captioning sponsored by wnet as >> sreen: on this edition for sunday, july 29th... the president threatens to shuto down the u.srnment. the harvesting of carrara marble: can supply meet the growing demand? and the decade that could have taken action on climate change, and why it didn't happen.n next os newshour weekend. >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. sue and edgar wachenheim iii. the eryl and philip milstein family. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided utual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. rehat's why we're your rent company. additional support has been provided by:

and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasan. >> sreenivasan: good evening and thanks for joining us. car regard are a, the shut downe federal government this fall, unless congress funds his immigration proposals. including funding for a wall on the border with mexico. from his new jersey golf course the government tweeted be willing to shut down government if the democrats do not give us the votes for border security which includes the wall. and, again, he called for a shift an immigration system based on merit, and that we neep great coming into our country. >> the president threatened the same thingefore signg the federal budget legislation this spring, which is set to expire on sep

republican lawmakers downplayed the possibility that a shutdown wohed happen marksly before november midterm elections. >> i don't think we are going to shut down the government, you know, i think we are going to make sure we keep the government open, but we are going to get better policies on immigration. i certainly don't like playing shutdown polics. >> and how damaging would that be for republicans ahead of the november races? >> i don't think it wouldete helpful sos try and avoid it. >> sreenivasan: in a tweet democratic senor tim kaine sponded too the president's threat, president shutdown is at gain, how many times will he rreaten to shut down the government before lizes this is not a game? firefight in other words northe california -- firefighters in northern california battled the massive carr fire near the city of dding again today. the fire slowed down slightly overnight but continues to burn out of control over more than 80,000 acres. five people have died and officials ordered tens of thousands to evacuate. fire officials warn that the

fire is moving unpredictably due to erratic high winds, dry getation and temperature above 100 degrees. greek officials raised the death toll from recent fires there to 91 today, with 25 people still missing. mourners gathered today in a church in the small greek village of mati to remember those killed. the greek wildfires are being t call worst to hit europe since 1900. a 6.4 magnitude earthquake killed at least 14 people on the island of lombok in indonesia today. more than 60 smaller aftershocks followed on the island and were felt as far away as the island of bali which is 25 miles west. according to officials, thousands of homes were damaged and more than 160 people were injured. the ballot in tomorrow's presidential election zimbabwe will not include the name of former prime minister and president robert mugabe. mugabe was ousted in de facto coup last november by his right

hand man emmerson mnangagwa, aicfter 37 years in o at a news conference at his home today, the 94-year-old mugabe said he is backing the opposition candidate erlson chamisa nangagwa. international election observers will be allowed to monitor vote ing in zimbabwe for rst time in more than a decade. read about the legal implications of 3-d-printing guns at pbs.org/newshour. >> sreenivasan: russia's interrence in the 2016 election and the ongoing investigations top new reports about sp gathering.elligence but state sponsored espionage thatens much more than the political system this week, "politico" magazine'o r story focuses on china and russia's attempts to infiltrate sleilicon v joining us now from san

francisco is the author of that article. zach dorfman who is a senior fellow at the carne ee council fics in international affairs. >> sreenivasan: tell us, how is this espionage, this spying g happen silicon valley? >> according to conversations i had with multiple former u.s. intelligenci community ofs, the espionage seen in silicon valley and san francisco is a little bit diffhaerent what you generally associate it with, in terms of washington and new york, in parcular, in fact, in san francisco, it tends to be a little bit more informal or casual, probably fitting, given silicon centrcually's ure and what you see is more theft of technologies, both wit military and certain civilian applications in major tech firms, as well as startups. and part of this has to do with the larger story of economic competitiveness between especially the united states and chin: >> sreenivas is this about turning individual

employees in a company or is this aboutto pretendine investors? >> it is actually both. veso what you have is you intelligence officers who go to silicon valley or are based in silicon valley who speak to other people in venture capital firms for technology companies, you also have employees who are either motivated by money or types particular in the, particularly in the case of china are being coerced, crced at types to do this because china has be known to go to people with family in china and tell them, for instance, that if they don't provide certain technology or even just click on aia link in an e-mthat allows for access to a computer seasonal that somebody's family will potentially lose their home or subject to other kinds of, bc suto other kinds of oppressive measures. >> there anyway quantify the costs on this? what are intelligence agencies think, how significant of a

threat is this? ea they are considered to be a very significant t in fact, fbi director christopher wray in recent remarks at the e pen security forum said that chinese espions the greatest security threat facing the united states in the medium and long-term, in terms quantification, i don't have exact ligas for you but if you look at past examples of chinese economic espionage, take for instance the example of walter lu, a local in 2014 convicted of violations of the economic espionage act d what mr. lu did was he sold a proprietary formula owned by dupont that makes the color white, white to a chinese state owned conglomerate therefore saving that company hundf millions of dollars in research and development costs so yes, io is ubiq and highly costly and in many cases as i say in my political article, some companies don't want to report it because they are worriehed

about shder valley or the em bairmt of not being able to maintain security over their intellectual property. >> sreenivasan: all right, zach dorfman, aio sr fellow at fae carnegie council for international s. thanks for joining us. >> thank you. >> >> sreenivasan: carrara marble, flom michelangelo's david in ence to the pantheon in rome and the atrium of the new world trade cent, the precious white stone has been prized since the era of the roman empire. the massive quarries are off the beaten-path for most visitors. newshour weekend scial correspondent christopher livesay aveled to carrara, italy and has this report from rescany. >> reporter: fe is a visual feast. one secret to its twinkle: carrara marble among the most prized building materials in history. virtually every italian city can boast of a monument made from carrara marble.

but perhaps none is more famous than the cathedral of nta maria del fiore, right here in florence. its tower soars almost 300 feet into the sky, and nearly every inch is clad in lusciousarble. marcello del colle oversees restoration. he telthe cathedral is so big, and its marble so delicate, that restorers hadgin fixing it as soon as it was completed in the 15th century. they haven't stopped fixing it r more than 500 years. apart from modern scaffolding and elevators, little has changed since medieval times, incling the source of stone trucked in from the tuscan hills and carefully delivered to del colle's workshop. it's a spectacle in itself. each block weighs apprimately one and a half tons and takes a crane, a forklift, and del colle's entire team to unload. here inside the same workshop

where michelangelo sculpd his david, the marble will be transformed into statues of popes celestine v and leo the great, to replace their weathered predecessors perched outside the cathedral. michelangelo once said it was he is r free the form from the bondage of stone. del colle says his process is similar. so we're going to see a replica of this statue emerge from this block of marble. >> ( translated ): that statue over there is trapped inside this block. all we have to do is remove the extra marble. that's how sculpture works. you can take stuff away, but you can't put it back. this type of marble is the top of the line for sculpture. it has a very fine grain, and its very own particular transparencygives it warmth and makes the statue softer in appearance, more human. >> reporter: today, that softero humah has made it a hot commodity in modern construction around the world, from colossal buddhas and temples to luxury

hotels and hd bathrooms. roughly one llion tons of it are quarried every year at the source in rrara, a couple- urs drive northwest of florence. deep inside the guts of the apuan alps, you'll find cathedrals of a different making: wall-to-wall, a floor- to-ceiling, solid carrara marble. what once took an army of oxen and brute force in the renaissance is now done with bulldozers and diamond-toothed saws. it's a profitable business, with carrara marble selling at up to 6000 euros per ton. carlo colombi is the commercial director of marmi carrara, the company that runs this marble quarry. it's 50%-owned by a multinational construction giant: the saudi binladin group. its s founder ama bin laden's father. colombi says that modern excavation techniques allow it to turn out 100,000 tons per year. >> now we are cutting 20, 22

centimeter per hour. so before we need one week to cut one block. now we need six hours. >> coreporter: the any has used this marble to refurbish mosqctues and other stes at mecca and medina. not even the smallest bits of it go to waste. the excess is used icspaint, cosmeand even toothpaste. but all this digging has taken a vheisible toll onandscape. mirco felici is a local sculptor who's come to handpick a block marble. so these two hills they actually us to be one hill? >> yes, a long time ago. >> reporter: centuries of thgging split the hill dow middle. and in just a few more decades, he says, one half might vanish. he adds that, just as in sculpture, once you've removed the marble, you can't put it back. according to geologists, more marble has been extracted in the past two decades than in the

previous 2,000 years of quarrying. today, some five million tons of mountain are removed annually. only one fifth of that is marble block. the rest is discarded rubble and dirt. but experts predict that even at today's rate of extraction, the supply will last for several more centuries, ensuring new construction and restorations for generations to come. that's if tomorrow's technology and soaring demand don't speed up the digging even more. rt sreenivasan: 28-year-old alexandria ocasio-, a self-described democratic socialist, beat long time democratic congressman joe crowley in a recent new york primary. it was a signal that attitudes ging towards socialism. polls show that a high percentage of americans, especially younger oook approvingly on socialism.

olich raises a recurring question about ourics: every other industrialized nation has a strong socialt movement, why not in america? here's newshr weekend special correspondent jeff greenfield >> it was more than a century ago in 1912 when eugene v. debs won more than 900,000 votes as the socialist candidate for present, six percent of the total, about what longtime congressman john anderson won in 1980 as an independent candidate. in the early 1910s, socialists ning elections in cities and towns across the country. dozens of mayors from ctady, new york to milwaukee to berkeley. two were elected to the u.s. house of representatives. but in the 100 years since debs' run for president, the socialist movement had withered as a significant american political morce until bernie sanders ran for the atic nomination in 2016. >> we need to develop a political movement which, once

again, is prepared to take on feat a ruling class whos greed is destroying our nation. >> in every other industrialized country, the movement towards a bemocratic form of socialism has en strong enough to win national elections.it n's labor party took power in 1945 and nationalized several key industries. a socialiswas elected president of france in 1981. social democrats who support joronger roles for workers and a role for government without state control of industries governed scandinavian countries for much of the last half of th20th century and were often part of coalition governments in germany. why hasn't a democratic socialist movement ever become a powerful force in american politics? there are lots of reasons. >> the army joins the people. with incredible swiftness, the czar's regime falls. >> the communist revution in russia in 1917 split the socialist movement in america

between those who favored a democratic path and those who supported violent revolution. and when american socialists opposed u.s. entry into world war i, the backlash was intense. socialist newspapers and magazines were shut down; elected officials were expelled from legislatures. and in 1919 and 1920, attorney general a. mitchell palmer ordered a series of raids in which thousands were arrested, detained, or deported. unlike european movements, where organized labor was a key component of socialist parties, american labor unions were much more narrowly focused on wages and woconditions. that meant american socialism lackedhe money and manpower to be a powerful political force. and when the greression of the '30's made radical politics attractive, at least some wesocialist idea adopted by the democratic party. labor union rights and social security under f.d.r.'s "new deal" helped pave the way for federal assistance to other ograms a generation late

>> the new bill expands the 30 year old social security program to provide hospital care, nursing home care forhose over 65. >> these programs aren't called socialism, except by opponents. but in fact, medicare signed into law under lyndon johnson is essentially socialized medicine for e elderly. and another reason why socialism never gained traction, this country was born in revolt against government; state power has always been looked on with skepticism. and unlike europe, this is a continental nation. its sheer size offered those discontented or dispossessed a way to make a fresh start; to" light out for the territories" as huck finn put it. it's a nation where the invidual, not the collective, is celebrated. >> and so they joined the streai of family fe in the suburbs. >> and in the years after world itr ii, economic growth and widespread prospmeant a level of comfort for working and middlale americans that dimmed the lure of socialism. but the great recession left

millions of americans with diminished net worth. average wages have remained stagnant. inequality has soared to levels n20ot seen since the 19 xandria ocasio-cortez, a former campaigner for bernie sanders, surprised many with her congressional primary run last month. not only did she unseat a top democrat, but she ran as a demoatic socialist. and while few candidates this fallre likely to embrace the socialist label, the enthusiasm among many democrats for universal health care, free college tuition, and government- guaranteed jobseauggests that s once considered too radical, too socialistic, may be making their wayo the mainstream. >> sreenivasan: this coming week the "new york times," in partnership with the pulitzer

center, will publish "losing earth"; a single themed issue of itsunday magazine. the topic is climate change and e scientific discoveries and decisions made in the decade between 1979 and 1989. writer-at-large nathaniel rich centers his story on two men: rafe pomerance, an environmental activist; and former nasaja scientiss hansen, one of the first to warn the world about greenhouse gases and global warming. it didn't haveto be this way. in the decade 1979 to 89,e knew already the earth really was getting warmer. it is a nonstatistical -- >> we should have begun to take the actions that would have avoided this. >> sreenivasan: author nathaniel rich rich joins us now from neural, f ust tell how close did we come?

how different was the clima for climate conversations? >> it was remarkably different and in many ways and remarkably the same, by 1979, there was a strong consensus within the scientific community about the natu of the problem, the fundamental science hasn't really evolved since then, it has only been refined, really. there was no politicallation of the issue throughout the decade .. a number of prominent republicans who were leading the charge to insist on a major climate policy, and industry, which we now blame for much of our paralysis had not turned against science or truth and if anything, especially in the early part of the decade was dngaged in trying to underst the problem and determine solutions, and so over the course of the decade the issue rose to major national attention

and a process for global treaty was in hand and we failed at the end of that to sign an agreement. >> sreenivasan: so why did we fail? what was it that created that paralysis that we are so familiar with today? >> well, there is a sort of a simple political answer, very narrow answer, iuose, you could make which is that in the bush admintration, the first george bush administration, his chief of staff former governor of new hampshijohn sununu who was an engineer, ph.d.was very skeptical about the science of thobal warping, and he suspected it was being used by kind of a cabal of fols who wanted to suppress gwth and economic advancement and all of that, and he managed to win an intler

fight within that white houseag nst action. that is kind of the most limited possible answer, and the piece tells the story of that political conversation. i think the larger -- the larger answer has to do with how we as a species to reckon with vastno tegical problems that will only affect folks decades or generations from now, of course that is not the case anymore, but in the early eighties that was how the conversation was being consucted. and so i think there is a kind of larger conversation to be had about why we were so able to tackle this when we had a great opportunity to do so and then there is the more narrow conversation abo the inside litics of the matter. >> sreenivasan: nathaniel rich writing for "the new york times" magazine, thank you, and we will be back. >>

>> this is pbs newshour weekend, sunday. continuing our conversation with nathaniel rich. you write at one point that the american petroleum institute, in the fifties and sixties, they were conducting their ow research and coming to the same conclusions that the scientists were and you also point out that even the a in 1974 had written chreport looking at climate ge basically as a national security threat or a global security threat. >> by the mid fifties, you had top government scienngsts speat the issue, you had major articles in life magazine and time, so it wasn't just industry that was followinthit. it was ahighest levels of government, lyndon johnson sent a special message to congress in 1965 that discussed the problem so the idea that we have only understood it in recent years is one of the worst examples we have of the cultural amnesia of

this country and especially around this issue. >> sreenivasan: one of the meetings you describe in great detail starts t get to the same changes we, challenges we have, you see people trying to water down language, not wanting to make a decision today, leave the decision for others. >> there istill a basic discomfort with trying to propose a drastic transformation or immediate trfsformation the -- of our whole energy economy which is to say our economy, so even folks who agree on every aspect of the issue, the science and the politics still we are not able to a netiate even the most basic statement of purse and i think that we still see that problem today, frankly. >> sreivasan: author nathaniel rich writing for "the new york times" magazine, thanks for joininfus. >> thank having me. >> sreenivasan: the report is called "losing earth", it will be published online lateris week and in the magazine nextd. weeken

>> tomon rrowe "pbs newshour", are now r this book club has, and we reveal our pick for august. that's all for this edition of news hour weekend, i am hari sreenivasan, thanks for watching. good night. captioning sponsored by wn captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org >> pbs newshour weend is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz.

wachenheim iii. the cheryl and philip milstein family. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter. barbara hokerberg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. ee additional support has provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by ons to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. these are e so spicy. jeez!

those t, man. isn't water "nuoc"? nuoc? nuoc? nuoc. u want some nuoc? yes, please. [laughter] and you, too? nuoc. ed kenney, voice-over: chefs are always looking for inspiration for their next dish, but sometimes that excitnew thing is hidden deep in old traditions. food b ngs people together and has the power tomeonjure up cherished ries. jack johnson: ♪ oh, you're such a pretty thing ♪ ♪ i'll take you, and i'll make you all mine ♪ kenneys born and raised in the hawaiian islands, one of the most diverse communities in the world. johnso ♪ we will watch you from ♪ ♪ we can't stop it, anyhow ♪ it's not ours kein this show, we'll meet a guest from hawai'i, learn about their favorite dish, trace it back to its origins, and have some fun along the way. johnson: ♪ oh, you're such a pretty thing ♪ ♪ il take you, and i'll make you all mine ♪