captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> woodruff: good evening, i'm judy woodruff. on the newshour tonight... >> 23 of the 28 member nations are still not paying what they should be paying. >> woodruff: ...president trump abroad, today in brussels, reprimands fellow nato leaders over unpaid dues, but is silent on nato's joint defense pact. then, the manchester attack, britain remains on high alert as u.s. intelligence sharing in the investigation was temporarily halted, a casualty of media leaks. and, gender on the job, is testosterone an indicator of who takes risk at work? >> there's a systematic relationship there. and it's all explained through testosterone as a kind of social dominance hormone.

>> woodruff: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> and by the alfred p. sloan foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financial literacy in the 21st century. >> carnegie corporation of new york. supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and security. at carnegie.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions: and individuals.

>> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> woodruff: a note of some discord today, as president trump addressed his first meeting of nato leaders. he criticized the allies, again, for falling short on their share of defense spending. from brussels, special correspondent ryan chilcote begins our coverage. >> reporter: jets blazed over brussels and nato's gleaming new headquarters this afternoon, the flags of all 28 member states making a show of unity. but a short time earlier, with his fellow leaders looking on, president trump renewed his longstanding demand: nato allies must do more.

>> member nations are still not paying what they should be paying and what they are supposed to be paying for their defense. this is not fair to the people and taxpayers of the united states. and many of these nations owe massive amounts of money from past years and not paying in those past years. >> reporter: the president noted the bloc did however, shell out for that new home. >> i never asked once what the new nato headquarters cost. i refuse to do that. but it is beautiful. >> reporter: german chancellor angela merkel, speaking before the president, struck a different note in unveiling a memorial of the berlin wall. >> ( translated ): our alliance is united in the awareness of the importance to cooperate to insist on freedom and we are it is not isolation and the building of walls that make us successful, but open societies that share the same values. >> reporter: nato's secretary general said the unveilings of the wall, and wreckage from the

world trade center in new york, signify the importance of the alliance. >> we saw the strength of that bond after the 9/11 attacks hometown in new york and for the first time nato invoked our collective defence clause, article 5. one for all and all for one. >> reporter: mr. trump did not explicity endorse article five, the first president who hasn't since the alliance's founding in 1949. after calling nato obsolete last year, a comment he's since walked back, nato leaders seemed dismayed. president trump did, though, appear to push the prime minister of montenegro aside as the leaders moved through a hall. all of this, in a city that candidate trump called a "hellhole" last year. president trump has also criticized the european union, the other big institution headquartered in brussels, applauding britain's decision to exit the bloc.

the e.u.'s two leaders who share the job of running the bloc of 28 countries-- the president of the european commission, jean claude juncker, and the president of the european council, donald tusk, also met president trump today. afterward, it was clear that differences remained. >> some issues remain open, like climate and trade. and i am not 100% sure that we can say today, we means mr. president and myself, that we have a common position, common opinions about russia. >> reporter: the new american president also held his first meeting with france's newly elected president emanuel macron. the handshake lasted six seconds, and the 39-year-old frenchman held his own. in private, he urged mr. trump to respect the paris climate agreement. finally, after a long day in brussels, the president flew on to sicily for the g-7 summit tomorrow. >> woodruff: and a short time

ago, i spoke with ryan chilcote, who's still in brussels. ryan, welcome. so how did the european leaders react to president trump's criticisms today? >> they have been very reserved, very guarded in their response to president trump's criticism today. don't forget that a good number of the leaders -- in fact, those that president trump, i think, has been hardest on when it comes to their commitments to n.a.t.o. -- are going to see him in sicily tomorrow, so they don't want a spat with president trump. but, you know, they will clearly be very disappointed by the criticism today. a lot of them feel that the place where president trump delivered his criticism was the wrong place to do it, beside this memorial that effectively was not just to u.s. troops but also to n.a.t.o. troops who have lost their lives in afghanistan fighting alongside the united states after n.a.t.o. invoked

article 5. so they don't like where the comments were made. then the other issue, of course, is that many of them disagree that they're not doing enough or moving in the right direction to support n.a.t.o. in terms of their military spending. the president pointed out that 23 out of the 28 n.a.t.o. members are not spending 2% of their budgets on the military at this point -- of their g.d.p., and they will say that, in fact, if you look at the commitment, they have until 2024 to do that, and here at n.a.t.o., from the n.a.t.o. officials i've talked to, they believe that the vast majority of the n.a.t.o. countries are well on their way with verifiable plans to do that, with the notable exception of germany. but they weren't showing that because they want to work with president trump, and they clearly believe -- and that was very apparent in the body language today -- that this is a president that they need to win over. they need to assure him n.a.t.o.

is something that's in the united states' interest. >> woodruff: very quickly, ryan. you were just in russia. you covered the kremlin 20 years. what do you think the russian officials are thinking about today's meeting? >> i wouldn't say they would be delighted about today's meeting because they're never delighted by anything n.a.t.o. does. they see fateo as a threat to russia. but they will be happier about this meeting than the meeting we saw last year or the year before. remember, it was at those meetings n.a.t.o. took a very hard line on russia in the aftermath of russia's intervention in ukraine. it was those meetings that led to the deployment of about 3,000 n.a.t.o. troops, troops under n.a.t.o.'s command right at russia's border in the baltic countries and poland. the fact that we didn't get that explicit expression of support from article 5 for president trump today, these are the things the russians will be

very pleased about. >> woodruff: any sense of what the trump delegation thinks about all this? >> they said the meeting was a success. sean spicer spoke with reporters after and he said, you know, the president's hard line, if you will, the criticism he has been consistent with for the last year and a half is really paying dividends. he said the dinner meeting tonight started with a discussion about how the countries can share more of the burden, how they can participate in counterterrorism along with the united states, those have been two key demands from president trump. sean spicer, for one, played down the idea that president trump should have explicitly supported or endorsed article 5, you know, saying, look, he was there to dedicate -- to read the dedication, to give this speech at a memorial that is called article 5 and 9/11, so, of course, the president even by

just being here at the n.a.t.o. meeting supports article 5. so he pushed back on that. they see the president's tough line at n.a.t.o. and europe in general as the right approach, the only way that's going to get the goods they want delivered. >> woodruff: ryan chilcote covering today's n.a.t.o. meeting in brussels. thank you. in the day's other news, a federal appeals court in richmond, virginia, upheld a lower court ruling that blocked president trump's revised travel ban. the appellate judges of the fourth circuit said the policy, targeting six mostly muslim nations, "drips with religious intolerance." it's the first appeals court to rule on the revised ban. the pentagon has concluded that a u.s. air strike in iraq last march, killed at least 105 civilians. it happened in mosul, where government forces are fighting to retake the city from the islamic state group. investigators say they found

that a u.s. bomb dropped on a building, set off explosives that isis fighters had planted inside. the air strike was originally intended to kill two snipers. china is protesting after a u.s. warship sailed close to man-made islands in the south china sea today. the guided missile destroyer "dewey" came within 12 nautical miles of "mischief reef," which the chinese now claim. in beijing, a foreign ministry spokesman said the u.s. challenge hurts efforts to resolve disputes: >> ( translated ): the u.s.' actions bring severe disruptions to the process of negotiations, and can only bring harm and not benefits. china's resolve to protect its sovereign territory, security and maritime interests is resolute. >> woodruff: the u.s. disputes china's claim and says it will continue to conduct "freedom of navigation" exercises in the area. this was the first one since president trump took office. government troops in the philippines launched a new

operation today to retake control of a southern city from islamist militants. soldiers arrived in marawi backed by tanks and attack helicopters. the rebels have sealed off much of the city, and thousands of people have fled. in brazil, president michel temer has canceled a decree that deployed the military last night, after violent protests. an estimated 45,000 people marched in the capital, brasilia, demanding that temer resign over corruption allegations. police fired tear gas and pepper spray when some protesters set fires and vandalized government buildings. >> ( translated ): it does not represent the people, it is a movement created by unions, because to protest is correct but vandalism is totally wrong. what they did is an example of savagery. >> ( translated ): i approve demonstrations, but i thought the violence was absurd on both sides. military police also made a serious mistake in targeting demonstrators.

>> woodruff: temer initially said he called out troops, in a bid to restore order. he retreated today, after widespread criticism that it was a power grab. the f.b.i. has declined, for now, to hand over documents on former director james comey's communications with the president. the house oversight committee wanted the material. meanwhile, former u.s. senator joe lieberman has withdrawn from consideration to be f.b.i. director. he cited a potential conflict of interest, now that a law partner is representing the president in the probe of ties between his campaign and the russians. opec today extended an agreement to cut output for another nine months in an effort to shore up prices. the agreement includes the 14 members of the oil cartel plus 10 other nations. despite the deal, oil prices fell today, back under $50 dollars a barrel. and, long-term u.s. mortgage rates fell this week, to the

lowest levels of the year. mortgage buyer freddie mac said the benchmark 30-year-rate dipped below four percent. and wall street scored new gains, as big retailers reported strong earnings. the dow jones industrial average was up 70 points to close near 21,083. the nasdaq rose 42, and the s&p 500 added 10. both of those indexes closed at record highs. still to come on the newshour: the manchester attack-- leaks from the investigation pause intelligence sharing. fear of russia, sweden invests in its military as a precaution against neighboring russia, and much more. >> woodruff: it's been a day for mourning in manchester, england, and for new police raids, in the

concert bombing that killed 22 people. police say they have "very important" clues to what drove salman abedi and to other potential suspects. ciaran jenkins of independent television news has our report. >> reporter: at 11:00 a.m. in the spring sunshine, manchester fell silent, united in grief. for a moment, remembrance outshone the darkness of terror. this was for the dead, the injured, their families and friends. they're closing in on his movements. on the night of the attack, he was in this rented property police raided yesterday.

police have made eight total arrests. this man was arrested. a property is searched tonight and two orthoproperties in manchester. investigators face an unwelcomed obstacle. the "new york times" published photos of bomb components from the last. the latest leak of >> last night the family liaison officer shared with those families the fact that intelligence had been leaked and published in the "new york times." it is absolutely understandable the distress and upset this has caused to those families who are already suffering as everyone can imagine. >> reporter: the queen today saw for herself the children salman abedi deemed terror targets. >> and you had enjoyed the concert? >> yeah it was really good. >> reporter: she spoke with 15- year-old millie. and to 14-year-old evie, she made her own disgust with the attacker known. >> very wicked. >> reporter: but the terror

network who did this is still being hunted. the threat level remains at its highest. and major english hospitals have been told to prepare for similar attacks. as of this afternoon, you'll see armed police on trains nationwide for the first time. britain remains under imminent threat. >> woodruff: now we examine the diplomatic fight that's broken out over the leaked photos of the bomb detonated in manchester. william brangham takes it from here. >> brangham: british officials are so incensed over those photos being leaked that police stopped sharing information with the u.s. for a time today. meanwhile, prime minister theresa may met with president trump at the nato summit in brussels. going in, she said britain wants to maintain its special security partnership with the u.s. >> that partnership is built on trust and part of that trust is knowing that intelligence can be shared confidently and i will be making clear to president trump today that intelligence shared

between law enforcement agencies must remain secure. >> brangham: the president, in turn, issued his own statement condemning the leaks. he asked the justice department and other agencies to launch a complete investigation. for more on this, and the larger investigation into the bombing, i'm joined now by ali soufan. he's a former f.b.i. special- agent who handled several major terrorism investigations, including the 2001 al-qaeda bombing of the u.s.s. "cole" in yemen. he now runs a consulting group and is the author of the new book "antatomy of terror." welcome back to the "newshour". >> thank you. >> brangham: from an investigator's point of view, help me understand why the british would be so angry about these photos of these bombmaking parts. why are those being out there would bother tell me so much? >> they have an ongoing investigation and this investigation is way more than an act that already happened. there is an imminent threat that's unfolding in the u.k. you want to protect your investigative leads, number one. you need to protect the

integrity of your evidence, of your investigation, and when you're trying to catch terrorists who are still on the loose, you know, you don't want them to know what you know. so as an investigator, you know, and it happened to me personally, you get so frustrated when you see sometimes, intentionally or unintentionally, people hindering your investigation. so i don't blame the investigators on the ground to be really upset about leaks, about any investigative leaks that have been published either in papers or broadcasted on television. i am just not sure they can put all the blame on the united states. i think that's very unfair. i think, even in the pictures in the "new york times," i believe, in the "new york times'" story, they said they got access to them from british law enforcement sources. i think leaks are really bad in this situation. it's not only reckless, it's

dangerous when terrorists still on the loose, but to blame everything on the people here in the united states, i think it's not fair. i think they need to do a further investigation to know who's leaking what to whom. >> brangham: just so i'm clear on this, the concern would be, let's just say the suspects in this case were to see those photographs. they would somehow know exactly what amount of evidence the police had in their custody and that might then lead them to think they're much closer to get meg than i thought? >> well, first of all, i think the british were really upset about leaking the name of the suicide bomber, maybe as an investigator i don't want the name to be out, i want them to think that i'm still in the dark so i can have the advantage in identifying his friends, his support network. people who probably are working with him or supported him or said him. you know, so i wanted to have the upper hand in these kind of things. as for other evidence that's

collected from the scene, they will be watching, and they will be hearing our analysis of it and maybe they will even know how to do it better. i remember, in some of the stories, there was some analytical pieces about what's wrong with the device, what's wrong with the detonator. we have to be very careful, especially when you have an ongoing investigation unfolding, so dangerous to our partners in the u.k., that they raised the threat level in the country to critical, which is the third time they did that in, like, ten years. so we have to be very careful, and we have to respect the circumstances on the ground, help them protect the integrity of their investigation, but also aid them to arrest and apprehend anyone who might be involved in the attack in manchester or

probably another imminent attack that might be taken place. >> brangham: i.s.i.s. took credit for the this and some theorize i.s.i.s. will encourage more and more attacks like this as they lose more and more territory and fighters in syria and iraq. do you believe that assessment? do you think this is a sign of i.s.i.s.'s strength or its weakness? >> well, it's definitely a sign of both. i mean, you know, i.s.i.s. is losing territory in syria and iraq. i.s.i.s. is losing the so-called caliphate. they always bragged it's remaining and expanding. now it's definitely not remaining and absolutely not expanding. so they are trying to inspire people to do terrorist attacks around the world, and we've southeastern that in the united states and europe. now, what level of support, what level of coordination and direction i.s.i.s. had with this

manchester bombing yet to be seen. there are a loft unknowns in this. for example, as we've seen in the united states, i.s.i.s. claimed responsibility for attacks that they had nothing to do with whatsoever. just because they believed they might inspire that attack. so now we're seeing, with these kind of attacks, we're seeing the organizational boundaries becoming more and more blurry, and the threat is a message, and that message is the same. remember, i.s.i.s. used to be a branch of al quaida. i.s.i.s. came out of al quaida. so ideologically speaking, they are the same. >> all right. ali soufan, thank you very much. >> thank you. >> woodruff: stay with us, coming up on the newshour: stop the presses-- does an

assault by a candidate represent changed attitudes toward the media? gender on the job: is testosterone an indicator of who takes risk at work? and a brief but spectacular take on artificial intelligence. but first, as we reported earlier, president trump was at nato headquarters today in brussels. the decades-old nato alliance has found new meaning of late. the main cause: russian muscle- flexing in europe and beyond. several european nations are not members of the alliance, including sweden. and now swedes are enlarging their military in new ways, preparing for an old threat. from the swedish island of gotland, in the baltic sea, special correspondent malcolm brabant reports. >> reporter: twelve years after sweden deemed post-soviet russia to be weak and demilitarized gotland, the army is back. times have changed. gotland is no longer immune from danger.

(gunfire) a 300 strong battle group, including a part time tank company will be in place by july. until then, the island has become a stage for war games sending a deterrent message to the kremlin. sergeant major henrik wulff. >> this is part of their basic military training as squads and platoons. but of course gotland is swedish and we will protect it to any means necessary. >> reporter: the recruits are learning to protect themselves from a surprise attack. for a country that epitomizes peace, that's a difficult scenario to grasp. sweden has not fought a war since 1814, it has nurtured its neutrality for over 200 years. during the cold war it was neutral because it was suspicious of both the super powers. but now russian muscle flexing is jangling swedish nerves. the government is promising to increase defense spending by 11%

over the next five years and it is to reintroduce conscription. gotland is a popular nordic tourist destination. it's main town visby, the best- preserved fortified commercial city in northern europe, is a unesco world heritage site. the island, a three-hour ferry ride from the swedish mainland, is vulnerable because of its strategic location close to latvia and the russian enclave of kaliningrad, where a quarter of a million military personnel are based. colonel matthias ardin. >> gotland is an area in the middle of the baltic sea. from this island it is possible to influence both air and sea ways within the area. >> reporter: colonel ardin commands swedish forces on gotland. >> russia is putting a lot of money into their military force. we have a deteriorating security situation within the baltics. we are trying to enhance our military capabilities. >> reporter: but do you think russia is going to look at some of these exercise and just laugh

because you are hopelessly outnumbered? >> i think russia follows the developments in the baltic region like every other nation does. >> reporter: last week the swedish defense minister peter hultqvist was at the pentagon raising concerns with defense secretary james mattis. >> from my perspective, russia is the main challenge. russia challenged the european security order. this has a destabilizing impact on northern europe and beyond. >> reporter: four years ago russia simulated a nuclear attack against sweden as part of a military exercise. its submarines and agents have also reportedly been probing swedish defenses. but political scientist mi lennag, a former foreign ministry russia specialist, believes the kremlin is bluffing. >> i think putin and russia want a bi-polar world again where putin is a greater man than trump. and especially to destabilize europe.

to make sure that europe and sweden in this case and the baltics know that russia is strong and powerful. and it is. and the major goal is to make people aware of it, not to really act on it. >> reporter: russia's psychological offensive has forced sweden to address defense personnel shortages caused by young people's reluctance to sign up after the draft was abolished in 2010. the government is introducing a form of targeted conscription that will compel 4,000 18 year olds to undergo military training every year. >> our professional soldiers are very, very good. but quantity is also a quality. and we need more troops in sweden. and the conscript system is an excellent way for that. >> reporter: high school student albin gahm is one of 100,000 eligible swedes who'll be subjected to what is effectively a draft lottery. >> many of us don't want to

fight. i don't want to fight either but if i have to, i'll do it. but it's really divided. >> i prefer to spend my life as i want to. and die when i want to instead of having the chance of ending when i don't want to. >> reporter: this air vent represents another impact of the russian threat. it's happening underneath places like this government-subsidized housing project on the outskirts of gotland's main town. garage 71 has a dual purpose. behind its heavy metal gate, it's not only a repository for old cars, but also one of 60,000 shelters built during the cold war when sweden feared being caught in the crossfire of a nuclear conflagration. they were mothballed after the collapse of the soviet union, but as a result of the current tensions, the swedish contingency agency has ordered that the 350 bunkers on gotland be re-stocked and prepared. this shelter is designed to protect about 200 people.

we are about ten feet underground and this reinforced concrete is supposed to be able to take a direct hit in a conventional war. in another part of the island, at a cold war military bunker, now a museum, custodian kjell pettersson laments the return of historical tensions. >> ( translated ): i really hope that a conflict won't happen. but in today's world where so much is happening, in the world around us, you just don't know. so i am a bit worried. >> reporter: the medieval walls that ring the town of visby were useless in 1808 when a russian force temporarily took control of gotland before being expelled by the swedes. in such tranquil surroundings it's hard for some residents to grasp that this is once again a potential frontline. >> i would say as a swede, we're still in the mindset that we're a neutral country and war cannot happen to us. but i guess we have to re- evaluate this. >> reporter: maria james is a planning official with the local government.

she's married to david james, an american security expert who hails from virginia. >> if they want to, they can take gotland in a matter of days or hours even. so i would probably more inclined just to roll over because i don't want any casualties. i don't want them to use force. >> reporter: the family is standing besides a component of gotland's defenses. this unprepossessing garage also contains a bomb shelter. >> i'm not at all positive about the future. i mean how can you be positive with trump as president. he's something of a wild card. and the combination of trump and putin and north korea and others really makes things seem like anything can happen really. >> reporter: russia's aggression is creating a dilemma for the swedes. they're being pushed ever closer to nato. but are resisting membership, an act that president putin would regard as hostile. gotland's deputy mayor meit

fohlin reflects the view of the governing social democratic party. >> it is better to be free and to have our cooperations where we want them to be. i think that neutrality has served us well up to this day and i think it is the right way even in the future. >> reporter: later this summer these training exercises will be supplanted by a much bigger war game involving the participation of 20,000 swedish troops, as well as 1,000 u.s. personnel. despite sweden's fears, it's not about to join nato, but defense secretary mattis gave this pledge. >> america will not abandon democratic allies and partners and we will stand with sweden and all democracies will stand together. >> reporter: the country's best defense may ultimately be the neutrality upon which it's relied. but being neutral doesn't mean not being ready. for the pbs newshour, i'm malcolm brabant in gotland.

>> woodruff: today's closely watched special election for montana's lone seat in the u.s. house of representatives took a bizarre turn last night when one of the candidates was charged with assaulting a reporter. the altercation, and other less extreme incidents involving reporters, raise questions about how attitudes toward the media are changing. john yang has our report. >> yang: the race between democrat rob quist and republican greg gianforte was upended in its closing hours when "guardian" reporter ben jacobs tried to ask the republican about the health care bill. jacobs was recording the conversation. >> we'll talk to you about that later. >> yeah, but there's not going to be time, i'm just curious... >> okay, speak with shane, please. i'm sick and tired of you guys! the last guy that came in here, you did the same thing. get the hell out of here! get the hell out of here! the last guy did the same thing. are you with the "guardian?"

>> yes! and you just broke my glasses. >> the last guy did the same damn thing. >> you just body-slammed me and broke my glasses. >> get the hell out of here. >> yang: gianforte's press secretary said "aggressive behavior from a liberal journalist created this scene." but a fox news team witnessed the confrontation. >> but i did see the whole thing when gianforte grabbed him by the neck, both hands, slid him to the side, body-slammed him, and then got on top of him and started punching, and then yelling at him. >> yang: late last night, the sheriff charged gianforte with misdemeanor assault. this morning, house speaker paul ryan said he was out of line. >> there is no time where a physical altercation should occur with the press or just between human beings. should the gentleman apologize? yeah, i think he should apologize. >> yang: house minority leader nancy pelosi compared gianforte to president trump. >> to see this person who wants

to be the one representative into the house of representatives from montana be sort of a wannabe-trump. it's a tactic to attack the press. and we really have to say: this is about the constitution of the united states. >> yang: mr. trump, as candidate and as president, has targeted media with harsh language of his own. >> the dishonest media, among the world's most dishonest people. >> yang: there have been other clashes between politicians and the press: a west virginia public radio reporter was arrested trying to question health and human services secretary tom price. and a "congressional quarterly" reporter was allegedly manhandled by security guards when he tried to ask a question after an f.c.c. hearing. to explore the meaning of these incidents we're joined by howard kurtz, host of "media buzz" on fox news channel. and tom rosenstiel, head of the american press institute and a senior fellow at the brookings institution.

howard, tom, thanks for being here. tom, let me start with you. is there a change in the climate, a change in attitudes toward the press? >> yeah. i mean, we're seeing rhetoric or hearing rhetoric from the white house that is of a nature we really haven't seen since president nixon and the watergate era. a demonization of the press. call taiflt different than simply accusing the press of liberal bias or unfairness. i mean, the to say they are the enemy of the people, among the worst human beings on earth, it encourages and legitimizes an anger towards the press that, you know, i think fosters this element. the internet creates an environment where there is less decorum and the uneasiness about the country put people on edge, but, yes, there is a climate

that's different and i think it's fair to say the administration contributed do it. >> yang:, what do you think, howard? >> no question president trump has escalated his rhetoric. but i think it is a real mistake and we have to be careful to conflate what he says using words, attacking the press, which a lot of his base likes and, in some cases, the press deserves and we can get into that in a moment and, you know, this congressional candidate in montana doing something that's completely unacceptable and by the way politically stupid on the eve of the election to physically assault a reporter that maybe stuck a tape recorder in his face. i used to say, during the obama administration where a police officer would be shot and so someone on the right would say it's president obama's fault because of the way he talks about police, this kind of association is something we have to be careful about. >> yang: tom, what about that? you heard in the tape spot nancy

pelosi comparing this county to president trump. howie says you can't directly relate the rhetoric to the actions. what do you think? >> well, i think it's unfair to compare what the reporter did to anything that president trump has done, but i think to say that words don't have implications when you're the president, you know, that's probably letting the president off too easily, and this rhetoric is intense. it's not a trend. we're not seeing, you know, dozens of reporters being beaten up and there may be more attention the it than there has been in the past, but it is important to recognize that the democracy depends on reporters asking people in power questions so that the general public has information we can't really self-govern unless information is widespread, and sometimes reporters have to be a little aggressive. i mean, you know, the reporter didn't beat up the politician,

the politician beat up the reporter. >> yang: but, howie, you were saying that some of these things are self-inflicted by the press? >> you know, i have never seen the level of anger and frustration and resentment and even disgust among millions of americans toward the media, and i think there are a lot of self-inflicted wounds here, big mistakes not learned from, but also a lot of it a by-product of a campaign in which the press appeared to be out of touch with the frustration of the many millions of americans who helped put donald trump into the white house and the way we botched it. everybody woke up on election day that thought hillary clinton was going to be the next president. it is one thing, of course, for people who don't like the media to vent that on twitter, social media or conversations, and we have to draw a line between that and physical attacks which should never be condoned and

republicans should speak out against that and did. >> yang: what do you mean mistakes the press hasn't learned from? >> you look at everything from the phony and retracted allegations of rape in the rolling stone case, a lot of that. also, there have been stories in campaigns where the press has just been gone too far, slow to retract, slow to acknowledge mistakes. all of that is a problem. by the way, while i certainly don't defend donald trump calling journalists the enemy of the american people, he says that in certain fake news organizations, this is not a one way street, there is been vitriol directed to the president calling him names on television to commentators calling him a moron, racist, and a lot of people favorably disposed toward him resent that. >> yang: tom, respond to that. trust in the press has been declining for a couple of

decades, that's associated with technology expanding out. it started in the '80s when we saw cable and then talk radio with the deregulation of the air waves, and you have these organizations where you have media outlets marketing themselves as the alternative to -- i don't think the rhetoric toward president trump from media sources or media commentators is any worse than what franklin roosevelt got from a conservative press in another era, and roosevelt was, you know, not as blunt as trump about the press, but, you know, there was an ideological press back then when we had multiple newspapers in town. i would say, on balance, frankly, the mainstream press which is decried often by conservative and liberal is more professional and accurate and faster to correct mistakes than probably it was in an earlier

era. >> but it's an economic imperative if you're conservative media to ideologically tar the mainstream press as a way to have getting audience. so this is a commercial imperative. >> yang: quickly, howie. a lot of people on the left don't like the press either. it's not a conservative versus liberal thing. on the other hand, i heard commentaries say president trump should be removed under the 25th amendment. some of it is pretty harsh stuff. howard kurtz, tom rosenstiel, thanks for being here. >> woodruff: a new analysis finds just six percent of the top paid c.e.o.'s in the u.s. are women. clearly, there are many reasons for that including what many see as the role of both unconscious, and outright, sexism. tonight, our economics correspondent, paul solman explores another potential connection: whether there's a link between risk-taking in leadership, testosterone and the perceptions around gender. it's part of his ongoing weekly series, "making sense" which

airs thursdays. >> welcome everybody to this cnbc discussion on the future of banking at the world economic forum. >> reporter: financial c.e.o.'s at davos this year... >> good morning mr. president, andrew liveris, dow chemical. >> reporter: manufacturing c.e.o.'s at the white house... >> c.e.o. of ford. chairman of caterpillar. >> some of the great people in the world of business. >> reporter: c.e.o.'s now being mentioned as the next president. but why, in 2017, are the vast majority of c.e.o.'s-- 96% of the fortune 500-- still men? >> i think that this is socially constructed. the differences between males and females on a wide variety of things are smaller than the differences within males and within females. >> reporter: psychologist jennifer lerner studies gender and leadership at harvard. we'll hear more from her in a bit. but first, let's check in with economist andy kim, who has made a career out of studying

c.e.o.'s. in intriguingly quirky ways. >> so you're gripping this horse, right? >> reporter: oh, the reins.... now, a few of you might remember andy kim, teaching me, two years ago, the equestrian dance move in the hyper-viral video sensation gangnam style, part of his off-beat research showing that c.e.o.'s who become visible, for whatever reason, can see their stock price rise irrationally. well, he presented his brand new research, not yet published, at this year's annual economics convention. his latest hypothesis is as off- beat as ever. >> there is a strong linkage between your facial masculinity and your risk taking behavior. >> reporter: kim is now exploring a possible link between c.e.o. risk taking and the hormone testosterone, which, starting with mid-19th century experiments on roosters, has been linked to male dominance and aggression throughout the animal kingdom. but how do you measure

testosterone in c.e.o.'s with little time and, probably even less inclination to give korean assistant finance professors blood or saliva samples? one possible way, thought kim, would be to study their facial bone structure. >> so this is mike tyson's face, obviously high testosterone guy. >> reporter: and not just because he was a notoriously aggressive heavyweight champion, claims kim, but because of the ratio of his facial width... >> measure the distance between your cheekbones, where your ears are attached to your skull. >> reporter: ...to his facial height. >> from the point where your skull is linked to your teeth. to the point between your eyebrows. >> reporter: that's the ridge here?

>> reporter: now, the science here is far from settled, but facial width to height ratio, a skull measurement technique developed by archeologists, has been proposed as a proxy for masculinity, on the theory that it's influenced by exposure to testosterone. >> the idea is, more masculine, wider face. >> reporter: the typical ratio in men, kim has found? 1.8. and mine? >> yours was 1.83, which is... >> reporter: ...which is just average. and exactly the same as justin bieber's, by the way. muy macho mike tyson? 2.28. not far behind, at 2.17: jack ma. according to kim... >> very high testosterone c.e.o. >> reporter: and a very successful one, as founder of alibaba, the chinese e-commerce firm bigger than amazon and ebay combined. kim thinks a man's facial width to height ratio does correlate with testosterone, but even if it doesn't, he has a provocative finding: that the average score for 1162 c.e.o.'s, measured by neutral third parties, was a significantly higher-than- average 2.0.

even more striking, the wider the face, the higher the correlation with risk taking. your hypothesis was the more masculine, as revealed by facial width to height ratio, the more testosterone and therefore the c.e.o. is going to take more risk how? >> borrowing more. >> reporter: borrowing more money. >> another part of it is mergers and acquisitions. you want to have higher social status. you want to take over your competitor and become a bigger guy. >> reporter: and this turns out to be true? >> yes. that's what we find in our paper. not only does the guy more frequently merge but he spends more money on acquisition every year. >> reporter: and then there's testosterone's well-established connection to vocal pitch: at any given age, the lower the pitch, the higher the

testosterone, a relationship andy kim has also begun to study. >> we look at vocal masculinity. >> reporter: this is a low voice as opposed to a high voice? >> exactly, the more masculine guys tend to be borrowing more. all consistent. >> there's a systematic relationship there. and it's all explained through testosterone as a kind of social dominance hormone. >> reporter: jennifer lerner doesn't study facial width or vocal pitch. instead, she measures testosterone levels directly, of leaders enrolled in advanced programs at the kennedy school of government. >> we do it through saliva and we have them drool, which can be a little bit amusing because we have, you know, three star admirals and... >> reporter: drooling three star admirals! >> it turns out that highly successful people love to be studied. >> reporter: and one study of 78 men published last year seems to support the first part of andy

kim's hypothesis, that male leaders have higher than average testosterone. when you take their testosterone, does it correlate with their rank? >> yes, it does. the more testosterone, the more subordinates you have. >> reporter: now this could just be because power begets testosterone, rather than the other way round. but it fits with the current view that testosterone encourages status seeking in men. how? mainly by decreasing fear and triggering anger, says lerner, both of which increase risk taking. >> fear and anger have opposite effects when it comes to risk. we know that men are more likely to experience anger and to take more risks as a result of that anger. >> reporter: so angry investment managers, angry c.e.o.'s do better? >> we human beings are risk

averse and just kind of, on average, leave some money on the table in investment situations. >> reporter: right. >> so to the extent that risk taking is going to lead to benefits. >> reporter: the testosterone- enriched are at an advantage. >> the male who is angry is going to really thrive in that environment. >> reporter: so, if testosterone can help explain which men rise to the top, does it also explain why it's so often men, instead of women? no says lerner. >> it's certainly not inevitable because there are places where you can see progress in society, but it is extremely rare. and part of that is the gender stereotypes of what we hold in our minds. an angry woman is called a bitch. an angry man is called powerful. >> reporter: so it does sound as if the deck is stacked against women ascending to the top of organizations, no?

>> it depends, i think, on what the patterns of ascension are going to be. to the extent that leadership can arise through building networks, through building coalitions, there's a path to the top. >> reporter: and maybe, in a corporate age of network- and coalition-building, the so- called advantages of being seen as "masculine" will eventually fade. after all, the chickens came home to roost after the financial crisis of ¡08. if and when there's another, you have to wonder if risk-happy fellows will still rule the roost. for the pbs newshour, economics correspondent paul solman reporting. >> woodruff: now to another in our brief but spectacular series.

tonight, we hear from sebastian thrun. he's an adjunct professor at stanford and the founder of udacity, an online educational organization. he founded google x, the semi- secret research facility that began development of google's self-driving car. >> artificial intelligence is to the human brain what the steam engine has been to the human muscle. before the agricultural revolution, most of us were farmers and our distinguishing capabilities were our physical strength and agility. and then we invented machines that make us stronger and all of a sudden one farmer can make food for 150 people. this has unleashed a flurry of amazing innovations like airplanes, cell phones, jobs you never heard of like software engineer or tv anchor, all these wonderful things. that is about to change once again. i think we're going to look back

and find that driving a car is just like the same way the middle ages look from today's perspective. we kill over a million people every year in this world using traffic accidents. and that's an intolerably high number. we text, we make phone calls, we're fatigued, we're sometimes even drunk when driving and all this stuff. a self-driving car doesn't text, it doesn't fatigue, it looks in all directions, it's never drunk and it emerges as a safe alternative to human driving. i have a nine year old, i would love to put them in a driverless car and say, go to school on your own. and he would love it because it would give him the ability to go around and organize his own play dates. i think every technology comes with its risks and with its possibility for abuse. i mean, you can take a kitchen knife and you can cut your food or you can kill somebody or hurt somebody with the same knife. and the same is true for every technology we invent. so i think what's important is that we approach these technologies with responsibility. the next generation of technology is going to be called artificial intelligence. and we're going to have an i.q. of 10,000. we're going to be able to solve every problem and know

everything there is to know just by using a.i. my students and i recently did work on artificial intelligence for detecting skin cancer and we found that if we train an artificial intelligence with about 130,000 images, we can find skin cancer basically using an iphone as accurately as the best board certified dermatologist. and that's sensational because now we can take the skill of a stanford doctor and bring that skill to the entire world by a platform that everybody already has, which is a smart phone. every time i talk through my phone, and it's probably about an hour a day, it could analyze my speech and thereby find things like alzheimer's much, much, much earlier than we find it today. and that's exciting because it would mean we would be able to cure and treat those diseases at a stage when they're often still curable. i can tell you when i started working on self-driving cars more than 10 years ago, most of my professor colleagues told me it's impossible and i'm wasting my time and possibly my career. when you look at the wright

brothers, 100 years ago, the world's experts had come together and concluded that it's impossible; there will not be such a thing as flight. so when you go forward, why can't we cure all of cancer? why can't we cure heart failure and heart diseases? and why can't cars fly in the future? why do they have to be on the ground? i mean all these things, when you think through it, the answer might be very different from what the past tells us. my name is sebastian thrun and this is my brief but spectacular take on imagining the future. >> woodruff: and that's the >> woodruff: a quick news update. both ncb news and "the washington post" are reporting the president's son-in-law jared kushner has come under scrutiny by the f.b.i. in its investigation into russian meddling into the election. investigator believe kushner one to have the president's top advisors has significant information related to their probe. kushner has not been accused of

any wrongdoing. and that's the newshour for tonight. on friday, my exclusive interview with aya hijazi on her release from prison in egypt, and a review of president trump's overseas trip with shields and brooks. i'm judy woodruff. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

boom! hello, i'm julia child. welcome to my house. what fun we're going to have baking all kinds of incredible cakes, pies and breads right here in my own kitchen. charlotte akoto, head baker at new york city's william greenburg and son demonstrates her craft and creativity with these airy, light meringues. join us on...