captioning sponsored by wnet >> sreenivasan: on this edition for saturday, march 31: more protests in sacramento clllowing the shooting of stephok. tensions rise after deadly protests along the gaza border. and in our signature segment, cape town, south africa on the verge of running out of water. next on "pbs newshour weekend." >> "pbs newshour weekend" is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. the cheryl and philip milstein fad ly. sue gar wachenheim, iii. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. the anderson family fund. rosalind p. walter baara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided ica--utual of amer designing customized individual and group retirement produchy.

that'se're your retirement company. >> additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by ns to your p station from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasan. >> sreenivasan: good e and thanks for joining us. the streets of downtown sacramento were filled today th calls for justice as people came out to protest the shooting death of 22-year-old stephon clark. a private autopsy released by his family concluded that he was shot eight times, six romes fm behind, and that he was not towards the officers. one of today's two gatherings was organized by former n.b.a. player matbarnes, who played for the sacramento kings. on wednesday the team announced lack liveship with b matter sacramento and "build black" to invest in educational opportunities-- along with the creation of educational fund for stephon clark's children.ig

last n, approximately 3 protesters expressed their outrage over the autopsy result signs.ing and waving many police officers wore riot gear, but there were no arrests. clark was shot after being chased into his grandmother's back yard by two police officers responding to reports of a man breaking car windows. the officers said they thought clark was pointing a gun at them. they later learned he didn't have a gun. he was holding a cell phone. the sacramento county coroner has not yet released the official autopsy repor and in louisiana, the baton rouge police officer blane w salamo fatally shot a black man named alton sterling six times has been fired, d a second officer who was involved has been suspended for three ys. but both state and federal authorities have said they will not bring criminal charges against either officer. and baton rouge police released dramatic video from the officers' ody cameras, showi salamoni struggling to arrest sterling outside a onvenience

store. he was shouting obnieties-- ordering his fellow officer to use a taser, and threatening to shoot sterling in tead. one two officers were respng to a call of a man with a gun. a loaded revolver was found in sterling's pocket after the shooting. in the area near the isrl-gaza border, large crowds attended funerals today for the 16 palestinians killed yesterday b israelsoldiers. thousands palestinians had marched to the border at the start of a demonstration that's expeed to last for the next six weeks. israel is blaming the bloodshed on hamas, and is warning of possible action insi gaza. joining me now via skype from jerusalem is josef federm of the associated pre. besides the funerals what is happening today? >> yes. it looks like today they are taking a bitthf a breather. size of the crowds is down significantly. there have been clashes but they are very sporadic today. but like i say, it is more of a breather than an end to this and we are expecting things to pick up in the coming weeks. most of the time on fridays,

which is the muslim holy day, that's when the biggest events are planned. >> sreenivasan: who is oorging a the protes what is the goal? >> yes. it is the hamas litant group, which controls ga san antonio they are the force behind this, and they are doing this for a bunch of reasons, basically hamas has controlza for over a decade, they seized control of gaza in 2007 from the palestinian government that rules in the west bank, and since that time, t tritory has been under a blockade by israel and by egpt and now the palestinian government in the west bank is also putting some pressue on hamas. so they are feeling it from all directions. the result is that conditions are very bad right now in gaza, unemployment is over 40 percent, there is only a couple -- electricity for a few hours a day, conditions are very difficult, and hamas is running out of options so now they areth doing this anidea is i think to kind of stir things up, to press israel to draw

attention to the conditions in gaza without falling and plunging into another war. >> sreenivasan: what areat actions he israeli government can take inside gaza? >> well, whdot they havne so far is they have basically turned the border area into a no go zone, and what you saw yesterday, we had over 700 people were shot on the gaza side with lie fire by israel, they are not allowing people to get anywhereear the border dynce, probably about 200 to 300 yards, anyho comes closer risks being shot.it in an, the army today issued a new threat, they said we are not jusgoing to act along the border area, we know who is behind this, hamas is behind this and we reserve the righto act against hamas and any other militant groups in gaza in other areas. so that is the type of escalation we could be seeing d wn the road. >> sreenivasan: at about the international community weighing in on what is happening on the ground? >> yes. there is a lot of concern, yesterday the security council d an emeency meeting, there

was a call by the u.n. secretary-general for an investigation. they are, there are concaeerns that imay be using excessive force, the european union, europe european union sa any violence, any shootings should be properly investigated, the main concern people want to see restraints and don't want to see this spin out of control. we had three nwars gaza and hamas over the past decade and i don't think anybody wants thatap toen again. >> sreenivasan:. >> so they are really, really playing with fire with this one. sreenivasan: josef federman of the the associated press joining us live via skype, from jerusalem, thank you so much. read about what is next for adnan >> sreenivasanread about what's next for adnan syed, whose case was featured in the hit crime podcast "serial." visit pbs.org/newshour clate science tells us that as the earth's atmosphere warms, oming mo are bec frequent and lasting longer. californians are well aware-- the state suffered one of its 2011 droughts ever fr

until last year. in 2018, it's cape town, south africa in the news. now in its third year of drought, cape town is eparing for the day when it just might have no water at all. newshour weekend special correspondent martin seemungal reports from south afri. this story is part of our ongoing series "peril and promise the challenge of climate change." >> reporter: thie s is cwn, world famous for its breathtaking scenery. table mountain, beauti beaches, stunning wine lands. it is a majotourist destination. but this is cape town's water supply. reservoirs which depend solely on rainwater are dangously low, bone dry in places. and they are cape town's only source of water. according to the experts, cape town is experiencing its worst drought in 100 years. average annual rai be around 21 inches per year. last year it was down to six

inches. the drought has lasted three years. >> so its been a sustained drought situation which has come upon us like i would call an intravenous drip. so we've had year afr year after year of increasing rainfall shortage. >> reporter: the reservoirs, there are six jor ones, are in the mountainous areas 45 miles outside the city. the biggest is theewaterskloof. usually a popular spot for recreational boaters. but not these days. have you ever seen it this low? >> never, never before ani've been here since 1999 and i've never seen it this low before. >> reporter: and the levels continue to drop to 18.5% of capacity recently, pushing the city to the brink of what they call around here "day zero." that would be if and when the levels reach a low of 13.5%.

when that happens cape town will cut the water supply to most of the city. it will mean mass distribution at 200 water points. limits of 25 liters a day per person, about six gallons. >> well, it would be absolutely calamitous, the social economic implications are enormous. >> reporter: the city has launched an aggressiigve camn to avoid day zero. mandatory limits, 13 gallons per person, per day. noashing of cars, no watering gardens. this man was spotted using a hose. the police swooped in. he only avoided a fine when it was explained it was well water purchased elsewhere and trucked in. capetonians have drasticallyut their water usage and it's had i positiact. day zero, initially set for march was pushed to april, then to august. now the city is saying it might not happen this year. >> when we thought day zero was coming in march, april.

it's amazing how youo into like survival mode so every single drop of water that you see going down the drain kind of d ke freaks you out anu do everything you can. >> reporter: julia leteand ross sylvlive in a typical middle class neighborhood in cape town. the crisis has changed the way they think about water. they srted doing things differently. firsthey installed a huge tank to collect rainwater. among other things they use that water to flush the toilets instead of city water, because every time they flush the toilet it uses ten litersf water. residential use accounts for 70% of the water demand in cape town. o so gettiinary people to cut back is critical. in the kitchen dishes aren't rinsed and pile up until there are enough to wash together. and they have devised an ingenious way to make the best use of their washing machine. >> we actually use that to collect rinse water from our washing machine.

so after the rinse cycle beforey the rinse e we take the pipe out of the back and we put it, we collect it inhere and we use that to flush the loo, to wash the floors, to mop the floors. >> reporter: when was the las time you switched the city water on to flush the toilet? >> to flush the toilet, it's en about three months, been about three months using runoff water and collecting water from the laundry macne, the washing machine. weouldn't have to use, we just, it would use eight flushes of fresh municipality water, e ght liters, yeah. >> reporter: you'rproud of this? >> yes, quite proud. >> reporter: one place people are tuing to is the newlands freshwater spring at the bottom of table mountain. this water comm one of three huge underground aquifers in the region. there are plans to eventually tap into them to augment the city's main water supply, but it is a delicate system.

se,re is a danger of ove officials say it will be monitored closely.is pring never used to be particularly busy, but there has been a dratic increase in the last several months. >> we can't even shower properly. we wash in a basin then we just get under the shower and just. wash us do you understand. e minute shower that's all you have. >> i come with a lot of buckets. i collect about 300 liters at a time. it lasts me ages, so two buckets saves me using my own water and saves cape town. >> reporter: businesses are required to cutback too by 45%. greencape, a non-profit environmental organization, provides advice and information to the commercial and industrial sector. >> so whereas bere we were struggling to perhaps even get an audience to talk to busr ess about thter solutions and the things they should be looking at, now everyons coming to us asking us for some ideas and solutions. >> rorter: the bayside mall

has installed tanks to collect inwater from the roof and most of the taps in the bathrooms have been turned off. there are notices everywhere. those efforts combined with a drastic cut to the agricultural sector have kept day zero at bay. meanwhile, other capetonians have never been fortunate enough to be carefree about waterr,. in the predominately black and mixed race townships on the outskirts of cape town, water has been an issue for decade. many of the houses that have it simply can't afford to pay the bills. so a few years ago the city installed meters to make certain people weren't using more water than they cod pay for. mzamo kwezi inugulethu township says if the family goes beyond its 350 liter a day quota, the supply is automatically shut. the family doesn't have the money to pay for tanks to capture rainwater, or for the transport to fetch water from a spring. goshi kwezi says when the water is cut it often doesn't come back for days.

>> there are meals you cannot cook on certain days. when you know there's no water nyen you can't cook things like rice or pasta oring. you have to try to stick to the meals that use minimal water. >> rep called "informal" settlements in the townships is even harder, those sections that are enormous shantytowns. there is no running water in these shacks here-- nn, in the kitco showers, no toilets to flush. people here get their from communal taps. they often have to line up for it, and then carry it home. >> sometimes the taps there is no water sometimes there is water but it's little drops of water is coming from the tap.ar sometimes yo number 100 maybe you are number 200. you must wait the whole day waiting for water. >> reporter: despite the huge population in the townships it's estimated people here only account for 4% of the water usage. in the event of a day zero the

taps used by cape town's poorest will keep running.th j.p. smith ie city councilor responsible for managing cape town's day zero, in particular what sectors would keep getting water. >> what would remain on the network is your informal settlements, your critical infrastructure, airport, harbors, big hospitals, key state infrastructure. >> reporter: people in township houses with seices like goshi kwezi will have to lineup at the water collection points just like everyone else in cape town- it won't matter. and in a country still emerging from decades of apartheid, the water crisis has been a grea equalizer. >> now at least everybody is going to be equally restricted with water. it's not about color now, it's not about race. it's not about the area you, li is just going to be everybody that's affected by the water restrictions >> reporter: cape town is scramblinto avoid its doomsday scenario. expensive desalination plants

are being built to convert seawater to freshwater, but city officials say it will take ng them weeks to bri online and that even then they won't produce enough to soe e the immediisis. ore hope is they will create a buffer for future ages. now it's all about how much rain will fall. the rainy season here is june, july, and august, the winterso season in ththern hemisphere. the countdown to day zero may have stopped, for now, but there are real fears it could restart anytime. is cape town's water crisis a water crisis a cautionary taf for the rest? joining me from los angeles to discuss the global implications is jay famiglietti, a senior water scientist at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory. >> sreenivasan: thanks for joining us. so is cape town a harbinger of things to come? >> i think cape town is really a wakeup call for other cies around the world, again climate change, changing extremes of flooding and drougpohtlation

growth, income inequality, thesl arfactors that we have to include in our water resources management and if we don't, then the threats, the potential for day zeros around the world is really heigened. >> sreenivasan: let's bring this a little closer to home. there is a drought situation in california and you are very familiar with this and helped create this math, and what is happening here and the increasi sort of red and dark brown areas are areas of drought and you see this proyegressing after year after year after year. what led to the intensity of this drought that california suffered? >> well, what we are seeing i that video is really a combination of a lack of rainfall, part of which may be the climate change driven, but what is really driving that animation is over exploitation of groundwater. and this is a problem that we have had in california for ove a century. we used the water to fuel ourag

cultural sector, which is quite productive. but we have been using it without any regulation or significant regulation until w. so only recently in 2014 did california pass the sustainable groundwater management t to try to slow the depletion of ll that will but s take a couple of decades to fully implement. >> sreenivasan: what about other cities in areas where -- you think of california, it is a, it s a coastline an perhaps if it spends a ton of money it will turn saltwater to freshwater and there are a lot of cities around the united states that don't have access to fresh drinking water and perhaps not a water table like california does. an>> that's right.i am glad you mentioned that because one of the issues in cap town is the lack of development of groundwater. and so the future, i think in many cies around the world is a combination of surface d

groundwater use managed jointly, some sewage recycling, some desalination, if possible, lots of conservatio of course, maybe changes in water priciulng, we like to say there is no silver bullet, there is no one size fits all, sobe there wil region by region solutions. with that said, think cities are sustainable. i think the bigger challenge for the global population is growing food in these conditions that we are seeing globally and satellites have revealed in the animation the disappearance of groundwater. so i think on the one hand we have us i us is sustainable suss far as water for drinking and energy production, but not necessarily for food production, so this is a big issue that i don't think that desalination and sewage recling are going to resolve. >> sreenivasan: you know, we just saw some of the coequences or some ofhe challenges people are facing in cape town right now but we also

tave a map of what has happened in the middle e over the past 15, 20 years and you can see and people might not see the borders this page, we a talking about parts of iran and very importantly parts of syria and as syria kind of increases in that drought area then you probably saw a hu surge of people rushing into the cities and creating some of the political instability that preded the civil war. >> that is the narrative that s he merchld, and, emerged, and i think there are many hotspots like the middle east and like wee in california around the world, in india, india, pakistan border, in bangladesh, the north china plan, down in south america, these are all regions where violent conflict is a real possibility, and in some places amalready happening, for le, in the middle east. >> sreenivasan: california was

on the brink of their own day zero until you basically had one good rainy season, but what we are also seem to be seeing is storintensity of the rain are increasing, so it is not just kind of the california is spevenly gettinnkles we just have been doing stories from, stories in the past few weeks of intense rains that caused mud slides after the forest fires and kind of all connected. >> that's right. and so one of the biggest implications of climate change is the change in what we call thmehydrologic extreor more extreme flooding, more extreme drought and in many places around the world, and california is one of those and the central valley in california and cs e towne of those as well we can expect more prolonged drought, longer droughts, punctuated by shorter periods of more intense rainfall. so we have huge challenges ahead of us and if want to avert future the day zeros in other citiesround the world, now is

the time to begin pnning for the future and managing to those extremes. >> sreenivasan: help us explain how these sometimes are connected, how does increased drought lead to forest fires that lead too mudlides and rain? connect the dots for us. >> sure. we have a prolonged drought, the fuel for the fire comes from forest dieoff so there is plenty of fuel there. once that vegetation is burned off, then the hill slopes, which are very steep, become versubls septembeto erosion, and then when the rainy season occurs, if the slope is stee enough, and there is not enough vegetation to sort of capture the in and help it diffuse through a hill slope, then that hill slope can fail and we have a landslide. >> sreenivasan: all right. jay miglietti, senior water scientist at nasa jet propulsion laboratory joining us from los angeles, thank you so much. >> thank you.

>> >> this is "pbs newshour weekend," saturday. >> sreenivasan: a federal judge has temporarily stopped the trump administration fromng preven abortions for undocumented teenagers held in u.s. custody. earlier this week, the administration announced it was ending the pol releasing most pregnant women being held by u.s. immigration and custom authorities. three major medical groups have expressed serious concerns about what the trump admintration's policies could mean for pregnant women and their children. there's been aemarkable change in one state where gun control measures have traditionally met with strg opposition. vermont has passed a new package of gun restrictions-- including expanded background checks, increasing the minimum age to buy a gun, and a ban on thos" bump stock" devices that let semiautomatic rifles fire more quickly.rm t's republican governor phil scott, who has in the past opposed new gun laws, says he will sign the bill. scott changed his mind one day after the fatal school shooting in parkland-florida when a

vermont teenager was ad and accused of plotting a similar attack.or russian auies in england want to talk to yulia skripal as she recovers in a british hospital from a nerve agent attack. she and her father, who was a double agent, were t. unlike her father, yulia skripal is still a russian citizen, and the kremlin says it has a right to meet with her. the british government says it is considering the request. meanwhile, russia is expelli itishditional 50 br diplomats after 23 russians were ordered out by london. nobel peace prize winner malala yousafzai paid a visit to her home village in pakistan today.r it was her since taliban gunmen boarded her school bus and shot her in the head for speaking out in education.ls' flown in by military helicopter, she visited her old home, and , r school. now 20 years oldusafzai continues to work for human rights in her home country while continuing her education in the

u.k. >> sreenivasan: the funeral for physicist ephen hawking was held in cambridge england today before family, celebrities, and fellow sciensts. in tribute to his groundbreaking theories on the cosmos, hawking's coffin was topped with white "universe" lilies and" polar star" roses. hawking will be cremated and his ashes interred at westminster abbey near the remains of fellos great sic newton. that's all for this edition of" pbs newshour weekend." i'm hari sreenivasan. thanks for watching. have a good night. captioning sponsore d by wnet captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: bernard and irene hwartz. the cheryl and philip milstein

family. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. the anderson family fund. rosalind p. walter barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided by mutl of america-- designing customized individual angroup retirement product that's why we're your retirement company. additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like y. ank you. be ore.

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