t hefty fees some defendants pay even when they're no longer in jail. and what one city is doing about it.>> > a forensic pathologist ben it oomalu the dangers that contact sports pose to a child'n b the co-founder of next door talks about helpingar neighbors own walls online. and the first african-american woman to be inducted in the advertising hall of fame reveals how created campaigns. hello and welcome. i'm thuy vu. b wein with sports and concussions. actor will smith played him in a fi "concussion," it chronicled the fight to get the nfl to to traumatic brain

athletes who have sstained repeated wloes to the head and he's written a book for parents who struggle with allowing their children to play. joining me now the author of "brain damage in contact sports," dr. bennett amalu. >> thank you for having me. >> the winter olympics are under way. sports are on a lot of people's minds. what should parents of children under 18 know about contact sports? ow well, it's always been my position g what i know that no child under the agef 18 should play the high impact, high contact sports.ig the six are american football, ice hockey, mixed martial arts, boxing, wrestling, and rugby. in these games, in every play, your child suffers wl s blows t head. there is no safe blow to the

head. repeated blows to the head cause brain damage. ifour child plays football, even after just onesose your child has suffered irreversible, irrepairable damage. the brain does not have ny reasonable capacity to regenerate itself. i'vep looked thousands of brain cells in brains and have yet to see a bin cell that is dividing normally. once your brain ll is damaged, that's it. >> this is such a big issue for many even me.. i have an 11-year-old daughter who is starting to get into team sports at school. what about thin like lacrosse or soccer, are they safe? >> yes. in fact, this is w i wrote my book. it's only 100 pages, people can finish it in less than an hour. people are not aware ofi but lacrosse has the highest concussio rates in all sports after football.

>> i ner would have at. >> so lacrosse and soccer are what i call the less contact, less impact sports. no chil under the age of 18 should play lacrosse. for soccer, there should not be anyeading the ball whatsoever in soccer below the age of 18. why 18? because that is whenur y child's brain becomes fully developed, from 18 no heading before 18. soccer is a high dexterity sport that requires very high levels of brain functioning. your 7-year-oles child not have such levels of brain functioning >> are the any safe sports? >> of course. those are the non-contact, nonimpact sports. swimming, track and field, table tens, bad mitten, basketball,

baseball. and golf. you visithe international olympics committee website. in a noncontact sport, repeated wloes s blows are n intrinsic to the play. however, accidents can still occur. so what you do, your child must playsafe. these games must be highly regulated. and if anybody plays aggressively, tak him or her out of play. my son plays basketball. and something that the school does that i lovemu so , when the kids play basketball, there is no scoring of the basket. nobody scorespoints. the kids playit's called basket, and we all have fun. >> you have saidit's child abuse to let kids play football. why?nowing what we know today, as a physician, every tw three years i attend child abuse classes. and i must report childbuse

when i see it. i'm mandated by law. knowing what we know today, the fundamental definition of child abuse is the intentional exposureinf a child to the risk. knowing today that just one concussion causes permanent brain damage.t knowing t if a child goes in to play football by 8:00 a.m.on saturday morning, by 11:00 a.m. after he's done playing, he has sufferedgrain da isn't that intentional exposure of child to the sk of injury? >> where do you draw the line, though? y sports come with some element of risk, and athletes, if they're seri about a sport need to begin training as youth before8 they're to become really, really good at it. especially let's say olympic level. if someone is playing ice hockey, which you identified as a dangerous sport, how do you navigate that? >> that is a custom that is

embedded in our mentality. that may not be true. in1957, 11 years before i was born, the american academy of pediatrics published a paper. in 1957, american pediatricians said that no child under the age of 12 should play football, wrestling or boxing, that they h do notave any place in any school in the development of think child. now, the erican armed forces, you can't join until you're 18. joini the armed forces at 18 has not undermined the preparedness of theli ry. so you're a child, and you play high impact sports, maybe a child of 6 years old, plays football and u playsil 17, does it about 11 years, that child must have received hundreds of thousands of blows .

by the time he's 18, his brain is no longer playing a the level you would expect him to soplay. f we could step back to think, what if we don' let ildren play until they're 18, they go through intensive training with impact brains, they could take these games to levels we never, ever imagined, because their brains are impact functioning the highest levels, have not suffered any brain damage. so if children do not play, do not begin exposureby early 18, then they take football to exceptional levels thawould never, ever imagined. that's a new way to think. >> you've given people a lot to think about, because thisu ry love football, as you have acknowledged, football is like religion in america. >> i would ask parts uy the book and make up your mind. >> thank you for being

>> thank you. turning now to criminal justice, san francisco meuld becohe first city in the nation to eliminate hefty fees that criminal f defendantsce after they leave jail. san francisco board of supervisors introduced a bill that would end the practice of charging defendants for electinnic monit one of the supporters is jeff adachi whos says inma find themselves locked in a cycle of debt. joining me now is jeff. >> thanks for having me. >> first of all, can you explain hat kinds of fees criminal defendants face after leaving jail? >> when person is convicted of even a low level felony or a misdemeanor, that could face as many as 50 fees, both civil and criminal penalties, that are ta ed. and so it can amount to sometimes thousands of dollars. so this would eliminate ten of

the fees that are locally assessed by san francis governme orb t the courts. you' you have to pay a monthly fee for probation, charges up front is $1800. a person is then saddled withd fines fees. i had a young man come into my office who had thousands rnished in his paycheck and he could barely afford to support >> they're trying to get back on their feet, the jobs probably aren't paying that much. what is the long-term impact on theseple? can they reenter society? >>a we to encourage people to live crime-free lives and not feel like they have to break the law to support their families. a lot of people in san francisc. and so if you're going to burden them with fines ands, feit's like a payday loan in a sense.

yty plead guust to get out of jail because people can't afford bail.en and whey get out of jail, they have this huge debt on their back.wh t's going to happen is they're going to feel more pressure to do something desperate to pay these fines and fees. >> san francisco is known as a progressive city, but we have some ofhe deepest racial inequity here. we have awh situatione african-americans up less than 6% of the city's population, but they account for more than half of those in jail. >> right. and our numbers are worse than ferguson. me you look at even categories of cr like drugs, where all the studies show that whites use, abuse and sell drugs more a than africricans do, they're arrested at six times the rate. so we have this basic inequity. it also applies to theseines and fees. the fines and fees are primarily assess against people of color. and that results in whole communities of being affected by

these >> what would y say people who feel that it costs cities that add minister these programs, lelectronic monitorin, and they feel these defendants were convicted and shou pick up some of the costs. >> the justice system is not supposed to be baed on how much money you have. bail madoff was out on because he could afford his own security detail. but for the average person, shouldn't really be remuiring o pay the costs of supervision or t cost of -- a lot of these fines and fees have nothing to do with the crime itself. they'r for aconstruction assessment fees for ana database. and so what we want is to make sure that if there is going to be a fine and feees ad that it has something to do with the crime. for example, restitution would not be affected that's when you

pay back theost of a broken window or injuring somebo. you've been a long-time advocate of bail reform. what arehe biggest issues you have now? >> we filed over eight lawsuits in federal and state court. we've be pushing for bail reform in the state legislature. that a hugeail lobby who only the united states and the philpines are the onl two countries that allow a for-profit bail system. so we want to we don't think that the idea of just posting money -- you could charge if youad the money to post for bail. whereas a person who has got a $1,000 oail can't get out jail if they can't afford it. what is is the criteria yount ? >> it will be based on tngs how many times you failed to appear court in the past, public safety, number of factors that can be looked at, which aremuch more predictive of what a person may do in the e

fu and more importantly, whether the person can come back to court. remember, presumption of innocence in this country, but should be a means ofnsing somebody comes back to court. >> you announced pns to fi challenges in every case where bail is set. how manyhallenges have you filed and how many resulted in bills bing loweror an alternative to incarceration? >> we filed over 800 motions. what we did is we aske judges to apply the law. we've had a number of decisions from the higher cour saying that the judges are violating the law because n they're considering the person's ability to pay and not making a record as to why they're paying bail. in about a third of the cases, wee had bail reduced or had people released. but this is part of the overall reform. california is really behind the ball. we he bill reform in indiana, kentucky, maryland.

we need to have it here in california. >> and under the broader umbrella of criminal justice reform, we have about a dozen judges up for re-election in june in san francisco. we have four public defenders running against them, very rare for incumbent judg to fa challengers. what do you think is driving this? >> these four public defenders decided to runra in thi that's coming up and it unusual because we don't have a lot of public ar defenders wh appointed directly to the bench. years.only had one in 40 we often see prosecutors. these particular public defendersagre runningnst four judges who are appointed by republican upport ertainly will them. i think it's important -- >> why do you think they're ru ning, though? why this year, driven in part by what we're seeing happener u the trump administration or other factors? >> both of those things. you're seeing tru appointing a lot of judges and you're see

thing push for criminal justice reform in mass incarceration. they want to change that's part of the motivation for them running against judges. >> are you supthrting , endorsing the public defenders who are running? >> yes, i am going to support their effort. again, this is about making surp that understand why it's important have judges from both sides of the aisle.al >>right. san francisco public defender jeff adacs i, thaor coming in. >> thank you for having me. now to tech. the co counder andef architect of next door joins me. the san francisco company allone hbors to create private networks on line to share information about thei communities. according to the company, more than 180,000 neighborhoods from the u.s. to europe are using ext door to share local content. kqed is a media partner of door.

the co-founder is with us now in the studio. welcome. thanks for having fe, . >> how did the idea come about? >> about seven years ago, we noticed a trend ofsocial networks becoming more ubiquitous main stream. facebook for linked in for your professional network. we found it strange that there uld connect with the people right outside your front door, your neighbors, the people that were most important to you. o we set out to build a resource that connected neighbors to the information st relevant to them. >> i've used it for moving boxes when i was using and gave it back to otherpeople. i posted about them. therere certainly posts about missing and found dogs. and someone whoound an organ donor. >> that's right. we've seen everything from day-to-day recommendations that

neighbors exchange with one another, babysitters, plumbs, mechanics. but more critical use cases, especially around where, for example, in hurrican harv the fapa wildfires, we've seen neighbors banning together. and in the case of the liver donor, we did see a neighbor put it a message saying hey, one of our neighbo in the hospital and looking for someone to donate an organ.un and we f a liver donor within the a wide variety of different use cases. >> there are lots of other entities that similar services. do facebook groups, ere are home grown forums. why should people use next door? >> i think there are two things that set us apart. the first i when you look at networks like facebook or twitter, these arey larg

platforms for self-expression. they're a place to share photos, status updates and reveal a little bit more about yourself. next door is purely utility driven. peopleg are com use their neighbors as a resource to solve problems. second thing that is is everyone that you're interacting wit is a verified member of the neighborhood coghunity. each nrhood is a geographically bounded entity on next door. >> how youerify they live there? >> we have a number of different ways. mobile phoverification, verification via postcard through the mail, wher you redeem an invitation token that proves you had to go to your mailbox and take it out. once people are verified, that increases the level of that they're interacting with people i their neighborhood >>o in thisd where the internet is so youbiquitous, the is a concern that people aren't interacting face to face more.

so why is this necessary? why can't neighbors just goay o an hi, i'm your neighbor, let's chat face to face. >> i think we're combatting a trend that's happening in the united states, eovpecially the past 50 years. one of the inspiring statistics tt we saw when we started the company is that 29% of americano claim know very few of their neighbors, and 28% of americans claim to know not a singby neighboname. so over half the population wita very ties into their community.t may seem in our modern, technological world, to use an app is happening. we feel like our job is best performed when an online interaction on next door leads . your box story, when youeeded boxes, ultimately you had to interact with someone to exchange the boxes. now you know a new neighbor.

we see that all the ti. >> you've also had some growing there hve been some problems with racial profiling. residents were posting messages about people of color in their neighborhoods. what have you done to address this? >> we were shocked to see our artt form being used in this area, g about communities in oaklandn w became of this happening was a shock to the system. but we work together toredesign our product in a way that is almost unprecented in technology where a few things i thportant to us, were to make people aware of the fact that they were using descriptive next withoutthe context around what was suspicious about the tivity. so we introduced friction into the posting process to force people to be more specific about the circumstances under which they were posting.t o be purely describing ople on the characteristics of r theie without some

additional context as to what was suspicious. a person ofolor riding a bike in the neighborhood is not worthy of an alert.if but they're casing the neighborhood or breaking into cars, that's descriptive text. >> what about other kinds of posts that people may find offensive concerning religion or gender. where do you draw the line? >> we expec that neighborhood leads are responsible for man daning the social decorum. so w understanding are in 180,000 different neighborhoods across the country, theproduct takes on a lot ofhe identity. so there are in some cases local issues that need to be but with civil discourse.

we ha a support team back at hq that helps when those neighborhood leads feel like they're beyond their capability to handl things. >> in ten seconds, are you making any money yet? >> we are starting to earn revenue through native advertising our e-mails. and you wi realtors, as well. >> took eight years to get here. >> all right. thank you so much. ♪ say hello, say hello >> the pillsbury doughboy, and the u.s.army. what do these ads have in common? the same woman is behind these and other ad for decades, carol williams has worked to marketoducts to a diverse market. he changed how women view themselves and spoke directly to african-american audiences. last year, williams became the

first african-american woman to be inducted into the advertising hall ef fame. sh sat down earlier with monica lam. >> carol williams, thanks for talking withme. >> thank you. i'm honored. >> you are known in the advertising world for a campaign you did for the deodorant secret. the tag line was -- >> strong enough for a man, but made for a woman. >> i need my secret. >> how did you come one that? >> it was on of those times as a creator, when you recognize how women are looked at versus who women actually are. in the media, they were consistently portrayed as weak individuals. they had no need for a efficacious anti-perseprant. but the women i knew sweat. they were working 24/7,nd at

the end oh of the day, they wanted to look good.d >> still feel dry like a woman. >> so you didn't just chan perceptions of the product, you also changed how women looked at themselves. absolutely. out.'s what it's that campaign opened the door to begin a history of advertising that speaks to the strength of women. that door was first opened with strong enough for a man but made for a woman. >> you made a series of videos for the army. >> i didn't think t ar had anything for me. >> what was your assignment there? >> t united statesad army once enjoyed very high participation from african-americans. so the effort was to make african-americans aware of the benefits ofy.he united ar >> i was surprised at what i found in being an officer and what t army helped bring out of me. >> the educational benefits,

what occupationav training was lable. and they wouldble to come out of the army and have viable jobs. >> how do you get a brand or job to speak to so many, so many to say that's m brand this >> we did an ad for disney. disney was very, very interested in increasing african-american presence in their >> imagination, inspiring imagination. >> they really thought it was a pricething. we looked at it. we recognized that it was biger than that. we really talked about how disney infused your child with knowledge. parks. >> you created a seeries of videos for the ymca about water

safety tgeted at multicultural kids. why did you feel it was that?tant do >> young black men were dyingt disproportionate numbers. especially in urban areas, not osbeing exp to swimming pools or swimming lessons. less african-american women were dying of that issue, and that's because the way we perceived ourselves and our hair, we were naturally saying, no, we're not going in the pool. we'll just stay on the sideline. so ymca engaged us to help get this message out. the importance of learning how to swim and dispelling the smith that african-americans can't swim. anybody can swim if you learn how to swim. >> i am more thaned hon to have this special recognition. >> how did it feel to be ducted into the advertising

hall of fame? >> beite indinto the advertising hall of fame was the most incredible experien that i had had. >> see the magic that once made this industry great. [ applause ] >> that an african-american woman, i just put my head down and enjoyed wat >> keeping up, it takes hard work. >> and then tobe able to portray african-americans through my eyes as i know them. what a magnificent thing to be able to do. it's been great journey. >> congratulations again. thank you so much.>> nd that will do it for us. you can find more of our coverage at

captioning sponsored by wnet >> sreenivasan: on this edition epr sunday, february 11: the white house es to release its budget for next year, as officials continue to defend john kelly's handling of rob porter. and in our signature segment, troubling stories of sexual assault and harassment on airplanes. next on pbs newshour weekend. >> "pbs newshour weekend" is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz.e eryl and philip milstein family. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. the anderson fily fund. rosalind p. walter barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america--