captioning sponsored by wnet >> stewart: on this edition for saturday, august 4: a loss of key cybersecurity officials at the nation's highest level; pushback from environmentalists and automakers after the trump administration proposes dismantling fuel emission sstandards; and in onature segment, driving while high-- new techngnologies for testi impairment in states where marijuana is legal. next on pbs newshour weekend. >> pbs n spossible by: is made bernard and irene schwartz. tethe cheryl and philip mi family. sue and edgar wachene im iii. eryl and philip milstein family. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter.

barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. additional support haseen provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thk you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, alison stewart. >> stewart: good evening, and thank you for e ining us. thre polite handshakes but also harsh words today as u.s. and north korean officials ntinued to discuss denuclearization and economic sanctions. at an asian security summit in singapore, u.s. secmitary of state pompeo met north korea's foreign minister, ri yong ho, in what pompeo called"" quick, polite exchange." the u.s. delegation also han the foreign minister a letter from president trump to north korean leader kim jong un.

but later in the day, the north ned that hismat war country will not eliminate its nuclear weapons unless the u.s. eases economic sctions. secretary pompeo asked allies at the summit to continue sanctions on north korea and called out russia for reports that it violated u.n. sanctions by granting new work permits to north korean laborer >> we expect the russiaie and all counto abide by u.n. security council resolutions and enforce sanctions on north korea. any violation that detracts from the rld's goal of finally fully denuclearizing north korea would be something that americal take very seriously. >> stewart: late last night, a confidential united nations report was obtained by journalists that said north korea has "not stopped its nuclear and missile programs and continued to defy security council resolutions." in denmark, a woman at ang shopall wearing a niqab-- a full face veil covering all but her eyes-- is the first

person to be fined under a new law. the so-called "burqa ban" wt into effect on august 1 and has been met with protests. the 28-year-o wan was asked to either remove the covering that is worn by some muslim a men or leave and pane. she left the shopping center northen of copenhnd was fined the equivalent of $156 u.s. dollars. other european countries have similar bans. this weekend, temperatures in spain and portugalap are oaching record highs, above 100 degrees, as a blistering heat wave continues to roast europe. more than 700 firefighters battled a wildfire in southern portugal while spanish authorities managed to contain a blaze near the southern town of nerva. so far, three people in spain have died due to the heat, and authorities are warninrceveryone to ee extreme caution. firefighters in northern california are dealing with windy, hot and dry weather this weekend that e strengthening existing fires and sparking new ones. thousands of people have left

their hmes in parts of endocino and lake counties north of san francisco. two fires bu already destroyed more than 50 homes and now cover an area larger than the giant carr fire, which is still burning near redding, california. that blaze is n the sixth most structive wildfire in the state's history. some survivors of the marjory douglas high schoo shooting in parkland, florida, joined gun control advocates at a national march in front of the national rifle association building in northern virginia today. organizersant universal, comprehensive background checks for all gun sales and a ban on high-capacity magazines and assault weapons. the protesters also called for such hard-hitting measures as revoking the n,r,a,'s tax-exempt status >> stewart: police have released their final report on the deadliest mass shooting in u.s. modern history. read takeaways from the reportrg at www.pbs.o/newshour.

>> stewart: this past thursday, ope trump administration's intelligence and security officials held a rare unified press briefing at the white heir message: the governnt will not tolerate interference in upcoming elections. but there is a new problem developing as hi-level cyber- security experts leave the f.b.i. joining us now from washinon c. is reporter eric geller, who covers cybersecurity for politico. so, eric, how many security experts and agentses are we talking about, and at what level? >> so these are the people who are charge of the largest groupings at the f.b.i., the division, and then the braonhes that si top of that. so there is a cyber division that was created at the beginning of the last decade it's about 15 years old at this point. wid recently the head of that division, alon his deputy, left, and his boss also left that headed the bnch that's on top of the cyber division. so these are the officials who set these are the people who decide where resources are going to be spent, howgents e going to

be utilizeed in the field. so we're talking about kind of high-level turnover, at righ now there aren't people in place deciding how to shape that mission going forward. >> stewart: has therbeen an explanation of the brain train? >> this is sort of a function of coincidence. agents have to retire at the age of 57, and all four people we wrote about in our recent story joined the f.b.i. as agents in the 90s. so this was a hiring boom in the 90s. the f.b.i. expects some of these retirements to continue as these agents reach tt age. they can also start to retire when they turn 50 if they've been servi for 20 years. they get their retirement benefits starting at that point. this is notnu ual, per se, and it does happen in other parts of the f.b.i. what is unusual is to have so many at the same time, and, also, this particular moapt is not a great one for the to sort of lack that strategy. >> stewart: the short-term impact, anthe long-term impact on cybersecurity? >> so the short-term impact is probably minimal. he fieldstigations in are going to continue.

the agents have their marching orders. they know what they'o. supposed to the long-term impacts could be more problematic. you might see initiative naz the iob.i. wants to undertake, large oper they want to undertake where maybe they need to get high-local official sign-offs. those strategy positions could be delayed. >> stewart: what do w about who might fill those positions and who might have a say filling those decisions? >> typically, othe deci are made by the deputy director in consultation with his or her top aides. the only person i have heard rumored to take over the cyber division, and the person in charge of the cyber divisions in the new york field ofice, which is sort of considered the premiere field office. yyou tcally see people promoted up to those senior management roles. o 'll have sosee what happens whether somebody is picked knows the chie stuff o whether they're an experienced leader from another field. maile they have leadershipls but they don't know cybersecurity too well. we are going to have to see what

is the caliber and what is the background of people brought in to take on these roles. >> stewart: f.b.i. director wray completely knocked down the idea that the trump administration's had anything to do with these people leaving. >> i think it's a great question. i think the submission still such a draw for the f.b.i. 'tagents. it whave a huge reeffect o recruitment. i think that's more a factat he lure of a private-sector job when you have kids who are about to startxa college, forle, you need to be able to afford those expenses. so i would say those factors are play.ly much more at >> stewart: so that's where those agents are going? they're going to high-paying, private-sector jobs? >> that's right. you can see how the private sector is waki up to the need to hire these folks and a lot of them do come.rom the f.b.i >> stewart: eric geller from politico, thank you for sharing yo t reporting. ank you.

>>ne stewart: as of 2018, states and the district of columbia have legalized mariana for recreational use while the changes have been cheered by pot advocates, the incrsed access to cannabis h led to concerns that more stoned drivers will take to the road. that presents a challenge not just for other motorists, but for la figuring out whether drivers are actually impaired by marijuana, or simply have remnantsdrf the in their system, is really complicated. newshour weekend's hari roeenivasan reports massachusetts, where the search is on to figure out who's high and who's not. >> is it nice and snug? >> sreenivasan: yeah. this is very amelia earhart, old school. i'm being fitted with a functional near infrared spectroscopy device-- or fnirs, for short-- at a lab at massachusetts general hospital. >> start from 100 and count backwards by seven. >> sreenivasan: 93.

jodi gilm is an assistant ofessor at harvard medical school and a researcher with the hospital's center for addiction medicine. 79. as i count backwards, the nodes on my forehead detect the amount of oxygen in the blood, in my brain-- an hard parts of my brain are working. each node is shown on screen as colo 23.quares. it's harder than it looks because i caht a very early rning flight. nine. two. thank god it's over. but gilman is not running a study oion sleep depriv she's developing a way to determine when drivers are high on marijuana. she's demonstrating this brain imagindevice on me while i'm drug-free, but, in her study, she's looking at the brains of volunteers before and after taking a dose of synthetic cannabis. how do you get from here to whetr or not someone is impaired behind the wheel? >> so, t idea is that your brain looks different when you're intoxicated. what we're looking for is a

neural signature of being high. so, we're looking at thbrain when you're not high and the brain when you're high, and tryingo detect differences between those two brain states. >> sreenivasan: gilman's research is very relevant forss achusetts. in november 2016, voters approved a recreational marijuana ballot initiative, joining seven other states in legalizing the drug. brick and mortar dispensaries could open as soon ashis summer. the coming influx of legal weed has many in the state concerned that it will mean more people are drivinwhile high. if an officer pulled me over right now and suspected i was drunk, police could test for alcol in my system. but with thc, the psychoactive ingredient in marijuan it can be in my system for weeks; andfi ring out whether i'm ause of it is really difficult. gilman and hveer co-igator, dr. eden evins, have tested teout 50 subjects so far and found that their can at least tell the difference between the effects fromhc versus a placebo.

>> tehis just shows that we h sensitivity, that it passes the bar and we could go to the next step. we have to be able to distinguish small doses that don't cause intoxicatioor impairment from a dose that causes intoxication or impairment. , it's like being able to tell the difference bween a .01 of alcohol on a breathalyzer and a .08. >> sreenivasan: the hope is that bee test will eventually be able to spit out a nthat quantifies the likelihood that a driver is impaired. >> the biggest advantage of som iething like this is thatt would be objective. it wouldn't rely on somebody's subjective opinion. it wouldn't rely on what the person thought pe you what the on's preconceived notions are. this would be a number. >> keep your eyes open for me. >> sreenivasan: but in the absence of new tools for ana impairment,u law enforcement are using some of the same methods as they do to detect impairment from alcohol. that means relying on the judgement of individual officers. >> you see this with my finger?

>> sreenivasan: on cape coz, these two police gathered for two days of advanced training on spotting impaired drivthers. class refreshed their skills, including how to administer the staard field sobriety test and gave officers more information about drugs. >> effects of cannabis: brief attention span. >> sreenivasan: rich troy is one of the instructors he's a sergeant in nearby ninnis, massachusetts, and a former drug recoon expert. that's a national credential developed in the 1970s to identify drug impaired drivers. >> everybody's differen some people can drink a lot of beer and some people ha beer and they're falling over giggling. the same holds true for drugs. en sreenivasan: law enforc officials in the state say there has to be more emphasis on training as access to marijuana dramatically increas in the state. john carmichael is the police chief in walpole, massachusetts, aniaa member of a state specl commission studying the issue of operating under the influence, or o.u.i. >> we've been dealing with the o.u.i. marijuana issue just like

we did before legalization. the problem is, here in massachusetts, it's not very tive. >> sreenivasan: under massachusetts state law, there is no requirement that someone who is arrested submit to an officer evaluation. and carmichael would like to see the legislature change the law. >> make it mandatory that if somebody is arrested on probable cause on a motor vehicle stop for o.u.i. drugs and they're transported back to the police station, th they've given implied consent that they will take that test. and if they refuse, then they should lose their driver's license jus st they refused a breath test. >> sreenivasan: the state commission will be providing recommens dati law changes by the end of the year, but g rmichael wants to see more research on measurpaired drivers. >> they have to come up with a good standard and something that's backed by the science. and you know, i just don't think we're there yet. >> sreenivasan: s ile researchand lawmakers try to figure out how to measure the level of impairment, t industry is ready to go. here at cannacon massachusetts, there are booths for everything from seeds to certified public accountants.

and at this industry conveion, marijuana-impaired driving is not perceived as a big problem. deneb dollinger runs a company that puts on cannabis-related events in massachusetts. is there a problem with peoe driving impaired? >> honestly, i don't think there is a problem with it. >> sreenivasan: rren jalbert works with a cannabis seed producer. >> there is no epidemic of impaired driving, high driving. 's a push to recriminalize or re-prohibit cannabis culture and activity and conmption. >> sreenivasan: chip lennemann works with a company that makes ant nutrients. >> i think there's a lot of people out there drivinground high o smoking while they drive. do i personally feel that it's the same asomeone driving ound drunk? no. i feel people have more control when they're stoned or high than when they're drunk. >> thaney have no underng of the fact that cannabis can be so impairi ng. >> sreenivasan: marilyn huestis is a researcher who studies the effects of cannabis at thomas

jefferson university in philadelphia. huesti ds usedving simulator, giving participants a dose of thc and testing their feiving skills. she says cannabis s motor control and the ability to make e cisions. >> they may be a drive home from work, but, for instance, the person who slams on the brakes in front of them or someone comes out ofhe roadside on a bicycle into their lane, all of tafse things are cted by cannabis and their ability to respond accurately and correctly. >> sreenivasan: because it's so difficult to cfirm tha marijuana is the cause of any one crash, data on traffic crashes and marijuana varies. but in stues looking at research from all over the world, the risk of crashes doubles when the driver is under the influence of marijuana. huestis believes there is risk to public safety and says impairment can be detectened by trcops. >> the best thing is to first have a documentation of the

impairment by the officer. and then, once you have theme impa, now you need a biological sample that will tell you which are the drs that may be contributing to that erpairment. >> sreenivasan: are devices used at roadside stops that test saliva for the esence of thc and other drugs. they provide results in a few minutes with a quick mouthoswab but onlythe presence of thc, not necessarily impairment. a california company called hound labs is developing a marijuana breathalyzer that detects whether a user smoked or consumed cannabis in the past few hours, but it's still being tested and is not yet available. >> we can't base policy on innovations that are yet to happen. >> sreenivasan: matt allen is the field director ff the a.c.l.u.ssachusetts and also serves on the state commission looking at dring while high >> i think that it's understandable that law

enforcement agencies are seeking the silver bullet that's milar to a breathalyzer because it establishebeyond a reasonable doubt proof of impairment in court. so, it's expedient. at the same me, at t a.c.l.u., we can't let expediency in court trump science, evide liberties.vil >> sreenivasan: allen is concerned that some in massachusettmight want to institute a hard limit on the amount of thc in drivers. since thc calier in the body for weeks, it's not a reliable proxy for whether a driver is impaired. >> we want to make sure that any recommendations that come out of the operating on the influence commission really are based in science and not this idea thatir imnt can be established by blood tests. >> so, what did that fee: >> sreenivas all right! back at massachusetts general jodi gilman and dr. eden evins e expanding their research. last month, they received a $1.5 million grant from the national institute on drug abuse. someday in the future, you could get perulled and the state trooper walks over, has you put

this baseball cap on. 't need to be able to interpret scans, right? >> no. no, not at all. so, the ide this dummy-proof, to make this as easy to use as possible so it doesn't require any specialized training s. >>enivasan: they hope to have a prototype of their brain imaging device beingested on the roads by next spring. >> stewartuntil this past thursday, u.s. automakers were preparing to design vehicles that would avera gallon by the year 2025. the standard was set by obama- era regulations designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. but now, the e.p.a. and the national highway traffic safety admiannistration havunced a proposal to roll back the requirements. opposition is from environmental groups but from states and, surprisingly, from some automakers themselves. timothy puko of the "wall street journal" joins us now from

washington, d.c., for more. so this proposal has a correlatio correlation between the fuel efficiency, the cost vehicle, and the safety of the vehicle. what does this proposalallege? >> well, the trump administration is saying that if you put standards on fuel efficiency that are too high, it's going to make cars that are too expensive, and beam pooem aren't gog buy them. and if they don't buy t new oast, safest cars, they don't have the best fuel efficiency and best safety standards. they're essentially saying the estimates for, you know, air quality, carbon emission improvements that the oba administration predicted, for forecast, aren't anything to come true because people aren't going to buy the types of cars they need to buy to make this happen. >> stewart: who lobbied for this? >> the automakers did. the vast change in consumeron preference oil prices and

gas prices fell, people were buying more trucks and souv siews again, and the y'alls forcefully said we don't know we're going to meet t mandates. in the past year, they fell a little bit short of what t obama-era requirements mandated for them. so they asked basicallyor some relief. they got a little bit more than they bargained for. >> s: you wrote in your piece, california had a de facto role as auto regulator, and california is puing back against this hard. explain why california is the de facto auto regulator and how it is pushing back? >> so california has been a leader for decades in terms of , cleanmental standar air regulations. they were doing it even before the federal government passe the clean ai act. they wonder in collaboration with the obama administration to setheseandards. there are a dozen other states that also follow those rules, and that covers abo a third of

country's whole auto market. so eff oneses with the power because the auto industry doesn't want to build cars for two different standards. u know, it'sitery costly.very an be confusing. and this is an industry that spends billions and billions on research and development and on logistics. and so if california and the federal government don't agree, it's a big problem for the automakers. that's the situation that we've gotten into now. california has this power. they want to keep the rules tha have been in place since 2012. but the trump administration doesn't agree. they want to get rid of them. and to do th, they'll have to fight the power that california nas. they've put out this proposal that they have the authority tov effectivel-ride or caiminate california's waiver, fornia's authority. california certainly doesn't agree. that's why this is prob going to go to court, and pretty much, everyone i'avelked to expects if it does it will go all the way to the supreme court. >> stewart: this is to be continued. tim puko with "the wall street

journal." thank you. hank you. >> this is "pbs newshour wkend," saturday. >> stewart: as we saw earlier in the program, there are major epncerns about g stoned drivers off the road. to bring you one more twist on this story from a researcher in massachusetts. turns out that just like everything el these days, if u want to find out whether you're too high to drive, well, there's an app for that. >> so, you're tracking the hand/eyeround-- so, coordination-- while you're also counting squares that flash on the screen. >> sreenivasan: gt.ot all right. l milburn has developed druid, an app that tests cognitive and coordination ability. i'm establishing a baseline on druid, testing myself when i'm supposedly sober. >> and your finger was on the circle about 25% of the time. >> politicians and police were saying, "we have no way to measure, you know, impairment from cannabis."

and i've been a psychology professor for 40 yes now and one of my areas ofha speciay been methods, measurement and statistics. and i thought, you know, i bet i know how to do that. and even my balance by having moo stand on one foot. it then comes up with an impairment score. >> your score comes out to about 44. >> sreenivasan: i'm mildly-- >> which is showing a mieltd evel of impairment. >> sreenivasan: mill burn says it could take several tests before myaseline stabilizes as sober. more than 11,000 people have downloaded the app and he is collaborating with researchers to test its efficacy. he sees the app as a tool duals can use, but that can also be used in research and occupational settings. and because a user has to establish a baseline whiln' sober, he dosee it as a device for law enforcement. >> i didn't really develop this as a tool to bust people who get stoned. i want to stop impaired people

from getting in the car in t first place. >> stewart: filly, in portland, oregon, this afternoon, far right groups and counterprotests who call themselves anti-fascists faced off for the third time this summer. heavily armed police closed streets and tried to keep the factions separated. the right wing groups known as patriot prayer and proud bs organized the rally, and there were reports that many came armed. two previous protests this summer ended ivin fights and olence. that's all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend. i'm alison stewart. thanks for watching. have a good night. captioning sponsored by wnet captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

>> pbs newshour weekend is made lepossy: bernard and irene schwartz. sue and edgar wachenheim iii. the cheryl and philip milstein family. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter. ubarbara hoperberg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. additional support has been ovided by: public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like yo thank you. be more. pbs.

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