(gunfire) >> narrator: tonight on frontlinterror in florida. >> dozens are wounded followig the shootout and hostage situation... >> narrator: the worst mass shooting in american history. >> at least 50 people were killed... >> this massacre is a further reminder of how easy it is for someone to get their hands on a weapon, and we have to decide if that's the kind of country we want to be. >> ...days before the attack,e purchased guns. >> narrator: as the debate over guns begins yet again. >> ...from my cold, dead hands! >> narrator: frontline looks back at the politics and the power of the nra. >> frontlinis made possible by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. and by the corporation for public broadcasting.

major support for frontliis provided by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation, committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. more information is available at macfound.org. additional support is provided by the park foundation, dedicated to heightening public awareness of critical issues. the john and helen glessner family trust, supporting trustworthy journalism that informs and inspires. the ford foundation, working with visionaries on the front lines of social change worldwide. at fordfoundation.org. the wyncote foundation. and by the frontline journalism fund, with major support from jon and jo ann hagler and additional support from millicent bell, through the millicent and eugene bell foundation.

>> in tucson it was a beautiful, crisp, clear blue sky with a few puffy white clouds. it was a perfect january morning. >> narrator: 40-year old arizona congresswoman gabby giffords was about to meet constituents at an outdoor shopping center. >> i went to thank her for her being kind of a blue-dog democrat and really working for the people and not for the lobbyists. >> her first person she met with was a young man that was in the army reserve. she took some pictures with him. and that was the last picture taken of her before she was... before she was shot. he shot gabby from about three feet away, right in the middle of the left side of her forehead. he had a 9 millimeter glock in his hand and a 33-round magazine in it. >> there was a bang and then a slight pause and then a

continuous bang, bang, bang, bang, bang. (succession of gunshots) >> emptied the magazine in 15 seconds. there were 33 wounds from 33 bullets, so it looks like every bullet hit a person. >> 9-1-1, what is your emergency? >> i could see him advancing, quickly i'm thinking, "i wonder what it's going to feel like, how bad it's going to hurt if he shoots me." >> narrator: the killer tried to reload, he dropped the high capacity magazine, was tackled, and dropped the gun. >> i'm not able to get the gun, because it's too far away, but i am able to get the magazine that he is pulling out of his pocket. >> customers have tackled the suspect.

they are holding him down at the safeway. >> we need a lot more units here and i believe gabrielle giffords is here. >> narrator: there were 19 victims gunned down. 13 were rushed to area hospitals, six were dead. congresswoman giffords was in critical condition. >> when i got to the hospital, she was just recovering from surgery. at one point that evening i remember one tear coming down her eye. it was just one bloody red tear. i think that kind of said it all. >> the tragic shootings in arizona are bringing the national debate over gun control... >> saturday's attack is now putting gun laws under a magnifying glass. >> narrator: then, once again, a familiar response: a public call for the federal government to just do something-- something about guns. >> guns, those damn things. so what happened here-- how did this slip through the cracks? >> here you have one of the democrats' own in congress being struck down-- a shooting which

showed the effect of weak gun laws. >> as we wait for the latest medical update, president obama is working on the speech that he will... >> at the white house, initially there was sort of a wait-and-see. and i think a lot of it rested on, to what extent was the president going to be willing to take this up? >> breaking news, we've just learned that president obama will be going to tucson on wednesday. >> this just in: president obama just said that he will... >> narrator: in the wake of the shooting, the president was facing a political crisis on an issue most politicians try to avoid... >> president obama will deliver what some have called one of the most important speeches of his presidency... >> president obama on a mission to comfort and rally the... >> please welcome the president of the united states, barack obama... (cheers and applause) >> if this tragedy prompts reflection and debate-- as it should-- let's make sure it's worthy of those we have lost. >> narrator: people who wanted to do something about guns listened carefully.

>> the president was enormously compassionate. he was enormously eloquent, but he did everything in his power to avoid using the word "gun" in the wake of that shooting. >> we may not be able to stop all evil in the world, but i know that how we treat one another, that's entirely up to us. >> the silence was deafening. his gun control ardent supporters were irate. the degree of fury over this really can't be captured in words, but he was never going to do it. >> narrator: washington insiders say his advisors told him the political cost was too great to take on the nation's most powerful lobby-- the national rifle association. >> it was an extraordinary moment and an extraordinary commentary on the advantage that the nra enjoys... and the tilt toward the side of the debate

that says there is simply nothing more to be done about regulating the civilian ownership of guns. we just... the issue is off the table. >> narrator: without lifting a finger, the national rifle association had demonstrated its power. >> they are the best equipped, most feared special interest group on capitol hill. they are sort of the gold standard in how to do lobbying work in washington. >> two well-armed robbers outgunned cops. >> this time the madness struck in california. >> narrator: this is the story of the rise to power of the nra. >> firing a semi-automatic rifle at least 50 times. it was lunch time, but it looked like war time. >> narrator: how, over the years, in the face of violence and tragedy... >> the gunman fired between 50 and 100 rounds. >> narrator: ...public outrage came up against political reality. >> it was rage unleashed. >> a massacre on a commuter train. >> the kind of violence that many americans fear most... >> after firing off 30 bullets

the nightmare ended... >> narrator: it's a story that took a dramatic turn in the aftermath of one particular shooting... >> we begin tonight with a deadly shooting at an american high school. >> narrator: ...in a colorado high school. >> this time the boy was 15, it was in the school cafeteria that he went after his fellow students. >> 9-1-1, what is your emergency? >> there's a shooting going on at columbine high school. >> i've got shots going off like crazy. >> you've got multiple shots now in the cafeteria. >> narrator: the deadly assault on columbine high school in littleton. >> we're going to continue to follow this horrific situation taking place in littleton, colorado. >> fox has an alert on the horrific mass shooting... >> narrator: the school surveillance video showed police some of the story. terrorized students fled when they heard shooting in the hall-- 188 rounds. (rapid gunfire) then a bomb went off in the cafeteria as the two assailants, seen here, enter the room and hunt for student victims. they had killed 13 and wounded

23 more. >> you see some of the victims being taken out. we want to advise you we have no confirmation... >> i was in touch with my wife. and she was getting upset because she hadn't heard from daniel. she had gone to one of the places where they were taking students who had escaped, and his name was not on the board. she didn't see him. he didn't call. >> narrator: tom mauser's son daniel was a sophomore, 15 years old, studious and quiet. by nightfall his parents went home to wait. >> we had to spend that night not knowing if he was dead or alive. you cry a lot. we tried to sleep. i couldn't. i went downstairs, two levels down from the bedroom. and i was crying out, and my wife heard me and came down.

what can you do? you're just... you're just hopeless. >> narrator: fbi documents show the bodies they found in the school library. daniel mauser was one of them. hiding under a table, he had been shot point blank in the face. in the days that followed, the police gathered evidence, including home videos of the attackers and their weapons. >> yo! what up dog? i heard you got some beef with me, niggah? >> narrator: they had assembled a small arsenal: sawed-off shotguns, a 9mm carbine rifle, and a tec-9 pistol with a 30- round magazine. the shooters got a friend to buy some of the weapons at a gun show-- without a background check. it would become known as the gun show loophole. >> columbine is really the

ultimate nightmare. because columbine really brought to the surface the idea that a couple of disturbed teenagers, if they want to on any given weekend, can go to a gun show and assemble the weapons they need to go and take over the school and start shooting everybody. >> at the colorado state capitol the anguish over the columbine massacre turned to protests. >> narrator: in the wake of the shootings, thousands of protestors marched in denver demanding that something, anything be done. >> 8,000 strong, they targeted the national rifle association. >> narrator: daniel mauser's father joined them. >> i had a sign made at a sign shop with daniel's picture on it, and words, "my son died at columbine. he would expect me to be here today." >> narrator: the protestors had a familiar target: the guns. >> something is wrong in this country when a child can grab a gun so easily and shoot a

bullet... into the middle of a child's face as my son experienced. (applause) something is wrong. >> the national rifle association, target of much anger in colorado. >> narrator: as it happened, just blocks away, the nra was gathering for its long planned annual convention. >> gun enthusiasts insist there is no connection between the columbine tragedy and weapons. >> narrator: inside, top executives of the nra weighed how to respond. they issued a public statement of sympathy and then sent out their most famous member: charlton heston. (cheers and applause) >> thank you, thank you, thank you. >> to this day, when i would look at charlton heston, i didn't see the president of the nra. i saw moses.

you couldn't have picked a better caricature of who you wanted speaking with that stentorian voice of his. >> america must stop this predictable pattern of reaction. when an isolated, terrible event occurs, our phones ring, demanding that the nra explain the inexplicable. why us? because their story needs a villain. >> narrator: despite the shooting, the nra stayed focused on its core beliefs. >> the base of the national rifle association believes so strongly it's more a religion, or what a religion used to be. there's a passion involved in it. >> the nra is the closest thing that a membership group can have to just pure patriotism. they love their country. >> as long as there is a second amendment, evil can never conquer us, tyranny in any form

can never find footing within a society of law-abiding, armed, ethical people. >> narrator: heston tapped into a fundamental fear of nra members-- that the government would use columbine to restrict and then take away their guns. >> purchases at gun stores start to go up astronomically as people who are thinking about buying a particular gun over the course of the next year or so worry that they may outlaw it. "i better get it while i can." >> narrator: hundreds of thousands of new members signed up for the nra right after columbine. >> the gun is a symbol of freedom. the only thing that keeps bad government from taking over. it really has nothing to do with guns; it has to do with freedom. do you give your freedom to the government or do you keep it within yourself, within your community, within your family?

and that's the broad appeal. >> narrator: but for the nra, the gun wasn't always a political issue; it had once represented something for hunters and sportsmen. >> this is an organization that back in the '60s was a very tame, not particularly political organization. >> the national rifle association has made possible the training of thousands of instructors. >> the nra was a safety organization. they helped people teach their children and their friends and family how to use and store and keep firearms safely. >> narrator: then the assassinations of the '60s. >> there has been a shooting. i repeat, a shooting on the motorcade in the downtown area. >> narrator: john f. kennedy, martin luther king... >> my thanks to all of you, and now it's on to chicago, and let's win this. >> narrator: and robert f. kennedy.

many american cities erupted into armed conflict. in response, congress passed the first comprehensive gun control law in decades. >> effective crime control remains, in my judgment, effective gun control. >> narrator: those were fighting words for some in the nra. the 1968 gun control bill banned mail order sales and restricted some purchases. >> nra people said, "wait a minute, we've got other things to worry about than teaching guys how to shoot or how to hunt and so forth, or collect guns." and that's when, that was the transformative period. >> narrator: it formally happened in 1977 at the nra convention in cincinnati. as they got down to business, there was a showdown: hunters and sportsmen versus gun rights activists. >> the national rifle

association convention in cincinnati went into overtime last night, a stormy all-night session. when it was over, some dissident members had taken control of the 400,000-member organization. what it means is even stricter support for the right to bear arms and against gun control. >> the core of nra's political support comes from a very conservative republican group of people. they're the ones who give the money, they're the ones that pay the freight for all the political battles. and they're very conservative. >> narrator: just a few years later, another dramatic shooting. >> this is an nbc news special report. >> see the president coming out now. (gunshots) >> narrator: president reagan, shot in the lung... (people shouting) ...and his press secretary, james brady, in the head. >> they said six shots in two

seconds... >> narrator: in the aftermath, once again, a call to do something. >> these incidents seem to keep happening, and that is a tragic puzzle. >> narrator: although reagan stayed out of it during his presidency, over the years jim brady became a powerful symbol. a gun control group formed around him. and by the time bill clinton was elected, the movement had found a president willing to take up their cause. clinton cracked down on guns. the anti-crime initiative, banning the import of assault- style handguns, the assault weapons ban, and the brady bill, requiring background checks at gun stores. it seemed like victory for the anti-gun forces, but that's not how the nra saw it. >> i think nra benefited tremendously through the clinton years, because of the extreme

radicalism of the anti-gun... call them left wingers, i call them "regressives," not progressives, but the anti-gun people. >> it's in combat that the nra thrives. it's with enemies that the nra is best able to communicate its point of view. and, above all, raise money. >> the president of the united states. (applause) >> narrator: so, near the end of his administration, in the wake of columbine, the president would once again take on the nra. >> you have a unique chance-- a chance to make sure that the children of columbine are never forgotten. >> well, columbine was one of those visceral events where people reacted as parents and as people, not as politicians. and that's how clinton reacted. i mean, all he could think about was, "that could have been

my kid." >> narrator: behind closed doors clinton told top advisor bruce reed to push more gun restrictions. >> the attack in columbine was such a shock to the body politic that we felt the country needed to do something. >> narrator: a bill to close that gun show loophole was quickly rushed to a vote in the senate. >> mr. ashcroft, mr. baucus, mr. enzi... >> narrator: as the roll was called, the vote became closer and closer. >> mr. hatch, mr. helms... >> vice president gore called to the capitol to break a deadlock. >> ...new law to govern gun sales were deeply... >> narrator: gore needed to break the tie. >> on this vote the yeas are 50, the nays are 50. the senate being equally divided, the vice president votes in the affirmative, and the amendment is agreed to. >> it was a setback today for the gun lobby and its allies in congress. >> narrator: one month after columbine the nra had lost... the first round.

>> the president praised the senate today for what he called the "common sense" of their vote. >> narrator: the bill then headed to the republican- controlled house of representatives, and that was where the national rifle association would make its stand. 49-year-old wayne lapierre led the nra. >> wayne lapierre is the nra. he built the nra into what it is today. >> narrator: in the 1970s, he started as a lobbyist. >> if you're a political junkie like wayne or like myself, it was a wonderful job. you're working with all these people and having these fights. and you're cutting your teeth. >> narrator: but lapierre was no one's idea of a glad-handing lobbyist. >> he was a very quiet man. i was amazed he was a lobbyist because he did not have the hail-fellow-well-met attitude or personality that i associated with politicians or with lobbyists. >> narrator: and surprisingly for the nra, he was not a gun enthusiast, more comfortable on

k street than in a duck blind. >> the safest place you could be with wayne and a gun back then was in a different state, because he really did not know anything about guns. politics, yes; guns, no. >> narrator: and inside the fractious politics of the nra, lapierre was skillful navigating between the sportsmen and the gun rights activists. >> wayne could put a finger to the wind and see which way it was blowing, and he would position himself so that neither side would be offended and might even think that he were in fact on that side. >> in an organization that is so beset by factionalism, his being unmoored to any particular point of view is actually very helpful for him in terms of being able to ride the torrents that have occasionally swept through the nra and emerge always on top.

>> narrator: during the early battles with the clinton administration, those political skills were put to the test. in an effort to energize the gun rights activists, he released this incendiary fundraising letter. >> "...the semi-auto ban gives jack-booted government thugs more power to take away our constitutional rights, break in our doors, seize our guns, destroy our property, and even injure or kill us." >> aren't you concerned when you say, "nazi bucket helmets, government thugs, kicking down doors, killing, maiming people." aren't you inciting people? aren't you willing now to apologize for the tone of this letter? >> those words are not far, in fact, they are a pretty close description of what's happening in the real world. >> and in response to that, many mainstream republicans, george h.w. bush being the leading example, said, "this is not the nra i'm a member of." >> narrator: president bush resigned his lifetime membership

in the nra. >> president clinton lined up the leadership of the national rifle association in his crosshairs today. the nra fundraising letter calling federal atf agents, quote, "jack-booted thugs." >> narrator: before long, lapierre was forced to backtrack. >> wayne, right up front, why the apology? >> well, larry, if you say something and you offend people and you didn't mean to, what you do is you apologize. we never meant that letter to broad-brush all of federal law enforcement, all of batf, or all of law enforcement in general. >> narrator: but to the nra's hardliners, lapierre was showing weakness. >> bad move. there was a big uproar from the nra membership over that. the membership wanted a tough guy. the membership wanted somebody that drew a red line, who didn't compromise, who didn't cave. >> narrator: and so in the spring of 1999, as clinton's proposal to close that gun show loophole now moved from the

senate to the house, lapierre made a fundamental decision-- he would stand tough. >> what we see is the president now dusting off every tired old gun control bill that has been around his administration for the last six years. >> the nra needed to go and show that it could stand up to the president, that it could stand up, and it could toe-to-toe meet him in the ring and bash his brains out. >> narrator: the nra counterattack began by sounding the alarm to its members. (phone ringing) >> wayne la pierre, executive vice president of the national rifle association... >> this year more than ever, your vote really can make a difference. >> narrator: within days, members received this fax from nra headquarters. >> the clinton-gore administration isn't wasting any time attempting to further its aggressive anti-gun agenda. >> fear is a much greater motivator in american politics than anything else. the fear of losing rights that

you perceive you have, when that fear level is high, that's when the groups that represent the issue do well. (phone dialing) >> nra calling with an urgent legislative alert. >> narrator: the nra turned loose their members, flooding congressional offices with telephone calls and letters. >> you don't need thousands of people, and you don't need millions of dollars. you need hundreds of people who will get on the phone. and really, a couple hundred people to show up at a town hall meeting. you do that a couple of times, and your member of congress gets the message. >> i'm charlton heston. we need your help to protect... >> the nra's membership, if it had one political trait-- they vote. it's that simple. you are a politician. you want to get elected. you want votes. nra has votes. >> those in favor of the amendment will say aye. >> aye! >> those opposed will say no. >> no! >> members will record their votes by electronic device.

>> narrator: after the nra lobbying blitz, the white house came up 22 votes short. >> gun control legislation on capitol hill was left for dead today on the floor. >> a hands-down victory for the nra. >> when i saw that after this horrific tragedy despite everything that people say about, "we have to do something to prevent this from happening again," when they couldn't do something as basic as that... i was livid. >> the national rifle association opens its annual convention today. >> the nra convention here is rallying the gun rights... >> holding its annual convention in charlotte. >> narrator: one year after columbine, it was time for another nra national convention. >> ladies and gentlemen, and members of the national rifle association of america, your president, charlton heston! >> narrator: they had overwhelmed the clinton administration and successfully demonstrated their power in congress. it had been a very good year for the nra. >> the nra is back!

(cheers and applause) >> narrator: and now, the nra would take the offensive. >> that leads me to that one mission that is left undone: winning in november. (cheers and applause) >> the race between george w. bush and al gore, that's the last year that the gun issue played a critical role in american politics. >> narrator: now it was time to settle a score with the man who had broken that tie vote in the senate-- al gore. >> i want to say those fighting words for everyone within the sound of my voice to hear and to heed, and especially for you, mr. gore. (laughter) from my cold dead hands! (cheers and applause) >> narrator: they would spend $20 million on the 2000 election, the most aggressive

political campaign they had ever undertaken. >> al gore wants government testing, licensing and registration for all firearms owners. he cast the vote that would have shut down every gun show. this year, vote freedom first because if al gore wins, you lose. >> to all of you in west virginia, it's halloween and al gore doesn't need a mask to scare gun owners and hunters. >> the nra wins because it's patient and because long after america's dismay about these gun massacres has faded, the nra and its membership are still thinking about guns. >> good evening, everybody, and welcome to our election coverage 2000. >> stay with us. we're about to take you on an exciting and bumpy ride. >> narrator: on the night of the election, it all came down to a handful of critical states. >> the winner in ohio is mr. bush. >> narrator: one of the first to go was ohio. >> we found in the exit poll is gun owners, 40% of the voters in ohio are gun owners, and they

went almost 60% for george w. bush. >> george w. bush gets west virginia. >> narrator: west virginia. >> west virginia, which has been solidly in the democratic column for a long, long time. >> bill clinton's home state has gone bush. >> narrator: and arkansas. >> six electoral votes and they go for bush. >> narrator: and even al gore's home state of tennessee. >> tonight, embarrassing vice president gore by snatching his state's 11 electoral votes. >> al gore lost his home state, lost west virginia. these are states that he should have won. >> had any of those states gone the other way, al gore would have been president. >> florida goes bush, the presidency is bush, that's it. >> narrator: in washington, they say the nra was a decisive factor in al gore's defeat. >> in no small measure, it was that fight over guns after columbine that had the firearm community more enlivened, engaged, and a few votes difference in florida, and the whole thing would have gone the other way. >> i, george walker sh