captioning sponsored by wnet >> thompson: on this edition for sunday, april 29: north koresays it will give up its nuclear weapons if the united states promises not to invade. the growing tribalism in america.ur and inignature segment, this nation has put just about every government service online next on pbs newshour weekend. "pbs newshour weekend" is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. the cheryl and philip milstein family. sue and edgar wachenheim, iii. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b.oundation. lthe anderson family fund. rosalind p. barbara hope zuckerberg.

corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- reesigning customized individual and group rent products. that's why we're your retirement company. >> additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at ncoln center in new york megan thompson. >> thompson: good evening and thank you for joining us. there are new details tonight about what it will take for north korea to dismantle its nuclear weapons. south kor jong un wants the united states to formally agree to end the korean war, and promise not to invade north korea. south korea's presidential office also said kim ipledging to shut down the north's main nuclear test site next month and allow outside experts and journalists to observe the process. secretary of state mike pompeo, who met with kim jong unn

easter weekend when he was c.i.a. director, said that the president's objective is" complete, verifiable, irreversible denuclearization". >> who knowsow the ultimate discussions will go. there is a lot of work to do, but i very hopeful that the conditions that have been set by president trump give us this an. >> thompson: white house national security advisor john bolt acknowledged that previous north korean leaders have broken commitments. > i> there's nobothe trump administration starry eyed about what may happen here. but by demonstrating they've ade a strategic decision to give up nuclear weapons, it would be possible to move quickly. > a> thompson: ally in michigan last night, president trump was optimistic about his plan to meet with kim jong un. >> i think we'll have a meeting over the next three or four weeks. it'going to be a very important meeting, the denuclearization of the korean peninsula of north korea. de-nuke. de-nuke. >> thompson: the president was

speaking to a crowd in washington township, michigan st night at an event paid for by his re-election campaign. for the second year, mr. tru skipped the white house correspondents' association annual dinner in washington, d.c., being held at the same time. >> i could be up there tonight smiling like i love when they are hitting you, shot after sho these people they hate your guts. and then m supposed to... >> thompson: in his hour and fifteen minute speech, mr. trump raised questions about the justice department's russia invesgation, threatened to shut down the government next fall if the mexican border wall isn't damaging information on democratic senator jon tester of monna last week, tester helped prevent the president's nominee to head the veterans administration from moving forward. >> well, i know things about tester that i could say, too. and if i said them, he'd never

be elected again. >> thompson: meahile, at the correspondents' dinner comedian michelle wolf followed tradition by roasting the press, white house staff, and the president himself, a performance that included obscenities and was later called "disgrace" and" an atrocity" by some of mr. trump's supporters. >> and i know, as much asome f you might want me to, it's 2018 and i'm a woman, so you cannot shut me up. unless you have michael cohen wire me $130,000. >> thompson: joining us now from los angeles for analysis of this weekend's political news is special correspondent jeff greenfield. .>> jeff good to see you. >> h >> thompson: so earlier this week thett ter sphere exploded with kanye westhi said nices about the president. you say there is a connection with that and what's happening with north korea. exain. >> it m not sound at first

blush to make sense but it is parti think of the whole overhang that that is dominated our political atmo reengt which is -- recently. try ballism. here is what i meanwe. now the pict two koreas doesn't mean it's a done deale we know in ast we have had deals where the united states has been actuarial -- charlie brown and north korea has been lucy with the footbapr. thident talking about fire and fewer -- fury had this thats got to be part ofhe president by his unconventional approach to bluster and diplo is there anyone on the antitrump side of the spectrum whos willing to say on this one, i think the president deserves some credit? the connection between celebrities you mentioned was,f

any wordraise for the president draws this absolute outrage from people o find the president absolutely irredeemably bi. anhink we're going to see an interesting political version of that is will any of the democratic contenders for sesident will any of the on that one the president may deserve credit or t willt almost by definition rule that pontial candidate out. >> >> thompson: we saw this tribalismn o display at the white house and on capitol hill right? >> the president had his firstat dinner, the word is state, that's key. the president isn't a president or l party leader, every state dinner i've always.seen has included an opp aosition or journalist. this one, not a sine democrat, not a single democrat.

under pressure from speaker ryan, that chaplain had given a prayer during the tax cut debe saying the tax should go to everyone equally. then you have another congressman saying next time you have to have a family man as chaplain. if you have a family man as chaplain that rules out the catholic liquo crgy. and then who is going to be the house chaplain is a political issue. nothing is exempt. >> and findly, jeff, what about that white house correspondents dinner last night? >> i'm so old fashioned, i think it's possible to be very critical of donald trump and still take umbrage of something that was said las night. i was struck last night that after some criticism o michelle wolf, there was outpouring on twitter about oh i see, you're l crit is sizing thee cdian.

now call me mad cap but i haven't exactly seen a lack of criticism aimed at drumpled form t things he's said and done and on the other hand, you have supporters of trump ridiculing this comedian while at the same time being perfectly coent with the language th president of the united states has used, calling him opponents everything from crooks to dumb to i can't even go through all the st. but the general theme i'm getting at here is it's almost impossible to have a debate about issues where people cross over not nestles echoing whatever line their side is pumping for day, we seem to be beyond that for the moment. >> thompson: all right jeff greenfield, thank yo always for being here. >> thompson: find out how five first-time female candidates are preparing for their primary races. visit pbs.org/newshour.

>> thompn: if you filed your income taxes at the last minute this year, you no doubt know that the i.r.s. paymene crashed. you got an extra day to file, and the i.r.s. got a lesson in the pitfalls of e-government. tonight we take a look at a nation that has put nearly all of its government services online. tiny eston, a member of both the european union and nato, is making a name for itself as a world leader in digital technology, education and cyber security newshour weekend special correspondent christopher vesay recently traveled there to find out how it works. >> reporter: winters in tallinn, the capital of estonia, can be long and cold. but it's hardly a place frozen t time. in fact, in lessn 30 years, estonia has gone from being an impoverished member of the soviet union to one of the mosta techy advanced countries in the world. it's the first country to declare the internet a social right. the government claims high-speed broadband covers 88% percent of the country and 99% of its services are easily accessible

online. >> a country where you can do your taxes in three minutes. where you can vote online from anywhere in the world and it's still secure and safe. >> reporter: anna piperal is managing director of estonia e-showroom which promotes the tocountry's digital societhe world. so this is your i.d. card? >> yes, it's actually a plastic card with my unique i.d. numbern t and a chip. >> reporter: the key to it all? one card. it's a digital i.d. with encrypted files used together with a pin code.ia 94% of est have a digital i.d. like this one. >> first of all, i have to plug in my i.d. card in order to log into the state portal which will be a one stop shop for different services. >> reporter: virtually everything, she ys, can be done online. including accessing medical recos.n >> i08 we obliged hospitals to digitize the data and make it available to the patients. r: taxes too are done online. the government fills in all the forms with information reported to it. taxpayers just need to review icd approve. two , and within three

minutes in most cases, taxes are imne! >> my lastto the bank was like four years ago. i don't miss the guys. >> reporter: so banking, health care, voting? all done digitally. >> yes. it's aergy companies, telco companies. buying things online or seeing just your bills or your energy consumption. this is all avai.ble with a ca >> reporter: and there's no need to ever sign paperwork. >> and now my signature stamp. >> reporter: everything is confirmed instantly using your i.te card and pin code to cr what amounts to a digital signature. it's a series of numbers with a timestamp. erious about cyber security. a main way it protects digital information is with technology called blockchain. it's a way of decentralizing and authenticating data to prevent hacking. it's most famously used by theyp currency, bitcoin. estonia is the first country to use it on a national level. it just sounds like so many things could go wrong.

an potentially it could but when the data is correcyou only have correct data in one place and everyone is responsible for keeping their data correct then it's much easier. >> rorter: and making life easier is exactly the goal of this e-society. esynians we talked to say t like and trust it. >> i don't need to remem lr to remember of numbers or anything so it's easy to use. >> for me i think it's safe to use this. >> reporter: you have faith in thsystem. >> yes. >> reporter: at lift 99, where entrepreneurs can rent office space and network, we met american yuriy mikitchenko. he moved from oregon to estonia for love, his fiance is estonian, but he's also quite smitten with how the government encoures business. do you think it's easier to do business here than it is in the tited states? hnology, for sure makes it's easier to do business here. i can send an invoice digitally and get a bank transfer immediately. no signing checks. no cutting actual checks. people here laugh at the idea of

checks. >> reporter: to appreciate how far estonia has come, it's f portant to look back to when estonia was partthe soviet union. we got a chance to djust that visiting the repository of estonia's museum of occupations with director merilin piipuu. >> but i guess in modernie countryou had already better equipment than this one. >> reporter: estonia was part of the communist u.s.s.r. from 1944 to 1991. ohe time it gained its freedom, about 20%f americans were already using personal computers, but here in estonia therwere virtually no computers. >> typewriters were the last thing. we didn't have the first computers. and when we ta about connections and you know, mobile phones we didn't know anything about. till had the basic landlines wad even the landlines were overheard. people were always like, surveillance was the thing. look at the phones from k.g.b. avfices. it's really >> reporter: when the country broke away from the u.s.s.r., estonians had to build the new

country om scratch. that meant they could take t vantage of something thawas brand new th, the internet. within a few years estonians jumped from typewriters to the latest web-connected computers. >> they managed to actually have an idea, a vision of how their country should be run. >> reporter: dr. robert krimmer is a professor in the school of ernance at the tallinn university of technology and an expert on what has come to be know as e-government. he says necessity was the mother of invention in this tiny country. >> there is not enough humans that can do there is just not enough money to pay for all the services if you have to do it the traditional paper so estonia didn't have a choice, right? it decided informaon technology is the one thing that helps the country organize itself. >> reporter: and one of the most ambitious things they organized s i-voting in 2005. citizens can vote online in every election. >> it was this bold decision. we are going to be the first to vote online. >> reporter: hearing how much people trust their online

government services, one might get the impression that the e entire shift to becoming society was a breeze. it wasn't. in fact, estonia faced a mor crisis in 2007 when it became the first country to experience a massive cyber attack which toanok down estonia's email, and newspaper servers. >> the state portals, the president's portals, the bank's portals, the newspapers they were jammed, basically. they were not available anymore and this created a lot of panic. >> reporter: but who was behind it? it's widy believed to be connected to this soviet-era statue. in april, 2007 the estonian government moved it from the scenter of tallinn to thi military cemetery in the outskirts. pro-russian estonians saw this protests at the exact same time the cyber attack overwhelmed the country's servers. many here thought that was no coincidence. >> and the assumption was that our neighbors were responsible for this. >> reporter: you mean russia? >> yes.

>> reporter: while piperal acknowledges it has never been confirmed that the russians were behind the attack, she suspects they were aiming to undermine estonians' trust in their government. instead the country came together. e government went public describing the attack and the steps it was taking to thwart it. the next year the cooperative cyber defense centre of a multi-nationally funded think tank, opened in tallinn. here they train military and civilian experts from 21 countries how to protect against cyber-attacks on government systems, banks, and utilities. merle maigre, its director, says crisis actually increase people's trust in the government. >> estonia underwent this earl wake-up call finding a way to find solutions tsituation built up people's trust in digital services a. >> we can't stop the cyber- attacks. it's like, the number is increasing, but what we can is detect them as soon as possible, meaning the next second, so we can prevent the bigger damage.

>> reporter: as yet another line of defense against cyber-attack, the country is creating a backup system, what they call "digital embassies" in which estonia stores a backup copy of all its digi country. in another the first one was established in luxembourg last june. >> we would like a bigger kind of network of digital embassies where we can put our data and, of course, using blockchain with for integrity purposes so if anything happens to estonia, if anstyone attacksia the government will not lose any data or control over data, and they could service people even if we are not in the country. >> reporter: and the next step for this small country is to expand beyond its borders by offering what it calls e residency to everyone in the world. it's a program meant to netract entreps. pay a fee of about $12 pass a ckground check, and estonia dissues youital i.d. which you can use to establish a

company in estonia making it easier to access the e.u. market. >> you can create a legitimate european business without actually coming to estonia nor coming to the e.u. within a few hours and you have access to all the e-services from estonia. >> reporter: castaignet says every dollar invested by the government setting up e- residency generates $100 for estonian companies. how many people have signed up soar? >> right now we have more than 30,000 e-residents comingrom 140 countries around the world. >> reporter: how big do you want this thing to get? what's the limit? >> sky's the limit, you know. e reporter: of course, th are limits. but for anna piperal, the country's e-ambassador, the answer is clear. estonia has a lot to teach the world about building a digital society.

>> thompson: venezuela's economy is c there are food shortages and massive unemployment, and little government support for the poorest residents. starting in 2015, venezuelans began fleeing tos,eighboring countrnd now northern brazil is facing a crisis as thousands of refugees arrive there each month. for a look at this underreported story, ernesto londoño, brazil vireau chief for the "new york times" joins us noskype from buenos aires. ernesto you spent time in thrn area of nortrazil where thousands of brazillians are rising. what are the conditions there? >> i came backm f a trip from a northern city inz bil, a hub of the region where desperate venezuelans turn up. this is migrant crisis that is years in the making. this isot entirely new but has entered a critical stage. what we are beginning to see are

people are arriving who are penniless, often very sick and out of options. in this city of 300,000 people, many parks have essentially tecome makeshift homeless sh. venezuelans are sleeping under tarps or piece of plastic, makeshift tents. it is shock, you see families, pregnant women who spend their days just walking around cities trying to beg for food, trying to beg for a little money, trying to find work andocal officials are barely hoping to house just a few thousand peole in formal shelters. >> thompson: hoar the local officials responding to this? >> i think it's a mixed bag. across the board in latin america, there has been a tradition ofpen borders relatively speaking and oproud

tradition rising up to the crstes in the . however, the number of people crossing borders, to give you sense, the u.n. think rouly 5,000 venezuelans are leaving their country each day. that is a huge number of people for local officials to deal with particularly when they come with such acute need. the general response was one of generosity, people ra rallying together. but as in border communities, we are seeing a backlash, in a northern province, a poor province i brazil, the governor took the fairly extreme length of suing the government.no it i the use were commonly seeing in brazil but

how vexing this crisis is becoming for them. mngtd the numbers are have you sooner anything like this in the country before? >> it's hard to see parallels that are anything like this. the burst so sudden so fast a place where people are so l desperate, people are literally starving to death is really unique. >> thompson: is anyone in the international community stepping up? >> of humanitarian aired, many countries have said we would love to help you with the root causes of this, we would love to bring in food, bring in medicine. however if the venezuelan government were to take them up on that measure, 32 would come as acknowledging a crisis. that would be a crisis for nicola maduro, so far it is no.

mngtd ernesto londono, thank you so much for being with us. >> this is pbs newshour weekend, sunday. >> thompson: secretary of state mike pompeo ntinued his trip to the middle east today, meeting with israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu before headi on to jordan. in a joint press conference, pompeo said the current multi- nation agreement with iran to limit nuclear weapons development t "flawed" and m be "fixed." >> we remain deeply concerned about iran's dangerous escalation and threats to israel and the region and iran's nate the middle east remain. the united states is with israel in this ght. . thompson: president trump will decide on uthdrawal from the iran nuclear agreement s may 12th. a u.urity council team visited rohingya refugee camps in eastern bangladesh today-the second day of a trip aimed at ghnding a way to return them to their homes in nring myanmar. newly 700,000 rohingya are in the camps- members of an

ethnic muslim minority who fled from religious persecution and military-led violence in myanmar. the u.n. has called myanmar's actions "ethnic cleansing." refugees stood with signs asking for justice and told stories of relatives killed by myanmar troops. the diplomats are scheduled to visit myanmar tomorrow where they will meet with the country's de facto leader aung san suu kyi. t mobile and sprint nounced plans to merge today in a deal that will combine the third and fourth largest wireless carriers in the u.s., if regulators approve. current t-mobile c.e.o. john legere announced the merger over witter. legel run the new company, which will continue under the t mobile name. the $26 billion all-stock deal will be heavily scrutinized by anti-trust regulators and the f.c.c. regulators have raised concerns about potential higher prices for consumers. t mobile said in an official ansuncement that u-s consum will see lower prices and better quality.

>> thompson: join us again nexte end when we will go inside the world's largest cyber- defense war game. we'll also report om maine, where work requirements are being utilized in an effort to reform social safety net programs. that's all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend. i'm megan thompson. thanks for watching. have a good night. caioning sponsored by wnet captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz.

the cheryl and philip milstein family. asuedgar wachenheim, iii. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. the anderson family fund.sa nd p. walter rbarbara hope zucg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- ing customized individu and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. additional sport has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.

diep tran: i think people are awarof vietnamese cuisine, and most people don't want that cuisine to changeor on't want to have their understanding of the cuisine to change. because the cuisine is changing all the time. the idea of a, like, this unifying national cuisine, vietnamese cuisine, it doesn't exist. really, it truly doesn't exist. even a unified i vietnamedentity doesn't exist. [dings] like, it's kind of like saying italians--defined by tomatoes and olive oil. what people see as essential, it's because they're looking from like an outsider's point of and it's not granular. 'cause once you go granular, it's so varied that you can' a unifying national cuisine. i really truly believe that there's nothing essential about any cuisine.