captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> woodruff: good evening. i'm judy woouff. on the newshour tonight:se another cabineetary exit. david shulkin is out, as president trump names white house physician ronny jackson to head veterans affairs. then, inis first trip outside of north korea since becoming its leader, kim jong-un meets with china's president in beijing. plus, the global risk of over-ib presg antibiotics. why the rise in drug treatment all over the world threatens the spre of superbugs. and, syrians find peace in scotland. how a small group of refugees running from war are building a new life on the isle of bute. >> that feeling of no fear, that

leaves them within a few weeks, you can see it in their faces, in their eyes. >> woodruff: all that and more, on tonight's pbs newshour. t >> major funding f pbs newshour has been provided by: >> bnsf railway. >> consumer ceular. >> entertainment sdios. >> supporting social entrepreneurs and their solutions to the world's most pressing problems-- skollfoundation.org. >> t lemelson foundation. committed to improving lives through invention, in the u.s.

and developing countries. on the web at lemelson.org. >> supported by the john d. and therine t. macarthur foundation. committed to building a more just, verdant and peacefulwo d. more information at macfound.org >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions >> and with the ongoing support >> this program was made possible by the corporation fort public broadcaing. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> woodruff: president trumpas fired his secretary of veterans affairs, david shulkin. he had faced criticism over travel expenses and poor care at v.a. health centers. e president tweeted this evening that he is nominating thwhite house physician,

admiral ronny johnson, to be the new secretary. for more on this breaking story, i'm joined now by lisa rein of the "washington post." lisa, thank you for joining us. we just learned about this just about half an hour ago. what do we know about what problems had arisen with secretary shulkin? >> so, judy, this ousting of dr. shulkin was widely expected. it had been expected for weeks because while dr. shulkin had been a favorite cabinet member of th president's for many, many months, he fell out of favor after an inspector general p report criticized a trat he took to europe that-- that was lavish, that involved hiac pting of a gift of improper wimbledon tickets. and th sen dr.lkin did himself no favors by pushing back hard against the report, and also by going to the press repeatedlyta anking about an insurrection that was aoot

inside v.a.sphoz oust him over his policy differences on prate care for veterans. so that's really what tipped the scales for d shulkin. >> woodruff: now, he had been, if i remember correctly, the only holdover from the obama stration and i think we have been reading that he and the president had developed a od relationship. they had. in fact, a number of months ago, the president, who famously says, "you're fired" at the oval office at an appearance said, "oh, we'll never say that about our david," meaning secretary shulkin. but this president is volatile often in his opinions of who serves him, and dr. shulkin, by all accounts, you know, was a very, very competent formerit ho administrator who had run big hospital system.yo but whe fall out of favor with the president, it is hard to get your footing back. and that's what happened here.f: >> woodrnd just quickly

what, do we been dr. ronny jackson. >> right. so the choice of dr. jackson was, really, i think, a to most of us. there were-- the people who the president was cnsider, the names were tightly held. we know that jackson is a rear admiral and the president really likes people in the military.ua it's ay unclear, though, whethehe-- he's still on active duty, so the question is will he retire? because v.a. a civilian job. will he retire? or will he seek a waiver as n formional security adviser h.r. mcmaster did, from the congress to continue serving in an active-duty capacty. he has no run a large organizafeon like v.a. people have. it's 370,000 employees. and the other thing we don't know about admiral jackson are his views on privatization of v.a., which i think is kind of the biggest hot-button policy

issue now that is really under debate, which is how much private care should verans in the system be allowed to seek outside the system? >> woodruff: well, a number of questions which we'll all be seeking ansrs to. again, this news just broke within the hour.sa ein with "the washington post." thank you so much for joining us. >> thank you. >> woodruff: in another major development, it has been rumored for days. now, it is confirmed. kim and xi have met. the leaders of china and north korea held an unofficial summit this week, but they waited until today to announce it to the world. it was a high-stakes visit shrouded in secrecy. inside beijing's great hall of the people, china's president xi jinping and north korea's leader kim jong-un came face to face for the first time. speculation began monday, when video surfaced of an armoredel green train trg from north

korea to china, but ly after the train left on tuesday, did china's state tv broadcast images of kim meeting with xi and other senior officials. north korea made its own annocement. >> ( translated ): an historical event th elevates north korea- chinese relations to a higher level. >> woodruff: this was kim'sfi rst venture abroad since he became north korea's supre11 leader in 20 and, his state-controlled mea hailed it as a milestone. >> ( translated ): dear supreme leader said that he wants to meet president xi jinping and other chinese comrades more often. >> woodruff: china has long been north korea's al and patron, but tensions mounted as kima builclear arsenal and tested missiles, against beijing's warnings. during the visit, though, xi a kim toasted the friendship between their countries.

moreover, chinese state news quoted kim as saying, "if southt korea and the states respond with good will, the issue of the denuclearization of the korean peninsula can reach resolution." ina also said xi applauded kimin for, "promchanges in the situation," and offered to help. >> ( translated ): president xi highlighted that china will continue with its couctive role, and stands ready to work with all parties, including north korea. >> woodruff: the next stop on kim's diplomatic tour is aou meeting with korea's president moon jae-in next month, and then-- possibly-- with president trump in may. mr. trump welcomed the prospect on twitter today. he said, "now there is a good chance that kijong-un will do what is right for his people and for humanity. look forward to our meeting!" in japan, prime minister shinzo abe said today the ust address not just north korea's

long-range missiles, but shorter-range missiles that cana reach n. he also warned north korea to keep any proses it makes. >> ( translated ): what's n important dialogue for dialogue's sake, but to achieve nuclear and missile dismantlingc inpletely verifiable and irreversible way. >> woodruff: but the north's latest "concrete action" is new cause for concern. satellite pictures show increased activity at an experimental nuclear reactor site. and, according to reports, another reactor may have resumed anproducing plutonium thate ined in nuclear weapons. we will look morepth at kim's meeting with xi, right after the news summary.ay in the other news, the u.s. and south korea have reached after president trump said the existing deal was a job killer. it is widely reported that the new version will double u.s. auto exports to south korea.

in turn, the south is exempted from the president's 25% tariffs on steel, but it must limit steel exports to the u.s. poland signed a major deal today to buy u.s. "patriot" missile defense systems, to counter russia. the agreement is worth nearly $5 billion, and it comes as warsaw is modernizing its military. overall, it is poland's largest weapons deal in nearly 30 years. in russia, flags flew at half- staff on a national day of mourning for the victims of a siberian shopping mall fire. officials say 64 people died, many of them children. the first funerals werheld today in the city of kemerovo. at one service, mourners gathered around the coffins of a grandmother and her two grandchildn. in moscow, people attended a separate memorial, and demanded justice. >> ( translated ): the guilty must be found, no matter what,

for the simple purpose that this must never happen again. so that money would not be able to buy everything. life is not for sale. oh lord, may the lord save us. >> woodruff: as thent investigation ues, officials now say a short circuit may have srted the fire they also say emergency exits re locked. several mall employees have been arrested and charged. back ithis country, a federal judge says a lawsuit accusing president trump of violating the constitution emoluments clause may go to trial. maryland and the dtrict of columbia allege that the president has received improper paymengo from foreign rnments, through his d.c. hotel. there have been several similar suits, but this is the first one allowed to proceed. president ump today went after a former supreme court justice,

john paul steven who called for repealing the second amendment, arguing it would clear the way for n control. in response, mr. trump tweeted that "the second amendment will never be repealed!" he went on to say that republicans "must always hold the supreme court!" facebook is changing its privacy options. that is after a consulting firm affiliated with the trump campaign accessed and used data from 50 million facebook users. the social media giant says that users will be better able n igate privacy and security settings, and see the data that is being gathered. on wall street, stocks had a choppy day. the dow jones industverage lost nine points to close at oi,848. the nasdaq fell 59s, and the s&p 500 slipped seve and, the labrador retriever is still erica's top dog. labs lead the american kennel club's popularity rankings for

the 27th straight year, followed by german shepherds and golden retrievers. the french bulldog has surged to fourth. it is up more than 70 slots from 20 years ago. still to come on the newshour: what we should read into the meeting between kim jong-un and xi jinping. the supre court takes on political gerrymandering. egyptians, facing a declining economy, head to the polls. and, much re. >> woodruff: returning to our lead story, the visit to china by north korea's leader kim jong-un. what should we make of the trip, and what does it mean for the u.s.? michael pillsbury has been advising the trump administration on korea. he is a senior fellow at the hudson institute, where he directs the center for chinesera gy. and, michael green was the

n senior director for asiae national security council staff during the george w. bush. administrati he is now senior vice president atr asia at the center for strategic and intenal studies, and a professor at georgetown university. and gentlemen, we thank you both for being here. michael pillsbury, to you f do we know how this trip came about? >> i would say the short answer is no. senior intelligence official in south koretold the press a couple of days ago, "this is noh kim. is his sister." very embarrassing intelligence failure from south korea. a number of american china experts have tweeted out, high officials on the train but no one else. so unless it's extremely sensitive american intelligence i would say th answer is no. however, we know a lot more about this now. we have the xi phone call with isemp, the long exc statement, and communications with the chinese. i, myself, have talked to the chinese abt what happened. ey claim they're trying to help us, and i think that's

true. i think they are trying to helps ent trump. >> woodruff: but they, clearly, extended the invitation, and kim accepted. michael green, what does the north korean leader get out of this trip, based on what we've been told? >> well, for now, it's quite a propaganda coup. kim jong-un is goingelo be able tohis people after defying the u.n. with multiple missile tests, the leaders othe world want to meet with him as the stader of a nuclear weapon state. n the face of it, he's gained quite a coup. what he will hope to get next is chinese help weakening the sanctions and pressure on him.ot whether orhe chinese help edm will depend in part on how effectively the untates, together with japan and south korea, keep the pressure on, and focus on getorting somethinge concrete than what we've seen so far. >> woodruff: michael pillsbury, you agree, there are a number of things he gets from this? >> i do. in many ways, you have a clue at the end of te chinese

statement, who chairman kim-- or the young general kim he likes to be called, brought with him. it is called the workers partypa united frony director. he is focused on what mike gree satting international credibility, making sure there are no errors on this trip. from his pott view, i came off very well. however, he does, in the chinese account of what happened, he does sound very junior. he's filled with praise for president xi. he resnded that president i said, "we need to have more meetings. we need to have speal envoys. we need to be exchanging letters. don't leave me out of the loop ever again," seemed to be president xi's mening. and there's a kind of commitment-- >> w been left out of the loop. >> yes, yes. >> woodruff: with this negotiation decision to meet-- t >> as you knohet" "econom magazine calls president xi the most powerful man in the world but he doesn't know what's goin onhis own backyard, they

used the term "moral commitment." the reason young general kim has come to report is out of commitment to. this is big triumph for president trump. don't forget, last thursday, he slapped the chinee, in the fac almost, with the tariffs, the announcement of the lawityou, yu know, the crackdown on technology. and four days later, we have the chinese helping us quite a bit with the young general. a woodruff: michael gee big triumph for president trump? thewhat does it mean for prospect of the summit-- a summit? >> well, if there's a summit. while it's clear kim jong-un has gotte propaganda mileage out of this, it dsn't sho what we get. the only indication out of the meeting between xi and kim t jong-un there might be some intention to talk about nuclearp s is the statement that the north korean leader apparent made that he continues to favor denuclearization of the korean peninsula, which president trump highlighted in his tweet.

but anyone who has negotiated with north korea-- an i have-- knows that when the north koreans say "denuclearization of the peninsula" they mean after the united states stops protecting south korea and japan. it's a nothing burger. >> that's a very good >>int. here's no indication i can see at all that there's any concrete move intended by north korea to o anything of significance. so the next round will be critical. >> woodruff: so, michael pillsbury, how do you see the prospectes for the summit after this? you said you think it's good for president trump, but denuclearization, what does it mean? >> well, that the precise problem. there's a problem of who goes first, perhaps secretary of ste pompeo could go first, or ambassador nikki haley. that's what psident clinton did. >> woodruff: you mean to meet with kim jong-un. >> to meet with tyohung general. but the issue of denuclearization is whe been talk about a lot with the new trump advisers sjust what mike green says. there are two different definitions ofndt.

it sike, when we hear it, it means he's going to get rid of all his neps. that's not his definition. his definition is he will make judgmed it could be as long as 10-20 years from now whether he feels secure because ericans have withdrawn completely from south korea, canceled our treaty. you know, he's going to decide denuclearization. it's not clear if he can kee some nuclear weapons in 20 years. this is going to be the key t.icking point for the sum and, frankly, i'm not one of those who believes we have to make aeadline, you know, in mid-may. i'm for a postponement, if necessary, to geton clarifica on just this one word "denuclearizatio g" what are wng to talk about? >> woodruff: michael green, that's not in the cards at this point. maybyears from now the u. thinks about removing troops in some form or passion,but that's not in the near term at all, is it? >> no. and i've k heard norean diplomats, when i was in the white house, using this term in u.n. and beijing, eventually

we'll denuclearizter you. >> after we feel secure. >> so mike makes an important point. if president trump goes into this with no preparation and dsed on his tweet he said that kim jong-un mig the right thing. but he's basing that on the izatement about-- quote, unquote-- denucleion of the peninsula. it doesn't mean anything. an approachor president trump would be to have a series of preparatory meetings to find out what there, there is. others are telling him get lower level talks and clarify, that's very good advice. >> woodruff: meantime, you have reports of new activity at the reactor sites. a lot of questions still. >> the summit would clearly be canceled, i think, if there's a provocation by north korea, a nuclear st or long-range missile test toward guam,th sog like that. that would clearly be a deal breaker. >> woodruff: we will be watching it all. >> and know yol.u wi michael pillsbury, michael green, thank you both. >> thank you. >> thank you.

>> woodruff: the supreme court delved once again into a higun stakes, longng political debate today: what is and isn't allowed, when lawmakaw electoral dibrricts. jeffren explores the legal dividing lines. >> brown: in october, the court heard a case from wisconsin,g argue state's political map had been unconstitutionallyr n to favor republicans. today, another case, anothercl state, with m that a maryland district was redrawn to help democrats. as always, marcia coylef washington correspondent for the "national law journal," was in the courtroom for the arguments. welcome back, first. >> thanks, jeff. >> brown: and first this experiment, "extreme party gerrymandering." know politics is always involved. >> absolutely. >> woodruff: the question is how far can you go? >> that's e exact qustion, and, also, how do you measure

it?as what kind of tor standard do you use to root it out. >> brown: tell bus the bryland case. k in 2013 air, group of republican voters filed a lawsuit claing that the democratic maryland general assembly had engaged in a partisan gerrymander when it redrew the district lines for thresixth coional district. the general assembly had basicallflipped it from a safe republican district to a democrthic district. e voters claimed that that was a violation of their fist amendment rights because they were singled out andetaliated against because of their voting views. a lower federal court would not issue an injunches, temporarync inon, blocking that map of the sixth dirict, and the voters brought that case to the supreme court. >> brown: and as i sai court heard this earlier case in wisconsin. the legal argument in maryland

was the firstendment, different from wisconsin. >> right. in the wisconsin case, the exwhornlings did win after a trial had based their claim on the equal protection clause. they said that the state legislature had cracked and paoced demtic votes in order to dilute their. effectivene that was a violation of the equal protection of law. >> brown: okay, so what diy you hear to the court? >> well, basically, i think there were thriee thngs. almost immediately off the bat, justice ginsbg and justice kennedy wondered is it too late to be dealing with this because the november midterm elections? anything the court decided in t favor se voters, was there time enough for the lower court to see that ama new could be adopt glbd because they don't want to decide things that are moot? >> that's right. and justice kennedy pointed out that if they did tt, wouldn't we-- wouldn't the court be upsetting settled expectations, disrupting the election process? so that was, , obviousry

much on their minds and might portend a narrow ruling if enough justices feel strongly that they don't want to go down that roalk the f the arguments really focused on the legal theory re, the first amendment. jeff, as you know, in 2004, court kind o threw up its hands about partisan gerrymandering wisaying we can't come u a test, a standard that lower courts can use. >> brown: it's in resting, itone of these things that's been around forever but the court has never been able to-- never decided it. ht, exactly. and when the court took the wisconsin and the maryland case, it sort of indicated tg y were will try again to find that test. is it the first amendment?e justito was skeptical. he said that he felt under that legal theory, a lgislature would never be able to redistrict, if there was just a trifle bit of partisanshier could be a constitutional violation. justice kennedy seemed a little more open to it. in fact, heaid he felt that,

you know, this might be the kind of case wherehe first amendment does fit. so you came away thinking, welle you know, hereo again. they seem decided unsure to whether the first amendment is the right test. >> brown: and the polital implications are potentially major. >> absolutely. whatever the court decides, especially if it fin a test, could revamp how distric are drawn across the country. and it's also very important for your right to vote. i mean, if you live in a districtthat has bee regeorgiad, its lines rjiggered so that the outcome is fore ortained are, yogoing to vote? do you feel your vote has any value? and i think that's the other big conseration here aso why the justices are looking at this. >> brown: they're very aware of the potential implications. >> they are, as well as the possibility that they could be opening the dor to many partisan gerrymandering lawsuits. >> brown: all right, marcia

coyle, as always, "national lawa jo" thank you very much. >> my pleasure, jeff. >> woodruff: three days of voting ended today in egypt's presidential election.ot the outcome isn doubt. president abdel fattah el-sissia with no real opposition. as hari sreenivassan reports, seven years after the uprising there, democracy is further from reach, amid economic and security problems. >> reporter: president al-sisi cast his ballot at one of the country's 13,000 polling stations, but his re-election was never really a question, and his lone opponent, mousast a, heads a party that had redorsed sisi. other opponents ntimidated to withdraw, or were arrested. khaled ali is an attorney who'dt dropped out running. >> ( translated all these indicators were pointing towards

planned intentions to poison and corrupt the entire operation,an to evacuate it from its presumed democratic meaning. >> reporter: dozens of opposition figures and seven political parties called for an election boycott. turnout, a keyetric for sisi, was low. still, sisi has strong political support, at least inarliament: more than 80% of its members support him. and, relations with israel and the united states are firm; president trump welcomedim to the white house last spring. political science professor dalia fahmy specializes in the middle east: >> the future of u.s.-egyptian relations is going to have to take into account a couple of things. will we really take seously the democratic aspirations of the egyptian people, which should lead to further stability? or will we rethink u.s. strategy toward egypt or u.s. strategy toward the region as a whole? >> reporter: in 2013, sisi ousted then-president mohammed morsi, egypt's first democratically-elected

president, after the 2011 uprising that deposed long-time leader hosni mubarak. a year later, sisi won more than 96% of the vote. sisi has led a harsh security crackdown, imprisoning thousands. h si gone after free expression, civil society andh rivals b the political andsa military realm fahmy. >> instead of building schools and other infrastructure projects, he's had to 16 new prisons. he had a clampdown on medi both domestic and international. >> reporter: but sisi's popularity h been hurt by a bad economy. strict economic reforms were enacted in 2016 tovoid insolvency. inflation skyrocketed, with food prices risinby 30%. and while unemplment is around 11%, almost 80% of those without jobs are young people. all is as sisi prosecutes a war with an isis-affiliated insurgency in the sinai peninsula. armed groups there have killed

more than 700 civilians and at least 1,000 security forces since 2014. in 2015, militants blew up a russian civilian airliner, killing more than 200 peop on board. sisi ratcheted up the fight, but the insurgency persists.si but isn't fighting this war alone. egypt receives more than a billion dollars in u.s. military aid every year. >> the united states has just announced that there will be a furthering of engagement and joint tactical missions in sinai, which they have been doing for decades. but this increase lends itself to snal that the u.s. administration believes it needs to play an increasing role in the region bause egypt cannot secure the region for itself.he >> reporter:fficial results of the election will be , nounced monday. for the pbs newshoam hari sreenivasan. >> woouff: and now for the

second part of my wide-ranging interview wi former president jimmy carter. we spoke in new york, ahead of the release of his latest book, "faith: a joury for all." i asked him about how his own faith has been tested over the years-- most recently when doctors discovered four spots of caer in his brain. d when i really surpri felt i only had two or three weeks to live. and e was perfectly at easth it. i was prepared to have the end of my life come, and i was infected in a very beneficial way with jusan appciation of what my life had been. and, luckily, they treated my brain with radtionnd then i got a new treatment that hanced my immune system. and only about a third of t people respond favorably to that kind of treatment, but i was one of thoi se one-third, so s very lucky. >> woodruff: did your faith get you through tatime? >> i think so. i've been religious all my life, i guess.

and i think that enhanced my ability to accommodate the prospe of death. >> woodruff: president carter, isere's such a high level of polarization in ountry right now, and you write about it in the book. it's rural versu urban. it's left versus right. red versus blue. do you think there's a way get beyond this? >> i think a lot of it is due to the massive influx of money into the campaigns. when i ran against gerald ford, to was the president e united states then, you know hoo muchy we raised for the general elections? zero. i would like to see the money aspect to elections reduced in this country dramatically. >> woodruff: the supreme court, though, has said moneis speech. >> i don't have much confidence in the supreme court doing this. but one thing that the supreme urt isonsidering that would help is to do away with the gerrymandering. that is the acquisition of power by either the republican or

democratic party within a state. >> woodruff: i talk to people all around the country who say-u and i'e you hear it-- that they feel that members of families can't even talk among themselveses about american >> that's true. i think that massive use ofan mone the power that goes to the people who give a lot of money to a candidate has resulted in this vast disparity in income in america, and has resulted in the polarization, more than any other single >> woodruff: and corrupted politics? >> i think it's corrupted in a way. gh, i can't say against the law, because the law as established by the supreme court, as the supreme court seems to be eager to see rich people become more powerful and to see corporations become more powerful than individuals with their-- with teir previous rulings. so i think with the presidentially constituted supreme court, there's very

little chance we'll see money removed from politics. >> woodruff: president carter, the recent school-- terribl school shooting in parkland, florida, this follows a strin of other horrible incidents in schools around our country. now we see these young people, high school students, leading the way saying they're not going to rest until something changes and yet, the laws don't seem to change. congress has not responded. do you think something could be different this time? >> i do. i think they've already sho eir ability to change legislation in florida. i think the rousing of young pele all over the country, which they did this past weeken is a good indication that they'll have a permanent-- more permanent effect on the n.r.a.'s false premises. >> woodruff: but the n.r.a. has enormous influence. you write about it in the book. you've dealt with it for years.

you really believe that can be pushed back? >> i don't have much confidence in it, but i k if anybody can do it, these young people, if they stick witht, i think the n.r.a. is facing the greatest challenge it has in the st 15 or 20 years. >> woodruff: president carter you have been marry to the samme for, i think, 72 years? is that right? >> alst 73, in july. >> rosalyn carter. how do you processohe stries in recent weeks and months about women who allege either affairs with president trump or sexual harassment by president trump? >> well, i think that president trump's solid base of support is going to be unshaken by it. r many people, perhaps marginal groups, enough to sway the election in 2018 and 2020 will be affected adversely against trump because of te reports of multiple woinen-- i

17 or 18 women-- i've forgotten how many-- who have alleged previous sexualpr escapades witident trump, even after he was married. so this is something that is regrettable, but the revelation it i think has been shaken off by most of his re supporters. >> woodruff: should it factor into how w assess the character, the performance of a president in office, t know these kinds of things? >> i thk it should be ftord in, yes. but i think for some of the marginal voterthat might sway the election toward democrats in 2018, i think-- i think that might certainly be a major factor. i hope so. >> woodruff: you, of course, were the antidote to the nixon years. do you see a democrat outet

r tho could be the jimmy carter of 2020? >> of course, the jimmy carter was 2020 would be almost unidentifiable at this point because i came out of nowhere. but i think there are some very good people on the horizon. joe biden is one of them,rmer vice president. and otn'hers. i dwant to start naming them, elizabeth warren andco othersd be good presidents. >> woodruff: so you'll definitely vote democratiin 2020? >> of course. if i'm alive then. >> woodruf president jimmy carter, thank you very much for talking with us. >> it was a pleasure. thank you. >> woodruff: since syria'sga civil war the united nations says that 12 million syrians have been forced to

leave their homes, with another 1.5 million expected to leave this year. the recent bombardment of eastern ghouta highlights the need for new sanctuaries. as malcolm brabant reports, this is being watched with concern on a scottish island ere a small syrian community has been warmly welcomed. and a warning: you may find me images in this story disturbing. >> reporter: a short ferry ride from scotland's west coast lies the isle of bute. once a flourishing vacation destination for workers from glasgow, the island's population has shrunk and its economy has withered, but the arrival of 24 syrian families is contributing to an atmosphere of regeneration. mounzer al darsani used to have a barber shop in damascus, and has become the first syrian to set up his own business on the island. others, including a bakery, are in the pipeline.

>> the very nice, very helpful. they have us a big help when wee and still help us for. everythi >> reporter: al darsani's client base is growinnks to recommendations from customers like police officer andrew wilson, who approves the decision to give the syrians venctuary. >> i think it's positive thing for the island. the island itself is predinantly an elderly community, so it's always good to get fsh, kind of, blood to the island. and mounzer, here, i've been coming here since he came. he's really good at his job as well. >> reporter: al darsani is pk ud that his whic is recognized in bute, but, speaking in his native abic, expresses sadness that the island's hospitality has not been replicated elsewhere in europe. >> ( translated ):

unfortunately, the european vernments think the syrians are going to come and there will be an islamic takeover. we never thought about this. we never thought about this. actually, we are running from isis. we are rning from these groups to find safety, and so that wed anr children can live in safety. >> reporter: just around the corner, a former builder from damascus is repaying what he sees as his debt to bute by volunteering in angela callahan's charity shop. ahmad asked us not to reveal his fall identity, because he fears retribution againsly members still in syria. >> i am happy, i am very happy. me and every family. >> reporter: ahmad is takingon english le but the language is proving difficult. >> ( e translated ): here th no war and no airstrikes. but in syria, we ran from the war and airstrikes. the children are very our family is very happy here. there are no problems at all. f we rm the problems and from bashar al asaad.

>> reporter: the latest images from eastern ghoutar underpin ahmad's sense of gra. >> ( translated ): we watch the news a lot. our heart is bken for our people in syria, from the airstrikes and thear. a lot of sad images. me and my children and my wife, haveecided to stay in scotland. we will not return to syria. >> reporter: angela ca was instrumental in making the syrians welcome. after surviving breast cancer, she devoted her life to charity. any profits from her second-hand shop fund a food bank that rsserves the poorest islan >> i see television, the same as anybody else. i see the news at night. i go to my friends' houses, i listen to their stories, which mostly are horrifying, and i couldn't even imagine being there myself. and i just think, in coming to a place like this, where it's tranquil, stunning, people are nice, and that feeling of no fear, that leaves them within a

space ofaybe a few weeks, you can see it in their faces, in their eyes. a lot of them are putting downou roots, and i say just about all of them. they've settled down fantastic, th've all got friends, got people who come to their houses, for a wee cup of tea, like i do, ite often. >> reporter: most syrians were unwilling to talk because of fear t be targeted.lies might craft brewer aidan canavan is highly protective of the newcomers. >> the problems ca from the people of bute who had perceptions that they wouldn't be able to celebrate chrtmas, they wouldn't be able to eat bacon at school. all these rumors went around. none of them were true. it was just fabricated stories who went around. >> we live in a time of different cultures. >> reporter: peter atkins is a baptist minister. he believes bute offers opportunities for the syrians, but worries that like other islanders, they may struggle to find employment. with his jamaican heritage,st atkins undds the complexities of integration. >> whatever you do, it takes

me. the syrians are learning english, they're chatty, you speak to them in the street, and all the signs are good. but at the same time, its a different situation from my grandparents, for example, because they're refugees, they didn't intend to come here. this wasn't a life plan, thissn intentional. and should the syrian situation become more positive in five or ten yes, we would expect that they would leave. so it's difficult to settle and make integration plah that context, although syria's not really giving us much cause for hope on that front. >> reporter: the goodwill towards refugees ist unmistakable, ree years into the migration crisis, the european union remains deeply divided. former communist countries are resolutely refusing to take in any refugees e.u. leaders are being asked to thrash out a common policy to thhandle future influxes s

the burden is shared fairly. but the split is so profound that some experts believe an agreement may be impossible.so while he clidates his business, al darsani's heart and mind is never far from syria. >> ( translated ): for now, i am here. i am living my life normally and in safety. but i can't avoid the distressing scenes on television; the helpless situation of the syrian people. and the international community's complicity. tragically, all humanity is lost. i simply ask the international community and anyone to think: if someone like this happened tc you, would yout it? >> reporter: there's nothing the people of bute can do to bring peacto syria, but individually, they are furthering the cause of human understanding. >> because they're part of my family, and i'm part af their fand they know that. because he calls me his sister, and he's my brother. there's my brother. >> reporter: life is complex for the syrians, but it must go on.

syrian children are being born here, in peace, and as always, imbued with their parents' hope that their future will be better. for the pbs newshour, i'm malcolm brabant, on the isle of bute. >> woodruff: now, the enormousnd benefitsignificant perils of the recent upsurge in the availability of antibiotics around the world. lisa desjardins talks to science correspondent miles o'ien about the latest research. it's part of our weekly science series, "the leading edge." >> antibiotic resisttoce contributehe death of 700,000 people around the world each year. experts have predicted it wll eclipse the number of people affected by cancer by 2050. one of the biggest causes is the overuse of antibiotic m nday, a group led by researchers from the center for disease dynamics economics and policies released a new studylo

ing at the global consumption of antibiotics. they found the use of antibiotics worldwide has increased 65% from 2000 2015. miles o'brien is here to help us understand this latest study. miles, first of all, just rem us-- how does the overuse of antibiotics lead to these resistant diseases, sometimes called "superbugs. ?" >> hellisa. yes, what happens is antibiotics kill bacteria that make us sic that's the simple explanation. but the bacteria over time evolve and develop an ability to survive the oesursurvive thet oo antibiotics. in essence, they get smart alexander fleming, who inventedl peni, discovered penicillin, just before world war ii, warned against its over use precisely because of this. here's a few more words aboutan hoibiotic resistance works

from dr. hela buche, of thety tufts univeredical center. >> resistance happens naturally, so bacteria have various mechanisms to survi. and so ihey're presented with an environment that is not sois good-- thathere's an antibiotic trying to break eyrough their cell wall-- might build a stronger cell wall, or they might-- if there's an antibiotic ming in, they might pump it out. so thayey figure outs to evade the effect of the antibiotic. >> so this study should give us quite a bit of pause because it means with more antibiotics in use, there are more bugs out there that develop the resistance-- so-called superbugs-- and now we have a much better global picture of the scope of te problem. >> that seems to be what's new here is just the scope of this study-- 76 countries' worth of data over 15 years. and where id they see the biggest increases in antibiotic use? obvisly, globally, b where

specifically? >> so, lisa, they found the biggest contributor to this problem is in low- to mid-income countries. back in 200, the use of antibiotics in the low to mid-income countries versus high-income countries was about equal. in 2015, the uses in the low- to mid-income countries doubled. that a significant things. that's good news forhese countries. it means income is greater, they have access to these dru. all these things are good. but the consequences of their overuse are jusmagnified. here is ailey klein, th lead author of the study. >> unlike in high-income countries where you go to the primary barior getting gotibiotics is you have to the doctor to get a prescription. in many low- and middle-income countries, the barrier is thefo ability to a the drugs. and so increased economic activity allows for increased ability to purchase all sorts oy

things, ales of goods, including antibiotics. >> okay, so the good news i in the higher income countries, the increase in antibiotics use is only .about 6% so the knowledge of this problem and the egufforts tard against it may be having some effect. but this is a real conundrum for people in medicine,isa, because doctors on an individual basis, they want to make us wellvand they probably e about five minutes to diagnose us anyway. and so inhe individual case, it might make more sense to give that z-pack to that patient. but ey also need t to be thinking about society at large, and that's not an easy thing to weigh when you are looking at patient who is sick and could use thentibiotics toel better. >> the study really gives me and i think many of our viewers a lot of pause, but the incentives go the other way-- toward prescribing antibiotics right now. does this studyave any recommendations on how to lower

our use of antibiotics appr kriately? >> yw, it's interesting, the recommendation were a little bit surprising to me. one of them was we should be more focused on getting people vaccinated. well, on the face of it, wait a minute, vaccines are for virus north bacteria, which is what we're talking about here. but what happens is people get sick from viruses. doctors mistakenly give those people antibiotics, which do thing for viruses, and that just furthers the problem. another thing that was discussed in the paper is the idea that as he's emerging nations groark as cities become more populated, the issue of clean water and sanitation, the sources of many diarrheal diseases need to be focused on a lot more becaus that is, ultimately, why people seek out antibiotics in many here's more from ailey klein: >> if you look at the hstory o the high-income countries in the 20th century, the primary driver that reuced infectious

diseases was improvement in infrastructure, reducing--in eling bacteria and other diseases from the water. and so investments in infrasucture, investments in vax theens can prevent diseases can be a really beneficial-- can be really beneficial to low- and middle-income countries in terms of preventing disease and then reducing the need for antibiotics. >> their he laid out the hope, the prescription, bu if society does not actually deal with this ppens in thet future if we do not lower our antibiotic consumption? >> well, this is something we all really need to pay attention to, lisa. the projections are by 2030, our use of antibiotics, if nothing changes, will be triple what it is today. and what that means is there a going to be many more antibiotics which become really just basically useless, more so-called supeugs out there. d we are facing the prospect

of a st-antibiotic world. we take for granted these miracle druegs, whichally since world war ii have just dramatically changed medicine in ways that it would take too long to unumerate right new.et but we couldack to a world, lisa, if nothing is done, where someing as simple as a cut or a blister could kill you, which is what the world was like fore we had antibiotics. so it's time-- this is like atr slow-motioin wreck. researchers have been warning us all about it.d kind of reminds me a little bit of climate change. but it's time to get a handle on this because right now, more than a half million a year people globally are dying for lackof antibiotics. >> something for each of us to think very carefully about. miles o'brien, thank you for bringing us this story. >> you're welcome, lisa.

>> woodruff: now to our "newshour shares:" somethi that caught our eye. while most of the country isad for spring-- i know i am-- some extreme athletes out west are more than happy to savor the last bit of winter. julia iffin teamed up with montana pbs for this report. >> reporter: in big sky, montana earlier this month, snow fell gracefully, and seasoned skierso readiecompetition. get hold your horses-- this was not your averaki race. welcome to the rough-and-tumble world of "skijoring." d>> skijoring is a horse rider pulling a skier through a sees of gates and jumps in the least ount of time possible. >> reporter: scott ping has been a skijoring rider fomore than 20 years. >> my horse kona is the bestri ever. i just sit there ando "yah." woat's all i do. he does all the . >> reporter: riders like ping tow their teammates through a 700-foot obstacle course at nearly 35 milean hour.

the skiers weave among slalom gates and launch from snow- packedumps. should they drop their rope or fail to stay upright, the team's run is disqualified. >> you want to go fast, but you don't want to go too fast as to where you lose your skier. >> reporter: horse lover missa ostrander ran the entire montana skijoring circuit this year. >> you got to pay attention to your skier. you got to know your horse, ando got to control your horse. that's the hardest part about being a rider, is making sure that you don't hurt anyone else. your horse, your skier, your anybody around here. and making it fun for everyone. >> reporter: while the name may be unfamiliar, skijoring isn't new. a version of the adrenaline- filled sport was an exhibition event at the 1928 olympics in itst. moritzrland. today, participants of all agesi and exce levels compete across the u.s. and canada. pete jessen and his wife anna are full-time ski patrollers for big sky resort. they race together at skijoring events.

>> she says couples thy together stay together, and i sa any time you put two sp together is twice as fun. she likes going fast on the horse. and like going fast on skis, and it all came together really well. >> reporter: for the pros, bragging rights, buckles and bir bucks are uprabs. at some competitions, prize purses can top $20,000. but for most, the camaradee of the tightknit sport is the most important draw. >> it's basically a big family, and we come together at this event d say your howdies, get along, drink some beer and go racing.ic >> reporter: ol skijoring competitions will return to the rocky mountains next december. for the pbs newshour, i'm julia griffin. >> woodruff: and that is the newshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you, and we'll see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been prov by: >> my dad once said to me, tragedy has a way of defining

ople. >> what the hell happened, teddy? >> they're treating this like a crime scene. >> we tell the truth-- or at least, our version of it. >> senator, when can we expect some answers? >> we're in this deeper than i thought. >> these theatrics are not going to hold up in a court of law. >> what have i don >> chappaquiddick, rated pg-13. april 6. >> consumer cellular understands that not everyone needs an unlimited wirele plan. our u.s.-based customer service reps can help you choose a plan based on how much you use your phone, nothing more, nothing less. to learn me, go to consumercellular.tv >> bnsf railway. >> supported by the rockefeller founintion. promotg the well-being of humanity around the world by building resilience and inclusive economies. more at

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some untold stories from america's past. wes: this week, we uncover the roots of severalundred years african-american music. ar e these tattered pages the earliest record of music created by slaves? elyse: what role did this guitar play in the transformation of the music industry in the 1960s? tukufu: and did thisilronx apartmending give birth to a culture that now spans the globe? when kool herc give a party, everybody be there. elvis costello: ♪atchin' the detectives ♪ i get so angry when t teardrops start ♪ ♪ but he can't be wounded 'cause he's got no heart ♪ ♪ watchin' the detectives