captioning sponsored by wnet re >>ivasan: on this edition for sunday, april 1: president trump says no deal for dreamers despite being attacked during four years of war, this ukrainian plant manages to keep running. and, have politicians always considered their oppts" enemies?" next, on pbs newshour weekend. >> "pbs newshour weekend" is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. the cheryl and phip milstein family. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. the anderson familfund. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided mutual of america--

designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. >> additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers le you. thank you. s from the tisch wnet stud lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasan. >> sreenivasan: good evening and thank you for joining us. shortly before attendi an easter church service today, president trump fired off a flurry of tweets on immigration. in one, he called on republicans to use the "nuclear option" to allow the senate to pass tougher immigration laws withoutcr deic support, and declared in capitol letters that there "" no more daca deal," referring to the obama-era program that protects 800,000 young undocumented immigrants from deportation. minutes later, he claimed that" mexico is doing very little, if

not nothing, at stoppiple from flowing into mexico through their southern border and then into the u.s." he threatened to end the nafta trade agreement in rtion, and reiterated one of his campaign goals of building a border walwith mexico. in a third tweet, the president claimed, "big flows of people are all trying to take advantage of daca." in fact, daca only covers those who arrived as children prior to 2007. president trump continued hi attacks on mexico as he arrived at a church service in palm beach, florida. >> mexico has got to help us at the border. no>> sreenivasan: ohio gov republican john kasich pushed back on the president's daca message, reminding the president today is easter sunday, and eserves and offers hope, doesn't take hope from innocent children who call america home"" it isn't just immigration that ats washington talking. the white house that former veterans affairs secretary david shulkin resigned.

he says he was fired. >> i would not resign because i'm committed to making sure this job was seen through to the very end. >> sreenivasan: ethics concerns for cabinet members continue. president trump'sce.p.a. chief, t pruitt, is facing new scrutiny after abc reported that he rented a washington condo co-owned by the wife of a top lobbyist former new jersey governor chris christie, who red as head of the trump transition team, blames poor vetting for some o recent departures.'s >> and if mr. pruitt is going to go, it's because he should'vhe never been t in the first place. >> does he have to go? >> listen, i don't know how you survive this one. >> sreenasan: in sacramento overnight, a sheriff's vehicle hit a protester calling for justice for stephon clark. he's the unarmed black man shot by police in his grandmother's backyard on march 18.e officials say otester suffered minor injuries. protesters took to the streets on friday after an independent autopsy commissioned by clark's family claimed several shots fired by police hit the unarmed black father primarily in the back. sacramento police say they are still investigating, and the

county coroner says it could be months before an official autopsy is released. pope francis addressed the violence in gaza during his sixth easter messa at saint peter's basilica today. the pope urged followers to work for an end to the acts of injustice in the world, saying the conflict in the holy land "does not spare the defenseless." francis also called for an end to the "carnage" in syria, and for peace in south sudan and the democratic republic of congo. the pontiff urged international assistance for venezuela because of its ongoing economic and political crisis. elwhere, hundreds of christians celebrated easter at jerusalem's church of the holy sepulchre,uilt on the site ere they believe jesus was resurrected. read about a collective of young artists preserving their culture through poems and music. visit www.pbs.org/newshour.

>> sreenasan: president trump has frequently claimed that immigrants bring crime to america, but researchers have looked at the data a come to some different conclusions on the connection between increased immigration and increasecrime. the marshall project helped visualize the results, and posted them last week. anna flagg is a reporter with the marshall project, and joins us to help breakdown the findings. >> sreenivasth: it is called myth of the criminal immigrant, let's just walk through general findings, what did you look and find? >> trump campaigned immigrants e criminals that writing i bring drugs and crime into america and pu is now using all of that rhetoric to kind oh very harsh anti-immigrant policies so the question is, do immigrants actually increase crime? and this study found, no, they don't. >> sreenivasan: what did it look at? >> the study and then the addition of the ma project did, looked at 200 cities across the u.s., metaropolitan are level data and we compared immigration rates with crime tes since 1980, and found that for a vast majority of areas

immigration increased at the same time that viept crime decreased. >> sreenivasan: so immigration was up 118 percent according to this graph but crime wasown 36 percent and that's across all 200 cities? >> that's natnally. sreenivasan: right. >> and also for the individual cities in 136 out of 200 increases have been -- in inimmigration while decreases happened in crime. >> sreenivasan: so about 70 percent oall of those cities, and you actually go through this crime bytro area, you can actually slide your mouse up and down and it looks like you can look on a city by city basis and compare how thir immigration went up compared to how their violent crime went -- whichevern direct went and in most of the cases you see a bigger tuster of green lines because more of the citin not actually had a decrease in crime, right? >> that's exactly right. we tried to present any a way where people can see for themselves the relationship or the lack of relationship between immigration and crime, and they can go in, check their own city, if theony live iof those areas and compare it to other cities and

see that these two things diverge, immigration in a vast majority of areas w crime went down. >> sreenivasan: you even broke it down so you can search a particular city and then compare that to the number of ass assaults robberies and murders in that speficity over this past 30, 40 years? >> that's right. because we want toddles makewa sure that ther't a certain type of violent crime that was in fact correlated and what we found, you know, very similar, like different types of crime were all going down, different types of violent crime which is what we looked at while immigration rates are going up. >> sreenivasan: take a look at oakland, for example, that's a city that has been in the news recently, especially ims of sanctuary cities and where their stance is, it looks like the population of immigrants has gone up 83 percent, the assaults are down 51 percent, robberies are do31 percent, murders are down 51 percent. i also want to clarify this is just crime in general. >> uh-huh. >> sreenivasan: this isn'tme just committed by immigrants, that's right. >> that is correct. that's what the study focused on

but othr research has sown that crime committed by immigrants on average isan actually less he native born population. >> sreenivasan: what do the researchers control for, say for example there is usuly correlations how well the economy is doing and what the crime rate, is when the economy goes south pple end upturning to desperate means, right, or when the economy goes south we actually saw fewer immigrants trying to cross the border there were there were fewer jobs here. >> they call for a range of factor, factors, socioeconomic factor it is and areas that varied in geography and size, like new york and massive places compared to mum situate, os smaller than that, factory towns versus massive urban hubs, so they really tried to pick a diverse set of areas so they could like pick out if there we actually like ptterns within subset of that and not able to find any corlation with immigration rates, you know, or when they controlled for the various socioeconomic

factors, poverty levels, things like that. >> sreenivasan: all right, well this is fascinating.ha amount of datapeople can go in and play with themselves on a annflagg the marshal project, thank you so much. >> thanks fo having me. >> >> sreenivasan: ukrainhas been involved in an ongoing conflict with neighboring russia for the last four years. so far, more than 10,000 people have died, and almost two million have been forced to flee their homes. one industrial plant critical to ukraine's economy is situated right on the front line, intent on staying up and running, no matter what it takes. newshour weekend special correspondent christopher livesay brings us this report. >> reporter: it's the largest facility of its kind in all of europe. the metinvest plant in eastern ukraine processes coal into coke, a high-gde fuel essential to manufacturing

steel. this massive plant, essential to ukraine's economy, is notable not only for its size, but that it continues to function under repeated attack in a war zone. its survival is due in part to the u.s.>> he fact that we continue to work here looks more and more m likeacle. >> reporter: to help understand the danger for ourselves, we arranged to tour the plant, onen feggy morng. we were first brabout its more "typical" hazards: high estemperatures, gas, high-re pipes, and heavy machinery. feels like the end of the world up here. the best way to stay out of the way, in some cases, was to let it roll righover me. we were taken to one of eight furnaces-- it's really toastyp here. --each burning at more tn 1,800 degrees fahrenheit. the furnaces he to keep burning at all times. if they fall below 1,600 degrees

for more than a few days, the furnaces, which cost $150 million each, will collapse. and that's a real possibility. the ukrainian army has been fighting well-armed rebels for the past four years, and this plant is located in a strategic position between them. we're really just a couple of miles from the front line here. it's made this plant a big target in the war. since the war started, the plant has been hit more than 300 times by heavy weapons. the heaviest bombardments have been deadly, says the plant's director general, musa magomedov.>> 've lost 12 people and more than 60 were wounded. >> reporter: were theyr illed here the factory? >> here in the factory and on f the way frtory to home. >> reporter: what was your worst day? >> there have been a lot of bad days here. the worst was when we were ckattacked by a series of s. i was standing near the window here when i saw them landing in

the factory, one sy one. i was cked that i couldn't hide, and was hit by the shocave. everything was on fire and smoking. people died that day.fa thory work stopped and we didn't know if it was possible to start again. >> reporter: ty did manage to restart, keeping the furnace fires going just enough to prevent a crippling shutdown and production continued. today, workers take the more occasional shelling in stride. is it scary to be working in an area where there is fighting going on nearby? >> ( translated ): you get used to it, or you have some imunity. sometimes you don't realize there is shooting around. it blends in with all of the mechanical sounds. >> reporter: do you know anybodt as been hurt in this conflict, friends or family? >> ( translated ): some have suffered mentally. some of my friends, families, were broken because of this war. because the husband was here and his wife and children moved away. as a result, the family collapsed. >> reporter: but this coke plant g, just oneand example of how people in eastern

ukraine are trying to hold out until the war comes to an end. the war has made it harder to get the coal crucie to running ant. russia used to be a big, supplit it's backing the rebels-- that is, the people who are shelling the plant-- so,ed ukraine has loor other sources, including america. >> reporter: so pis coal is frnsylvania? >> ( translated ): yes. >> rep the plant received 20% of its coal from the u.s.s now, ire like 50%. 250,000 tons of american coal arrive here every month. the coal is a lifeline for the plant and the stradigic town of ka. the plant supplies heat to the town, and jobs. 4,000 of avdiivka's 20,000 residents work here. for musa magomedov, it's simple. without the plant, there is no town. losing another town is the beginning of the end of his country. >> ( translated ): it's a domino principle. if we leave this place, the coke

will not reach metallurgy works; the metal price will be less competitive, and people will leave those factories. we will lose a lot, economy-an wisewe can lose the country in the end. that's why it's our contribution to keep the country alive. : >> sreenivasday is easter, and as is the case for many holidays, americans oftenbr cee with chocolate. american demand is high. more chocolate is sold here than in any other country in the world.er and are millions of cocoa growers providing the supply, o the majoriwhom come from t st two countries in west africa: ivory cod ghana. a new book, "cocoa," looks atic the dit lives of those growers and their role in the cocoa industry. it was written by kristy leissle, who is on the faculty at the university of washington, and is currently based in accra, ghana. she recently spoke with newshour weekend's megan thompson.

>> reporr: who are these cocoa bean growers? what conditions do they live in? >> yeah, they're all-- 90%, 95% are small holder farmers, which means they o very little, small plots of land, and they grow a tiny fraction, each of th, of the total crop, whi is over four million metric tons. so, each one of those coco farmers grows just a little bit of that. they live in really challenging conditions the infrastructure that we enjoy here is not present in the areas where cocoa farmers live. so things like paved roads and running water and electricity, usually they don't enjoy those things.ry so it's a hallenging life. >> reporter: what kind of income are these growers earning? >> it's hard to give you an chaverage because there's range in how much farmers can grow. some of the work that i've done has found between $2 and $3 a day, if you average it over time. it's also a little bit t misleadisay $2 or $3 a day, because each cocoa farming household has a number of people ving in it, and so that income has to really be shared amongst them.ep >>ter: so, the value of

the cocoa beans that these growers produce is estimated to8 be arounillion a year. but the value of the csecolate that teans are used to make is estimated to be around ou00 billion a year. can you just talthat market? >> you know, there's 5 million , cocoa growers in the worch one of them capturing such a tiny share ovalue of the crop that they grow. that means that they just don't it's hard for them to come together in any way, exert themselves reaningfully. orter: you write in the book about this emotional ave withship that we chocolate, and how that might, kind of, obscure the story wehind it. >> i do thinave such an emotional relationship with chocolate, and that was somethinthat we really

invented. and it was the marketing and advertising of the early indurial chocolate bar candi that gave us that relationship wi chocolate. we associate it now with romance, and love, and holidays and celebrations. chocolate is an everyday luxury, and, you know, here inorth america, in europe, increasingly in asia, we can buy a chocolate bar with very little impact onnc our disposablee. it's a very affordable luxury. >> reporter:ou talk about buying chocolate. i know when i walk into a store, i sometimes see chocole that's labeled "fair trade," or "direct trade." i know some of the big chocolate companies have programs that they tout, suppoing farmers and, you know, helping with sustainability. i mean, how much do we know about how much of an impact all of these programs have and i mean what would you advise a consumer to do? >> when you are using a label like fair trade there is a third party, not o'clock lat makers or grower these are the rules to play by, this is what is just and you can verify what is

ppening is what we say is happening. when a chonylate comdopts its own internal certification program it is a lot harder to certify what they are doing so we have seen that shift inthe industry. what i do say to people is, we are at a stage where weknow so little about where chocolate comes from, so learn as much as you can, inform yourself, ask e e companies that you buy chocolom, ask the retailers to tell you where that cocoa came from. >> thompson: all right, kristy leissle, thank you so much for being here. >> thank you so much for having me. >> s sreenivasan: when it comes to politics, americn be quite unkind to their opponents. during the election of 1796, pporters of presidential candidate john adams claimed that backers of thomas jefferson were "cut-throats who walk in rags and sleep amid filth and vermin."t" not to be e, when the two men faced off again in 1800,

a writer secretly hired by thomas jefferson called adams" a hideous hermaphroditical character." that rhetoric was adversarial, and no doubt conveyed some genuine animosity. but, newshour weekend special correspondent jeff greenfield wonders if today's politicians haven't gone into more dangerous territory. >> repor r: it was just one line from senator bob dole's acceptance speech, more than 20 years ago, but it speaks volumes about where our politics is today. he was talking about the rentrast between himself and his rival,dent bill clinton. >> this is not the outlook of my opponent-- and he is my opponent, not my enemy. >> reporter: think about that for a minute. an "opponent" is someone you battle-- in an election, on a mmball field-- but with a understanding of the rules of the game, and a mutual willingness to abide by the outcome. >> he is my opponent, not my enemy. >> re"ter: but an "enemy" that's very different. an enemy is someone who poses a threat to your survival, someone

to be fought "by any means necessary." and that's increasingly how americans have come to view those on the other side of the political divide. for instance, if your competitor is an "enemy," it makes perfect sense for you to not just defeat her, but to imprison her. >> lock her up is right. >> lock her up! lock her up! >> reporter: it makes sense to regard your critics not just as an inevitable part of th tension between press and politicians, but as something worse: the emy of the american people. >> and this crooked media. you talk about crooked hillary. they're worse than she is. >> reporter: and it's not just the presidendoing it. back in october 2015, hillary clinton was asked who she regarded as her "enemy." she answered: >> in addition to the n.r.a., the health insurance companies, the drug companies, and the iranians, probably the republicans.

>> reporter: this increasingly dark view of the opposition has now beco a dominant feature of the american political landscape. survey after survey has showca that republi and democrats now view each other not simply as "wrong," but as malevolent, literally a danger to the republic. >> lock him up! lock him up! >> reporter: according to pew search, 45% of republicans now say that democratic policies" threaten the nation's well- being," while 41% of democrats view g.o.p. policies in equay stark terms. the most dramatiexample of this mutual hostility is this: back in 1960, only 5% of republicans and of democrats said they'd be "displeased" if a child married someone from the other mar party. half a century later, half of republicans and more thaa third of democrats said yes, they would be "somewhat or ve unhappy." what makes this "tribalism" particularly dangerous is that

it has grown at a time when one of america's core convictions-- the worth of a free society-- has eroded, especially among the young. they are simply less and less convinced that democracy is all that important. among americans born in the 1930s, 72% said that living in a democracy was "essential." among those rn in the 1980s, e number is 30%.th the less fn an open society, the more reason there is to believe that politics is more like warfare than a contest for power where limits apply. t the guardrailshat protect our constitutional republic have moendured fo than two centuries, in the face of yoallenges far greater than today's, but whecombine a growing sense that your politil opponents are enemies yth doubts about the very worth of a free society, threaten deme of our bedrock assumptions about how the olst representative democracy in the world stays healthy.

>> this is "pbs newshour weekend," sunday. >> sreenivasan: israel's defense minister is dismissing international calls for an inquiry into the deaths of at least 15 palestinians ring friday's demonstrations at the gaza border. hamas led the mass march and said it is the start of a six-week long protest campaign. the united states blocked a kuwait-drafted u.n. security council statement demanding the investigation. there was less violence today, but there are new concerns that doctors at shifa hospital in gaza are quickly running out of medicine and other supplies. north korean dictator kim jong-un sent another signal the diplomatic thaw with seoul by attending a concert featuring south korean artists in pyongyang. it's the first time a north korean leader attended a performance by artists from the south. kim was seen applauding during the show, and after the concerts he shook hith some of the performers and posed for a group etoto with them. kim is to meet with south

korean p april 27, and president trump in may sometime. last week marked one year until u.k. officially leaves t european union, and a new survey finds that one in five britishis manufacturerlanning to lay off workers to offset the costs of brexit. the chartered institute procurement and supply found that nearly one-third of u.k. innufacturing companies have raised priceesponse to the brexit vote. in addition, 14% of british manufacturers say they already moved at least some of their workforce ouof the u.k. because of brexit. a real life "swan lake" is taking place in canada this month. from march to april every year, tens of thousands of migrating trumpeter swans stop over in the town of aylmer, in souther ontario. they stay for a couple of days, and then resume their northbound journey to the arctic circle, where they lay eggs. local environmental groups enclosed the lake with a wooden fence to protect the swans from curious onlookers.

>> sreenivasan: that's all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend, thank you april fools' day, i am hari sreenivasan. thanks for watching. good night. >> captioning sponsored by wnet captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> pbs newshour weekend is made ssible by: bernard and irene schwartz. the cheryl and philip milstein

family. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. the anderson family fund. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. ank you. be more-- pbs.

[music playing] wes avilla: end goal once i saw that i can pay my own rent was get a restaurant. ke, i didn't want a food truck. at that point, food trucks were dead. when i got my truck was during when the bubble burst. it was so niche and so specific where, like, people were selling this one item that was so, like, obscure that, like, it became hot because you do the te