the hefty fees som defendants pay even when they're no longer in jail. and what one city is doing about it. fo> a rensic pathologist ben it omalu on the cngers that tact sports pose to a child's brain. the co-founder of next door talks a helping neighbors tear down walls online. and the first african-american woman to be inducted in thesi adver hall of fame reveals how created campaigns. hlo and welcome. i'm thuy vu. we begin with sports and concussions. actor will smith played him in a film "concussion," it chronicled the fight to get the nfl to to traumatic brain

athletes who have sustained repeated wloes to the head and he's written a book for parents who struggle with allowing the children to play. joining me now is the author of "brain damage in contact sports," dr. bennett amalu. >> thank you for having >> the winter olympics are under way. sports are on a lot of people's minds. what should parents of children under 18 know about contact sports? >> well,it's always been my position knowing what i know that no child the age of 18 should play the high mpt, high contact sports. the big six are american football, ice hockey, mixed martial arts, boxing, wrestling, and rugby. in these games, in every play, your child suffers wl s blows t h id. there no safe blow to the

head. repeated blows to the head brain damage. if your child plays football, even after just one sean, your child has sufferedir versible, irrepairabl the brain does not have any reasonable capacity to egenerate itself. i've looked up thousands of brain cells in brains and have yet to see a braint cell t is dividing normally. once your braincell is damaged, that's it. >> this is such a big issue for many parents. even me. i have an 11-year-old daughter who is starting to get into team sports at ool. what about things like lacrosse or soccer, are they se? >> yes. in fact, this is why i wrote my book. 's only 1 pages, people can finish it in less than an hour. people are not aware of t, but lacrosse has the highest concussionat in all sports after football.

>> i never would have that. >> so lacrosse and soccer are what i call the less contact, less impact sports. no child under the age of 18 should play lacrosse. for soccer, there should not be any heading the ball whatsoever in soccer bel the age of 18. why 18? because that is when your child's brain becomes fully developed, from 18 no heading before 18. soccer is a high dexterity sport that requires very of brain functioning. your 7-year-old child does not have such levels ofrain functioning. >> are there any safe sports? >> of course. those are the non-contact, nonimpact sports. swimming, track and field, table tennis, bad itten, basketball,

baseball. and golf. you visit the international olympics committee website. in a noncontact sport, repeated wloes s blows are not intrinsic to the play. however, accident can still occur. so what you do, your child must play af these games must be highly regulated. and if anybody plays aggressively, take him or her out of play. my son plays basketball. and something thathe school does that i love so much, when the kids play basketball, there is no scoring of the basket. nobody scorespoints. k thes play, it's called basket, and we all have fun. >> you have said it's child abuse to let kids play football. why? knowing what we know today as a physician, every two, three years attend child abuse classes. and i must report child

when i see it. i'm mandated by law.wh knowin we know today, the fundamental definition of child abse is thententional exposure of a child to the risk. knowing today that just one concussion causes permanent brain damage. knowing tha if a child goes in to play football by 8:00 a.m. on aturday morning, by 11:00 a.m. after he's done playing, has suffered brain damage. exposure intentional of child to the risk of injury? >> where do you dr the line, though? so many sports come with some element of risk, and athletes, if they're seriou about a sport need to begin training as youth before they're 1 to become really, really good at it. especially let's say at the olympic level. if someone is playing ice hockey, which you identified as a dangerous sport, how do you navigate that? >> at is a custom that is

embedded in our mentality. that may not be true. in 1957, 11 years before i was born, the american academy of pediatrics published paper. in 1957, american pediatricians said thato child under the age of 12 should play football,in wres or boxing, that they do not have any place in any school in the development of think child. now, the american armedrc , you can't join until you're 18. joining the armed forces at 18 has not underminedhe preparedness of the military. you u're a child, a play high impact sports, maybe a child of 6 years old plays football and plays until 17, does it about 11 years, that child must have received hundreds of thousands of blows .

by the time he's 18, his brain is no longer playing at thewo level youd expect him to play. so if we could step back to think, what if we don't let children play until they're 18, they through intensive training with impact brains, they could take these games to levels we never, ever imagined, because their brains are impact functioning the highest levels, have not suffered any brain damage. so if children do not play, do not begi exposure early by 18, then they take football to exceptional levels that would never, evee imag that's a new way to think. ou you've given people a lot to think because this country love football, as you have acknowledged, is like religion in america. >> i would ask parts to buy the book and make up your tmind. nk you for being >> thank you.

turning now to criminal justice, san francisco could become the first city in the nation to eliminate hefty fees that criminal defendants face after they leave jail. b san francisrd of supervisors introduced a bill that would end the practice of chargingnt defen for electronic monitoring. one of the supporters is jeff adachi who says inmates find themselves locked in acl c of debt. joining me now is jeff.n >> t for having me. >> first of all, can you explain hat kinds of fees criminal defendants face after leaving jail? >> when a person is convicted of even a low level felony or a misdemeanor, that could face as many as 50 fees, both civil and criminal penalties, that are attached. and so it can amount to t sometimesousands of dollars. so this would eliminate ten of

the fees that are locally assessed by san francisco government orb t the courts. yo you have to pay a monthly fee for probation, charges up front is $1800.on a pes then saddled with fines and fees. i had a young man come into my office who had thousands rnished in his paycheck and he could barely afford to support hischildren. >> they're trying to get back on their feet, the jobs probably aren't paying that much. what is the long-term impact on these pe can they reenter society? >> we want to encourage people to live crime-free lives and not feel like they have to break the law to suppo their families. a lot of people in san francisc. an if you're going toburden them with fines and fees, it's like a payday loan ina sense.

you plead guilty just to get out of jail because people can't afford bail. and wh they get out of jail, they have this huge debt on their back. hat's going pen is they're going to feel more essure to do something desperate to pay these fines and fees. >> san francisco is known as a progressive city, but we have some of the deepest racial inequity here. we have a situation where african-americans up less than 6% of the city's population, but they account for more than half of those in jail. >> right. and our numbers are worse than ferguson. if you look at even categories of cri, like drugs, where all the studies show that whites use, abuse and sell drugs more than african-americans do, they're arrested at six the rate. so we have this basic inequity. it also applies to these fines and fees. the fines and fees are primarily assessed against people of lo and that results in whole communities of being affected by

these >> what would you say to people who feel that it costs cities that add minister these programs, leelectro monitoring, and they feel these defendan were convicted and should pick up some of the costs. >> the justic n system is supposed to be based on how much money you have. bernie madoff was out on bail because he could afford his own security detail. but f the average person, shouldn't really be requiring them to pay the costs of supervision or the cost of -- a lot of these fines and fees nothing to do with the crime itself. they're like construction for a assessment fees for a dna database. and so what we want is to make sure that if there is goingo be a fine and fee assessed that it has something too with t crime. for example, restitution would not be affected that's when you pay back the cost of a broken

window or injuring somebody. >> you've been a long-time advocate of bail reform. what are the biggestses you have now? >> we filed over eight lawsuits inal fedend state court. we've been pushing for bail reform in the state legislature. that's a huge bail lobby who only the uned states and the philippines are the only two countries that allow a for-profit bail system. so we want to we don't think that the idea of just posting money -- you could charge if you had the money to post for bail. whereas a person who has got a $1,000 bail can't get out of jail if they can't afford it.t wh is the criteria you want bai >> itll be based on things how many times you failed to hepear court in past, public safety, a number of factors that can be looked at, which are much more predictive of what a person mayin do the

future. and more importantly, whether the person can come back to court. remember, presumption of innocence in this country, b should be a means of ensuring somebody comes back to court. >> you announced plans to file challenges in every case where bail is set. how many challenges have you filed andomany resulted in bills being lower or an alternative to >>incarceration? we filed over 800 motions. what we did is we aske judges to apply the law. we'venuad aer of decisions from the higher courts saying that the judges are violating the law because they're not considering the person's ability to pay and not making a record as to why they're paying bail. in about a tird of the cases, we've had bailu rd or had people released. but this is part of the overalle rm. california is really behind the ball. we have bill reform in indiana, kentucky, nd.

we need to have it here in california. >> and under the broader umbrella of criminalustice reform, we have about a dozen judges up for re-election in june in san ancisco. we have four public defenders running against them, very rare for incumbent judges to face challengers. what do you think is driving this? >> these four public fenders decided to run in this race that's coming up and it's unusual because we don't have a lot of public defenders who are appointed directly to the bench. we've only had one in 40 years. we often see prosecutors. tse particular public defenders are running against four judges who are appointed by republican and i certainly will support them. i think it's important -- >> why do yo think they're running, though? why this year, driven in part by what we're seeing happen under the trump administration or other factors? >> bo of those things. you're seeing trump appointing a lot of judges and you're seeth

g push for criminal justice reform in massce inction. they want to change this. that's part of the motivation for them running against judges. >> are you supporting them, endorsing the public defenders who are run >> yes, i am going to support their effort. again, this is about making su that people understand why it's important have ju both sides of the aisle. >> all right. san francisco public defender jeff adachi, thanks for coming in. >> thank you for havingme. now to tech. the co-founder andhief architect of next door joins me. the san francisco company allows ighbors to create private networks on line to share information about thei communities. according to the company, more than 180,000 neighborhoods ftom the u.s. europe are using next door to share local content. kqed is a media rtner of doohe

co-founder is with us now in the studio. welcome. thanksr having fe, th. about? did the idea come >> about seven years ago, we noticed a trend of social networks becoming more ubiquitous mainbo stream. fa for linked in for your professional network. we found it strange that athere could connect with the people right outside your front your neighbors, the people that were most important to you. so weet out to build a resource that connected neighbors to the information mostrelevant to them. >> i've used it for moving boxes when i was using and gave it back to other people. i posted about them. there are certainly posts about missing and found dogs. and someone who found an organ donor. >> that's righte weeen everything from day-to-day recommendations that

neighbors exchange with one anotr, babysitters, plumbers, mechanics. but more critical use case especially around disasters where, for exampn, hurricane harvey or the fapa wildfires, we've seen neighbors banning together. and in the case of the liver donor, we didbo see a nei put out a message saying hey, one of our neighbors is in the hospital and looking for someoneo donate an organ. and we found a liver donor within the a wide variety of different use cases. >> there are lots of other entities that similar se vices. do facebook groups, there are home grown forums. why should people use next door? >> i think there are two things that set usapart. the first is when you look at networks li facebook or twitter, these are largely platforms for self-expression.

they're a place to share photos, status updates and reveal a little bit more about yourself. next door is purely utility driven. people are cominneto use their hbors as a resource to solve problems. second thing that is is ee that you're interacting with is a verified memberghof the nrhood community. each neighborhood is a geographically bounded entit on next door. >> how do you verify they live there? >> we have a number of different ways. mobile phone verificatio verification via postcard through the mail, where youn redeem invitation token that proves you had to go to your mailbox and take it out. once p ple areverified, that increases the level of that they'rect integ with people in their neighborhood. >> in this world where the internet is so youbiquitous, the is a concern that people aren't interacting face to face more.

so why is this why can't neighbors just go out and say hi, i'm your neighbor, let's chat face to face. >> i think we're combatting a trend that's happening in the united states, especially er e past 50 years. one of the inspiring statistics that we saw when we startedhe company is that 29% of americans claim know ve few of their neighbors, and 28% of americans claim to know not a single neighbor by name. soat over half the popn with very weak ties into their community. it may seem in our modern, technologicalworld, to use an app is happening. we feel like our job is best performed when an online interaction on next door leads . ox story, when you needed boxes, ultimately you had tot act with someone to exchange the boxes. now you know a new neighbor

we see that all the time. >> you've also had some growing there have been some problems with racial profiling. residents were posting messages about people of color i their neighborhoods. what have you done to address this? >> we were shocked to see our matt form being used in this area, hearing about communities in oakland when we became of this happening was a shock to thesystem. but we work together to redesign our product in a way that is most unprecedented in technology where a few things that important to us, were to make people aware of the fact that they were using descriptive next without the context around what was suspicious about the tivity. so w introduced friction into the posting process to force ople to be more specific about the circumstances under which they were posting. noto be purely describing people on the characteristics of their race without some

additional context as to what was suspicious. a person ofolor aridinike in the neighborhood is not worthy of an alert. but if they're casing the neighborhood or breaking into cars, that's descriptive text. >> what about other kinds of posts th people may find offensive concerning religion or gender. where do you draw the line? >> we expectat t neighborhood leads are responsible for man daning the cial decorum. so understanding w are in 180,000 different neighborhoods across the country, the product takes on a lot of the identity. so ther in some cases local issues that need to be discussed but with civil discourse.

we have a support te back at hq that helps when those neighborhood leads feel like they're beyond their capability to handle things. >> in ten seconds, are you making any money yet? >> we are starting to earn revenue through native advertising our e-mails. and you with realtors, awell. >> took eight years to get here. >> all right. thank you so much. ♪ say hello, say hello >> the pillsbury doughboy, and the u.s. army. what do these ads have in common? the same woman is behind these and other ad campaigns. for decades, carol williams has worked to market products to a diverse market. kee changed how women view themselves and s directly to african-american audiences. last year, williams became the e

first africancan woman to be inducted into the advertising hall of fame. she sat down earlier with monica am. >> carolwilliams, thanks for talking withme. >> thank you. i'm honored. >> you are known in the advertising world for a campaign you did for the deodorant secret. the tag line was -- >> strong enough for a man, but made for a woman. >> i need my secret. >> how did you come one that? >> it was one of those times as a creator, when you recognize how women are looked at versus who women actually are. in the media, they were consistently portrayed as weak individuals. eyad no need for an efficacious anti-perseprant. but the women i knew sweat. they were working 24/7, and at

he end oh of the day, they wanted to look good. >> and still feel dry like a woman. sou didn't just change perceptions of the product, you also changed howomen looked at themselves. absolutely. that's what it's about. that campaign opened the door to begin a history of advertising that speaks to the strength of women. that door was first opened with strong enough for a man but made for a woman. >> you made series of videos for the army. >> i didn't think the armyan ha hing for me. >> what was your assignment there? >> the united states army h once enjoyed very high particition from african-americans. so the effort was to make african-americans aware of the benefits of the united army. >> i was surprised at found in being an officer and what the army helped bring out of me. >> the educational benefits,

what occupational training was available. and they would be able to come out of the army and have viable jobs. >> how do you get a brand or job to speak to so many, so many to say that's my brand this >> we did an ad for disney. disney was very, very interested in increasing african-american presence in their >> imagination, inspiring imagination. >> they really thought it was a price thing. we looked at it. we recognized that it was bigger than that. we really talked about how disney infused your child with knowledge. parks. >> you created a seeries of vids for the ymca about water

safety targeted at multicultural kids. why did yout feel iwas important dothat? >> young black men were dying at disproportionate numbers. especially in urban areas, not being exposed to swimming pools or swimmng lessons.es african-american women were dying of that issue, and that's because the way we pceived ourselves and our hair, we were naturally saying, no, we're not going in the pool. we'll just stay on the sideline. ymca engaged us to help get this m t. thportance of learning how to swim and dispelling the smith thatic a-americans can't swim. anybody can s ym if learn how to swim. to am more than honored have this special recognition. >> how did it feel to be ducted into the advertising

hall of fame? >> being inducted into the advertising hall of fame was the most incredible experience that i had had. >> see the mag that once made this industry great. [ applause ] >> that an african-american woman, i just put my head down and enjoyed whatee >> kping up, it takes hard work. >> and then to beble to portray african-americans through my eyes a i know them. what a magnificent thing to be able to do. it's been a great journey. >> congratulations again. thank you so much. >> and that will do it for us. you can find more of our coverage at

robert: crisi and confrontations across washington. president trump signs a bipartisan spending bill, but not before a shutdown showdown. rattled markets are and the white house faces tough questions over conduct. i'm robertos. we'll discuss the numbers and the decisions, the fallout and what's next tonight on >> we are in a terrible state as a country. $20 trillion in debt is bigger than our entire economy. robert: republican senator rand paul takes a stand against rising spending. l >> i can'tk the other way because my party is now complicit in the dicits. robert: house minority leader nancy pelosi gives a marathon eight-hour speech seekiot to t undocumented