captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> sreenivasan: good evening, i'm hari sreenivasan. judy woodruff is away. on the newshour tonight, the suspect in a series of bombings in austin blows himself up after being cornered by police-- we'll have the latest on theve igations then, facebook's c.e.o. mark zuckerberg breaks his silence on a scandal with a data firm that exploited data of millions of seusers, outlining steps tre the platform. then, the trump approachigthe presidenres advice not to congratulate russian president putin after his re-election, and avoids tough talks on a recent poisoning. plus, thinking big in 3-d-- the latest technological advances promise new possibilits in manufacturing, one layer at a ti r kets are the lightest weight, most expensive, largest, difficult-to-make thing that orally 3-d printing is the optimal solution f

>> sreenivasan: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: ♪ ♪ moving our economy for 160 years. bnsf, the engine that connects us. >> entertainment studios.

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>> sreenivasan: police in, austxas still have questions to answer tonight, about the serial bomber that terrorized the city. but, their prime suspect is no nger at large. he took his own life overnight, after a manhunt ran him to ground.be >> it ha a long, almost three weeks for the community of austin. >> sreenivasan: austin's police chief broke the news early this morning. officers had tracked the bomber to a hotel in the no suburb of round rock, overnight. he drove o into a ditch. s.u.v. >> as members of the austin police department swat team approached the vehicle, the suspect detonated a bomb inside the vehicle, knocking on bof our officek. ctd one of our swat officers fired at the suss well. the suspect is deceased and s >> sreenivasan: the suspect was identified a23-year-old mark thony conditt, seen in this picture on his mother's facebook page. police say he built all of the bombs that terrorized austin

since march 2nd, killing two people and wounding four others. the first three package bombs were left on doorsteps, ile a 4th blast in a residential neighborhood involved a more sophisticated device set off by a tripwire. >> this is such a safe, friendly, family-oriented neighborhood, it just somehowin you don't it's going to happen here. >> sreenivasan: early on tuesday, a 5th package exploded at a fed ex distribution facility near san antonio. a 6th device was found anded disarm at a fed ex distribution center in austin. vestigators now say they started closing in on conditt in the last two days, thanks to witness reports, cell-phone data and security video from a fed ex store where he mailed one of the bombs. it's believed he bought the bomb-making materials at a home depot, but the motive mystery. >> we do not understand what motivated him to do what he did and that will also be part of the continuing investigation as we try to learn more aim and to understand why he took

the actions that he did.re >>ivasan: what's also unclear is whether he acted alone, or whether any more bombs are out there. >> we are concerned that there we want to make sure that if people see suspicious packages ll bags that contained to 911 report that to the police so we can respond and deal with thospackages. >> sreenivasan: swat teams descended today on the austin suburb of pflugerville. they searched the bomber's home and evacuated residents in a five-blockadius. and for more on the investigation and what police have learned, we're joined again by syeda hasan of austin's npr station, kut. they just spoke to press a little while ago. we were ending our report with what was happening atthe home in flooringville. what more can you tell ? >> well, we know that authorities and federal investigators have been at the scene at the suspect's home in pflugerville the neighborhood has been evacuated.

authorities removed what they said were homemade explosives from the home of the spefnlgt we know the materials found at the suspect's home, investigators said they seem to match materials that havbeen used in the series of attacks across austin and the o outside san antonio, so that's giving them leads to go off of in ths investigation. >> sreenivasan: are the suspect's family cooperating? a authorities have said t the suspect's family is cooperating. we know that some relatives of the suspect did release a statement saying that they are in shock that they are grieving for the victims and the loed ones of those affected, and we do know that authorities the home of the suspect's parents earlier today asl wel. >> sreenivasan: what else do we know about the suspect?r i'm sure mreporting is starting to paint a fuller picture of his life. we're beginning to learn a bit more about the suspect. we do know he was a 23-year-old white male, as youonen, did live in the pflugerville neighborhood.no texas govgregg abbott said

on a local tv broadcast today that the suspect lived with two roommates. we know authorities were in contact with those two roommates. they diduestion them, andey say that those roommates are cooperating as wel. kut was also able to confirm that the suspect did attend the austin community college fom 2010 to 2012. the college said that he did not graduate from a.c.c., but his application to the college indicates that,t, prior to th he was home-schooled. so we're beginning to learn a bit more about who he was. >> sreenivasan: do we kn anything more about the last minutes of the standoff? >> well, authoriti did brief us early this morning. they said they were able to locah the suspect's veicle outside this hotel in round rock, which is a suburb north o austd police were waiting at the scene for backup. when they pured the suspect, he left the scene? his vehicle. they pursued h and eventually he pulled off into a ditch off a

highway service ad andas police began to approach his vehicle, they say that he detonated a bomb that was in the vehicle with him. we also know that austin police chief brian manly confirmed an officer did shoot the suspect. t we can't say for sure whether he died as a res the explosion or whether it may have been the result of a gunshot. >> sreenivasan: npr in austin, kut's syeda hasan.h. thank you so m >> thank you. >> sreenivasan: new headlines tonight in the furor facebook. c.e.o. mark zuckerberg issued a statement late today. he conceded mistakes that apparently let an outside firm obtain data from 50 million facebook users. but he says facebook has alreadc taken cove steps, and plans more. we'll have a full report, after the news summary. in the day's other news, the senate intelligence committee criticized bh the trump and obama administrations for a lack of urgency about russian cyber- attacks and election security. lwmakers pressed kirstjen nielsen and jeh johnson, the current and former homeland security secretaries.le

nielsen ackned there's a goblem with making sure election results auine. >> if there's no way to audit the election, that is abonlutely a nati security concern. you must have a way to audit. you uld do it through paper ballots or you could do it a rough this voter verification, but you must havy to audit and verify the election results. >> sreenivasan: ssian agents targeted election systems in 21 states in 2016. there's no evidence any votes were actually altered.st only 1es have reached out for cybersecurity reviews. in afghanistan, an islamic state iicide bomber blew himself up near a shiite shrikabul today, killing at least 33 people. 65 others were wnded, and emergency workers rushed them to a nearby hospital. police say the attacker struck near crowds gathering to celebrate the persian new year. an attack on damascus, syria has claimed 44 lives. state media reports rebels fired mortars into a busy market during tuesday evening's rush hour. aftermath video showed glass and debris littering the street. itas one of the deadliest

attacks in the syrian capital since the civil war began. meanwhile, in northwest syria, war monitors say an air strike on a rebel-held province killed 21 people, 16 of them children. 104 captive girls were freed in, nigeria today boko haram. the islamist militants returned them to dapchi, whertal of 110 were kidnapped from a boarding school four weeks ago.e the girls eunited with their parents, and said they were freed because they are muslims. urseveral others did not r >> ( translated ): there were five of us that died. those that died were not killed byseoko haram, they died bec they were trampled upon. it was stress and trauma that made them tired and weak. >> sreenivasan: the government denied it paid ransom for the mass release.ef but boko harama warning, saying: "we did it out of pity. l d, don't ever put your daughters in schain." in 2014, the militants kidnapped bok.girls from c some 100 of them have never returned. back in this couorry, a major hit the northeast with

heavy snow and high winds and disrupted the first day of spri. it was the region's fourth nor'easter in three weeks. new jersey and new york city declared emergencies, and airlines cancelled nearly 4,000 flights. meanwhile, a strong pacific storm dump heavy rain along the california coast. thousands of people were told to evacuate in santa barbarap county, to epossible mudslides. the u.s. senate gave final approval today to a bill to curb sex trafficking online. it allows victims to take action against website operators that facilitate the crime the bill sailed through the house and senate, despite industry warnings about curbin free speech. president trump is expected to sign it into law. mississippi will soon have its first, female u.s. senator. state agriculture commissioner ntcindy hyde-smith was app today by the republican governor. she'll replace fellow republican thad cochran, who's retiring d to failing health. illinois is set for what couldbe he most expensive governor's race in american history. republan incumbent bruce rauner survived tuesday's

primary against a conservative challenger. he will face democratic billio celebrated his own primary win last night. he's already spe h $70 million campaign. separately, holocat denier arthur jones won a republican nomination for congress.pp he ran ued, in a heavily democratic district in chicago the federal reserve raised its benchmark interest rate today by another quarter-percentage point. it also indicated it still expects to raise rates twice more this year. the fed's new chairman, jerome powell, said the economy is strong enough to stand it. >> sever factors are supporting the outlook. fiscal policy has become more stimulative, ongoing job gains are boosting income and confidence, foreign grs on a firm trajectory and overall financial conditions remain accomodative. >> sreenivasan: the fed has raised rates six times since 2015. and, on wall street, stocks surged, then sank over lingering questions about just how high interest rates will go. the dow jones industrial average

lost 45 points to close at 24,682. the nasdaq fell 19 pnts, and e s&p 500 slipped five. still to come on the newshour: what's in congress' massive spending bill. senator angus king on safeguarding state eleaiion systems t russian interference. 3-d printing taken to the next level, and much more. >> sreenivasan: as we reported, facebook founder mark zuckerberg broke how his company handles privacy and what he acknowledged was a "breach of trust with the public." it came after news investigations found cambridge analytic a firm used by the trump campaign improperly obtained data on 50 million n cebook users. in his statementcebook, zuckerberg wrote: "we have a yoresponsibility to protec data, and if we can't then we don't deserve to serve you." he also said steps had been taken to prevent these problems before, but "we also made mistakes, there's more to do."

those changes will include: auditing apps that use facebook data, and investigating apps that used large amou data before the company changed its policies in 2014. it will also try trestrict some access to future data.ia tim wu of coluaw school joins us for reaction now. he writes tensively about the web, privacy, data collection. he's the author of "the attention merchants." thanks for joining us. first, your reaction to the yoatement. >> sure. know, i think it was good that they took responsibility, but i t stiink that, you know, not coming fully clean about what happened and wa they're going to do here. one thing that's very notable is they agreed to doll this stuff back in 2011, and it looks like they didn't live up to theom es then. so the question is what makes us believe them now >> sreenivasan: and this is when they were under consent decree by the federal trade commission. >> that's exactly right. in 2011, federal trade commission, i was working there at the tiernlings found that

they had let the apps take all kinds of data from people and do whatever they like,d facebook agreed, as you said, in the consent decree th they'd no longer allow this to happen. turns out it has ppened and repeatedly. so i'm not just as reassured as you might think, given they've s already brokilar promises that they will keep these promises in the future. >> sreenivasan: vel right, we piece of video from "frontline," an upcoming fil that's going to come out with one of the former employees. let's listen to what he said. >> i ended up in an inresting situation where because i had been the main person who was working on privacy iwith respect to the facebook platform, which had many, many issues, because it was a real hornets nest of problems, because they were giving access to all this facebook data with very few controls. and because i had been one of the only people who was focused on this issue, we ended up in a situation a few weeks before th.

i.where the press had been calling out these issues over and over again, they had beenut pointinghe ways in which facebook had not been meeting its obligations. and i ended up in a meeting with a bunch of the most executives of the company and they sort of went ndound the roomaid, "well you know who's in charge of fixing this huge pblem which has been called out in the press as one of the two biggest problems for the company ing into the biggest tech i.p.o. in history?" and the answer wase. >> sreenivasan: atform operations manager between 2011 and 2012. faviously, the company is much bigger now, has more resources, but, as you say, they've said before they'rele going to up their act. >> yeah, i mean, that's the problem. they keep sayingis, but, you know, there's this recidivism problem. they keep not really doing anything, and i think the problem is that their iness model depends on accumulating data and giving it tos.

advertis anything that comes close to threatening that business model, they don't seem that interested in doing something serious about it. you know, i understand that, but i think the time of "trust us" has got to b ove >> sreenivasan: any of the changes that they're proposing today going to fundamentally change the business model you're lking about? >> no, i don't think so at all. you know, the fundamentally facebook is a surveillance machine. they get as m data as they can and they promise advertisers that they're able to manipulate us, and that is at the core. and, so, you know, they started this byaying, well, this wasn't really a data breach, this is our normal buness model, which i think should tell you something. then later, saying, well, it's not so great, and so on and so forth. but they're really showing an unwilliness to do something more serious about this problem, and it keeps happening over and ovi again. this an app platform, the other times russians buying ads.

there is something not right about this coany and tir unwillingness to come clean. zuckerberg wrote a message on facebook that everything will be fine is something government investigators can't trust. >> sreenivasan: this is after the fact but they're saying they're willing to require app developers to be audit orha require t kind ofon authentica but with cambridge analytica, the person was supposed to certify the data was gone. >> i'll add to that. in the 2011 settlement, they agreed they'd set up a verification system for apps to thke sure apps never did the kinds of thing were doing before. that was in 2011. now they're talking about stuff happening aft whatever verification systems going on, i guess they're, like weey're accepting promises from the app developments. they're not really taking once again, i think the concern in facebook's heart is at some point this will hurt their

vertising revenue and the promises they've made investors so they're unwilling to take serious steps >> srenivasan: at scale, what can be done, if we abstract larger to fac google, l twitter, aot of the tech platforms that have so much information about us? >> you know, it is a great question, and i think theta fundamproblem is they're all dependent on this pure advertising model. you know, nothing but trying to get as much data out of us and sell as much as they can of our time and attention to other people, and that just leads in very dark direcweons. i thineed to start patronizing subription-based services that they need to start rethinking these business models because they've really reached an intolerable level foroc americanty and it's starting to threaten american democracy and other values we hold dear. >> sreenivasan: this is also prompting government to say perhaps we need to stake a more active role in regulating the space. have the tools

to try to monitor or set up the rules of the road on howse the companies can operate? >> i thought we did at th f.t.c. when we put in the consent degree but obviously didn't really do anything. i think there's a serious proble part of the problem is we haven't wanted europe to get serious because we're worried about hurting businesses which are, after all, american darlings. but, you know, when the costs become this serious where it starts to be about the viability of our republic and abutoyou know, the manipulation of people, i think that need to take a much more serious look and understand and, for example, ok at what the europeans are doing and see if there's something to hearne. >> sreenivasan: tim wu, columbia law school. thank you very much. >> sreenivasan: you can watc more of frontline's facebook insider story at pbs.org/frontline.

>> sreenivasan: news hour learned congressional leaders have a spending bill that willep overnment funded through september. >> congress has two days to pass ththe billion and prevene year's third government showdown. sa desjardins has been tracking the negotiations and is here now. lisa, as we sit here we don't have a bill to look at. that, of course, has not stopped you. you hat's in this bill. through your reporting, whave wt ou learned is in it? >> desjardins: leaders agreed what's in it and are processing the text. one of the more important factors, this is one of the largest spend eng creases we've seen in years, specials for the silitary, that will include pay raises 2.4% for of our troops. but, john, this is way more than

a spending bill, this is the last legislative train out of washington this year. if it doesn't get in this bill, it might not happen. in this bill weve'earned will be gun legislation. first one i want to talk about. this bill will clarify a policy making it clear that the c.d.c. can actually research gunce viol that would be a change in policy. also two bills fix nix which addresses the current background check system d stop school violence to give money to schools to ascertain threats ahead of time. >> yang: as you say, this is the last legislative train puing out of the staon. what didn't get on? >> right, a lot. i think that's why it took sobe long iause they were trying to get things in and could not reach an agreement. the border wall, something president trump insisted being in this bill. there is $1.6 billion for border security, but, john, the finepr t is that a very small portion of that just several hundred million dollars is for a border fence, and democrats tell

me that there is language in this bill saying it cannot be ae co wall. border security yes, border wall no in this bill. also nothing about daca in this bill. it's also talking about some healthcare issues. healthcare subsidies the president ended las fall, people maybe think are needed to stabilize the system are not in this bi that's a heated debate. do they help or hurt the system? we're going to find out because the government will not be paying them, they are not part of the bill. >> yang:hethe fixes like daca fixes, are those likely not going to happen? >> i think we could see separate bill on daca. right now congress is waiting on the courts to act. if the courts kind o don't have a status for those recipients we might see action. >> these are deferred actions eor childhood arrivals, peopl brought here illegally as children. >> that's it exactly. and i think what we're watching from congress now f is,irst, it would be nice to see some text of this massive bill, t, john, you said yourself the timeline

ane. little in often congress takes two weeks at least to pass a bill like. this they have and i think the house is hoping to pass this tomorrow, the osnate friday. that means it'ssible to avoid a showdown, except for one senator rand paul. he generally doesn't like these bills and if he objects to the omnibus, we will have a showdown. >> yang: the house wanted to pass itonday. >> originally the house wanted to passed it last week, so they're many days behind and up to their next on their deadline. ricis and conservatives mny don't like this bill. rand paul will be the one to maybe a short term bill, a quick showdown over the weekend, i think it will get through, though. >> yang: like a student waiting till the last minute. >> bieve it or not. >> yang:. >> desjardins:. thank you very much. there's more onle. so much in the bill. we have a big story about all of it all on our web site.

>> yang: great. lisa, thank you very much. >> sreenivasan: also on capitol hill, lawmakers weighed in on president trump's phone call, one that was not originally scheduled to happen. yamiche alcindor reports on the controversial call between mr. trump and russian president vladim putin. >> reporter: the snow showed no signs of letng up in washington today, and neither did criticism of president trump, and his phone call congratulating russian president vladimir putin on his landslide re-election. >> what is the president thinking? what is he congratulating him for? for being great at hacking into americans' votg rights? p >> i thiin is a criminal. i wouldn't have a conversation with a criminal. >> i think he's afraid of the president of russia. well, i think one can speculate as to why. that the russians might have something on him personally, moat they could always roll out and make his lif difficult. >> reporter: president trump had no public events today, but instead took to twitter, claiming other presidents, like

president obama, congratulated putin in the past, too. he added, "getting along with ngssia (and others) is a good thing, not a bad t on sunday, putin won his fourth term with more than 76% of thect vote, a viy some election observers said was rigged. the next day, white house staff downplayedr. trump's reaction. >> look, obviously the president knows vladimir pin won the election. what i can say is thatedhere are no sed phone calls between the two right now. >> reporter: but by tuesday, the president differed.al te i had awith president putin and congratuhim on the victory, his electoral victory. >> reporter: last night, the rift between the president and his staff widened when the "washington post" reported he ignored specific instructions from his national security advisors not to congratulate putin. white house staffers also asked mr. trump to condemn the controversial poisoning of a former russian spy in britain, according to the report, but

white house press secretary sarah sanders said he didn't. >> i'm curious-- did the recent poisoning in the united kingdom come uin the call? >> i don't believe that was discussed in today's call. >> reporter: but beyond the press room, white house chief of staff john kelly reportedly blamed staffers today, growing "frustrated and deeply disappointed" about leaks of mr. trump's briefing advice to the media, per white house officials today. this, all in the wake of mr. altrump's apparent tougheron russia in recent weeks: last week, the white house rolled out its harshest set of sanctions against russia since mr. trump took office, but he avoided estions on the topic when asked. >> any comment on the russian sanctions, mr. president? >> reporter: that same day, mr. trump did point to russia as being behind the nerve gas attack on its former spy in britain. >> a versad situation. it certainly looks like the russians were behind it. something that should never, ever happen. and we're taking it riry sly, as, i think, are many others. >> reporter: mr. trump hasad a controversially collegial relationship with putin in the past.

the president said he takes putin at his word that he didn't , ddle in the 2016 elections. for the pbs newshom yamiche alcindor. >> sreenivasan: for more ons president trumntroversial phone call with the russian president and mark zuckerberg'sa response to thbook security breach, we turn to a key member of the senate intellence committee, independent senator angus king of maine. he joins us now from capitol hill. senator king, i want to get to some of the election security stuff you talked about today but first a couple of questions, one the friendly phone call with vladimir putin. the president's tweete today that president bush didn't have the smarts, obama and clinton didn't have the energy or chemistry. several of your fellow senatorse have been tty harsh. senator grassley sad this is au criminal he n't have a conversation with. the president in that conversation didn't bring up the recent sanctions, the election hack, the poisoning in the u.k. your thughts? >> well, i think the call was unfortunate, given the nature of vladimir putin's victory.

everybody knows it was a setup. i remember see ao story two weeks ago, putin will be on the ballot at the end of march. spoirl alert, he'll win. it wasn't much of an election. i grew up reading about elections in the soet union where it was 99%. well, he only got 76%, but i don't think it was a necessary callh i understand president wanting to try to compartmental ease and work with russia where we canon plas like syria or airth korea, if there are place where is we cann take a relationship that's a good thing, but to not risthese issues and to say i take him at his word, look, then iformation is absolutely overwhelming, there is no question whatsoever that the russians intervened in a big way in our election in 2016. at just had a hearing on th today, and i'm sure we'll get to that in a couple of minutes. they've attacked our country, and toe congratulating their president and not at least alluding to some of these things

and not to mention murring somebody on british soil, it does strike me as a little -- i don't know what to cal it, short-sighted, i guess. >> sreenivasan: let's talk about facebook and the cambridge analytica story. how do the revelations in the past fw days factor into your jon going investigations about the russians? >> i want mark zuckerberg talk to come talk to our committee. i think ma zuckerberg owes it to his customers, to his hundreds of millions of people around the world. i think it's actually in the billions at this nt, to come forward and talk frankly. he's going to do a tv interview, i guess today or in the next couple of days, but i would lik him to see -- i believe he ought to come before our committee and talk to us about the role his platform played in the 2016 election and how it was hijacked to use in nefarious ways d now

we're learning more and more about how cambridge analytica did it. they got 50 million users' data, they then targeted the data iny certain i think there are some very serious questions to be answered about this. sreenivasan: knowing wh you know now over the past two years about how powerful theseat rms have become, is it time for congress to take a more active role in trying to fiure out how to protect, a, the information that you and i share on facebook for ourselves and then, also, b, to keep it from being corrupted and used against us in an election or anything else? >> well, the operative word you used was congress take a role. i'm very nervous about that. we have the first amendment. we have the free speech. we have an open society. we have an open internet. that'surne of the values of o society. that's one of the good things about it. but i think it has to sta with these companies themselves understanding the power of theiu platform aerstanding that they have some responsibility just like a newspaper does, just like you d, just like a

television network does to sort of self-regulate, if you will. i'm very reluctant of government regulation to have the internet. i think on balance that will be a d thing. so i don't want to go there, but i want to talk to them about hoa they can -- t they can do technically to help people understand what the information is that they're getting and where it's coming from. for example, when a newspaper publishes a story, tha date line. it says washington or new york oros angeles. think, on facebook, it bought to say if it's coming from moow, it ougto say moscow or st. petersburg so people can know the origin of the data. i know it's questionable technically but i think those smart people in facebook can figure that out. >> sreenivasan: they don s have tscribe to the same type of liable laws as a newspaper, they say they're not a media company so they evade the regulation existing media companies have to face. >> i'm not saing they should be

totally free of regulation but i suspicious or reluctant about government regulation ofth sog that has been so revolutionary and opened up the world to so many people and opened up information and sources of information, but i think it's a cversation we have to have, frankly. this is new territory and i think, you know, facebook was thinking of self as something running out of a dorm room at harvard. now it's a major worldwide corporation, and mark zuckerberg has to be thinking about how this plnatform c regulate itself and, you know, a last resort is we may hae tout some guardrails in, but, you know, that's the last place i want to go. >> sreenivasan: let's talk abouthe hearings you had today. one of the recommendations you had was that the states are the primary arbiters of elections and keeping thein the drivers seat. how do you balance this sort of push and pull between states rights and the federal government's rights when you know that only about 19 of those states have come forward for voluntary cyber hack defensive

lessons and training they can take? that's a good question. that's the balance we're trying to strike, but the thrust of today's hearing is weon't want to federalize elections. they are state and localti responsibi. the role of the federal government i think is twofold. one, to provide besctt praes, to be a clearinghouse and to be a tenical backup for the states in order to help them se up their systn such a way that they're not going to beck le, if you will. by the way, i read the classified report yesterday. hopefully we'll be able to declassify and release it in th next couple of weeks. it's terrifying. what the russians did was very systematic and comprehensive and they will be lack. so that's n important poin >> sreenivasan: you don't have to share theielass information but what level of conference dense do you have that we're safe in the 2020 elections? >> i think we're vulnerable.

i'll get hate male from the secretaries of stes but i think a lot of the states have more confidence than they ought to given the sophistication o our adversaries. but here's the second part of it, hari. here's where i think the federal government has an icredibly important role to play that it's not playing and that is we have to signal to our adversaries that we're not a cheap date, that if you come at us, we're going to come at y aund right now that's not the case. we've had hearing after hearing where the cyber people have saie on't have any responsive doctrine or strategy that would make our adversaries change their calculus. they've got to understand that if they strike usn this kind of way, there will be coy equences. i ot be cyber. it may be something else but it's got to be serious and meaningful and immediate and i think the great failing of natial policy right now i there is no deterrent, and if we don't get on that, they're justc

going to keming at us and there aren't enough patches in the world to defend us. >> sreenivasan: senator angus king of maine, thank you soiuch for youre. >> yes, sir. >> sreenivasan: stay with us, coming up on the newshour: the setbacks blackenoys face if they grow up in wealthy families. and dogs that can sense a person'srop in blood pressure. whether it's with plastic, metal, or even living tissue, 3- d printing has been around since the 1980s. it's been used mostly for prototyping, and, so far, it's still cheaper to make most large volume consumer goods like bottlecaps using traditional methods. but as miles o'brien reports, recent advances could launch 3-d printing into a new era. it's the subject of tonight's leadinedge story, which airs every wednesday. >> reporter: just another day in le office park near l.a.x. no clue to the tra above

that a whole new approach to manufacturing is underway beneath their feet. it's happening at a young startup called relativity; a team of for-real rocket scientists pushing s technology, by pushing 3-d printing technology to itsli ts. here they are printing rockets,n noseto nozzle. >> rocketsre the lightest weight, most expensiveullargest, diffto- make thing that really 3-d printing is the optimal solution for. >> reporter: relativity co- founders tim ellis and jordan noone bo realized this while working at one. they figured technology now makes it possible to think bigger. but to do this, they first had

to build something bigger; the larghet metal 3-d printer in t world. >>hee made our own printing ad where we have aluminum wire by this nozzle here and then we're using 11 kilowatt fiber laser to actually melt the aluminum. as it starts to feed in material on the right, then the laser melts it. , it's very, very powerful laser. it can actually blind you from over 50 kilometers away. >> reporter: good thing they aren't evil geniuses! their mega printer is called stargate, a three-armed 15, foo. tall robot it hasn't made a whole rocket yet, but it has printed out a fuel tank and an engine. relativity's full throttlednt thrust3-d printing is just d e milestone on the long road from prototypes all parts to mass manufacturing. mechanic engineer john hart is director of the laboratory for manufacturing and productivity at m.i.t. >> i'm certain we're in early stages. t and i think th things that we do with that in manufacring

in the end, say 10, 20, 30, 50 years from now, are in some part beyond our imagination. >> reporter: hart is not talking about consumer grade 3-d printers, a passing fad that loaked in 2014. >> 3-d printing is it's expensive, there's few things that you can 3-d print and then use right away, you often have to do post processing andni ing and painting, etc., but we're getting there. hart and colleagues foun d a company called desktop metal to develop a solution.3- traditionallprinting works by fusing metal powder together layer by layer with a laser, a single-point process limited by the speed of the laser. nateesktop metal they alt

at desktop metal, they alternate layers of metal powder, with a glue-like binder. the layers are sprayed with multiple print heads, inkjet style. , after the part takes sha is placed in a furnace where ethe blast of heat fuses metal while cooking away the binder.co thany claims the process is about 100 times faster than the single point laser technique. based outside of bos desktop metal is growing fast. c.e.o.ic fulop gave me a tour of his factory for factories. so, this is the main event right here, right? this>>s-- o, this is our production system. this is the world's fastest metal printer. this machine can make a 150 metric tons of metal per year, 150 metric tons. there's nothing else like it. >> reporter: tsc production ale metal 3-d printer is slated for its first delivery to customers early next year. the machine is well suited to make higher-en lower demand parts like this. >> this is a part made in our production system. this is for bmw.

this is a bmw part. >> reporter: and that's-- it looks like some kind of cooling fan or something like that or wate >> that's a water impeller that goes inside a water pump. >> reporter: but 3-d printing is also spurring another revolution, in industrialde gn. the technique enables the creation of objects unimaginable using traditional tool and die techniques. the company is designing with software made smart by the artificial intelligence technique lled machine learning. and here's the ironic twist; the tsmachine is designing par thate apar to come from nature's playbook. checout these two parts. on the left, a sleek human igsign. on the, the rootlike handiwork of a smart computer. andy roberts is a software engineer. so, you've tested this and what happened? >> what we find is that e parts have been self-organized that they distribute th strain evenly across the parts. so, there is no sort of hotspots where you gea crack forming r example. >> reporter: so, this is better than a human could do?

>> oh,ites. s better than a human could do >> reporter: it may be somantime before o looking parts take root. but in the short term, se big players like bmw and caterpillar are anxious to try new ways of manufacturing their current designs. >> a lot of customers for industrial printing do get it. they have been working with the technologies for many years. studying them and prototyping with them, and there's ts urge and thirst for mass production. i wouldn't have said these threo ive years ago, but i'm convinced of it now because you see more demonstrated applications. >> reporter: if 3-d printing delivers on these promises, it will do much more than upend ths prof manufacturing. the ripple effects are far reaching. >> from how the designer or the engineer goes about their work to what the factory looks like, to how business agreements are structured, to whereries are placed, to what production workers do on a daily basis. it's all going to happen.

>> reporter: at relativity they ar astill developing designs printing process, but they have reason to believe th a have launchood idea. they printedhis giant, 14-foot tall fuel tank in a matter of days. a traditional manufacturer w yld have takenr. but for relativity, the real proof is in the testing, and they have successfully fired their printed rocket engine 85 times, at nasa's fabled rocket testing center in mississippi. >> so, that's like a fully prind design that would normally be almost 3,000 parts but we've gotten it down to 3 and really shown that that's robust and that it works. >> reporter: by the of 2020, the team hopes to be delivering satellites and other payloads to low earth orbit with fully 3-d- printed rockets. they predict they can cut the cost of even the cheapest flights today by more than 80%.

a game changing number like that would destine manufacturing for a tectonic re-tooling layer by layer. for the pbs newsho, i'm miles o'brien. >> sreenivasan: fw research thds class in america matters a lot less when it comes to economic mobility for black males. income inequality is often cited as an important fact holding people back. but a new analysis suggests black boys and bla d men are faciadvantages from catching up economically, even if they start off from a similar point of income and wealth. yamiche alcindor has our convertion. >> reporter: a new study released this week underscores just how big a gaper african-an males face when it comes to moving up the economic ladder. some of the findings are dramatic. white boys who grew up in rich

households are likely to remain that way. black boys also raced at the top are more likely to become poor instead of staying wealthy in their own adult households. black boys fare worse than whi boys? 99% of america, even when children grow up next to each other with panents who ear similar incomes. raj chetty of stanford univsity is one of the co-authors of this study. he joins me now.yo thanso much, raj, for being here. this report seems to indicate that black men will fare worse than white men, even if they are raised in households with similar cacomes. you explain what's happening there? >> yes, so one of the most striking findings of the study to us was that even if you take black and white boys raised in families at exactly the same income level, evien atgh income levels, you see that black boys end up with very different outcomes on average relative to white men. they're less likely to complete high school, they're less likely to go to college, to havey significan lower earnings in pdulthood, and that phenomenon

interestingly alies really only to black men. when we look at black versus white women, you see much more similar later in their outcomes if they grew up in families of similar incomes. so it's something unique to what's happening to black men in america that i think is really a concern for generations going forward in terms of pe perpetuag inequality by race. >> and that inequality is striking to me. one of the things the stu reports is african-american men who grow up in houholds with two parents earning $140,000, they fare about the same as a whe young man who is raised by a single mother making just $60,000. how can that be true because it feels so counterintuitive? and what does that mean for african-american families an their futures? >> what you're getting at really is finding there's a great deal of downward mobility in black families. you would have tho intuitively is what we expected going in is when you get to a certain income level maybe

racial disparities disappear but that doesn't seem to be the case. even when your parents reach a high income level, it continues to be the casehat black men have higher odds of essentially ending up in the bottom of te income distribution than staying at the the top of the income diyoribution and that's wh get this pattish that black men's outcomes look comparable to white men growing up in low to middle income families. >> reporter: you mention unique obstacles black men face. are ewith talking about racism and racial bias or what are the youique obstacles black men face? we look how it varies across different parts to have the untry, so neighborhood b neighborhood look and ask are there some neighborhoods where you see smallaps where black men are doing better than white men and surprisingly you find no such areas. in 99% of neighborhoods inam ica, you see better outcomes

for white men than blafnlgt digging deeper where do we see relatively good outcomes for black men. one, areas where fathers are present in homes amng black men, you have better outcomes for black boys. icondly, lower areas where racial bias amo whites have bert outcomes for black men. so those are a couple of factor that couldsociated with the better outcomes but i think more remains to be understood in terms of exly what's driving these really sharp differences. >> reporter: i wt t to talk abe differences between black women and black men. so critics of the udy out there are arguing black women who don't have long-term incomes weren't counted indyyour stu is that accurate and could you talk a little bit about your findings of black women d the data that you used? >> yes, so we inclu everyone. the power of the study is we're

able to track using anonymous data about 20 million americans from birth to adlthood, people born in the early 1980s whose incomes we're looking at in their late 30s, and that includes everyone workingr not. if you're not working you're assigned an income zero and entered into the study. even taking that into antc black women and growing up in the same family at the samin me level as white women independence up with similar levels of outcomes -- similar earning levels, college rates, work at similar rat'ses. so iar -- it's markable for homen you don't see that muc black-white disparity. not so for men. i should empsize that doesn't mean women are living in households with same income levels because black wom tend to be married to men who are black with lower incomes and

married at lower rates. if you look at household income you see a significant disparity between black and white women. but when you look at their own earnings they mok siilar. >> one quick question, tell me a little bit about the solutions here. you mentioned in the study mentoring might be a possibility that there might be policy changes. what do you have to say about how this could change. >> in thinking about the solutions, i think it's very important to remember that you continue to see these disparies, even among kids growing up on the same street going to the same schools and so on. so often solutions people think of are things like weeed to create greater opportunities for black and white kids to grow up in the same neighborhoods, to attend the same schools and so forth to reduce residential o physical segregation in america, and while i think that can be extremely valuable, what this study shows is you need to do more than that. even among kids growing up in the me area, you ed to create the same opportunities for black men to thrive as you see for white men, that could

involve things like mentori programs, for example my brother's keeper program, targeted at low-income men to give them pathways to success. it could involve efforts to try to reduce racial bias. it could involve efforts to create more racial integration within schools and neighborhoods so black and white kids have rmilar opportunities. orter: thank you so much, raj, for joining me. i likely appreciate it. >> my pleasure. thank you. >> sreenivasan: one boston service dog is now a trained lifesaver. adele is one of the first cardiac alert dogs trained by pennsylvania-based canine partners for life. as tina martin from ation wgbh in boston shows us, she's given hope to one grateful woman. >> thiis adele, a 13-year-old black lab, and a literal life saver to marty harris. >> she has this presence to her.

i used to joke that when i'd walk down the street with her people would get out orithe way. >> hwas born with a heart condition. nc acute malignant veso vagal neuro cardiogenic y. >> it caused daily fainting spells. the falls resulted in more than 30 concussions. >> when you get a diagnosis and you try all of the normal things that would work for this condition none of it worked for me. i have a very rare complicated version of and at one point the doctors said marty i'm sorry there really nothing more we can >> meaning she would struggle with fainting spells for the rest of her life then she heard of k-9 partners for life, and met adele, who is a ecially trained cardiac alert dog. gi she started alerting me right away and in the ing every time she alerted me i would lay down because i didn't know how severe it was. >> adele served as harris' early warning system, springing into action when she sensed a drop in blood pressure >> sometimes she just wants me

to stand still so shell stand ik front of me p me from moving for a few minutes she's like a brick wall. if i had to ladown, she would lay across me to keep me from gettg up, until it was safe she would go up under my legs to get the blood to my heart faster. >> once, according to harris' husband, adele was even able to catch r mid-faint. >> he said you started to go down andhe bowed her body up and she caught you so your head never hit the floor shancaught yolowered you to the ground. >> harris fainted on twice in the nine years adele was on the job, and, with her newfound security, she stard living again. >> i was hiking up mountains and white water raftinand i was going on all these great adventures with her that i probably wouldn't have done. >> a few years ago, the duo got the attention of harris' formeil neighbor andaker melissa dowler. >> this is an incredible story. i've never heard anything like what these dogs were capable of. i didn't even know thereere cardiac alert service dogs. >> she decided to maketh film about e pair, "the story of

marty and adele."al >> what i reed is that we had documented an unbelievable love story, marty and adele's relationship. it's like soul mates. >> these days adele is a movie star who gets to spend her day lounging around the house. she retired two years and isw noe family pet, only working now an then to supervise hector, a four-year-old yellow lab and harris' current cardiac alert dog. >> she likes telling people what to do. in well deserved, after a long career of service,ce for the pbs newshour, i'm tina martin in boston. >> sreenivasan: and that's the newshour for tonight. s i'm haenivasan. join us on-line and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you and see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: y >>d once said to me, tragedy has a way of defining

people. >> what the hell happened, teddy? >> they're treating this like a. crime scen >> we tell the truth-- or at least, our version of it. >> senator, when can we expect some answers? >> we're in this deeper than i thought. >> these theatrics are not going to hold up in a court of law. >> what have i done? >> chappaquiddick, rated pg-13. april 6. >> consumer cellular believes that wireless plans should reflect the amount of talk, text and data that you use. we offer a variety of no- contract wireless plans for anople who use their phone a little, a lot, ohing in between. to learn more, go toul consumercell.tv >> supported by the rockefeller foundation. promoting the well-being of humanity around the world by building resilience and more atve economies. rockefellerfoundation.org

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♪ >> a thousand years ago, donkeys,g each carry0 pounds of tea,tr king this winding path, this is part of the ancient tea road, outside of chengdu.or hins also called this the southern silk road, a vital tradroute that opened western china to india, the middle east, and beyond. for all thtea in chengdu, next on "yan can cook." ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪