giving all profits from newman's own to charity and pursuing the common good, kovler foundation, pursuing solutions for america's neglected needs, and aruba tourism authority. >> planning a vacation escape that is relaxing, inviting, and exciting is a lot easier than you think. you can find it here, in aruba. families, couples, and friends can all find their escape on the island with warm, sunny days,