captioning sponsored by wnet >> sreenivasan: on this edition for sunday, april 7: rwanda: 25 years after genocide. and, thdue ry driving youth employment in west virginia. next on pbs newshour weekend.ws >> pbs ur weekend is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. sue and edgar wacnheim iii. seton melvin. the cheryl and philip milstein family. ia dr. p. roy vagelos and t. vagelos. the j.p.b. founlition. ro p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberfu corporating is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products.w that's wre your retirement company.ti

adal support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasan.as >> sreen: good evening and thank you for joining us. israel's prime minister benjamin netanyahu sa last night that he would move to annex jewish settlements in the west bank if he wins a fifth term in tuesday's election. >> ( translated ): the question you are asking is an interesting one, w stage?o to the next the answer is yes, we will go to the next stage in imposing israeli sovereignty in the west bank. >> sreenivasan: more than 2.5 million paltinians and more than 400,000 jewish settlers live in the ng-disputed west nk territory. palestinian foreign minister riyad al-maliki said netanyahu would face a "real problem" if he tries to annex the settlemts and he blamed

esident trump for" encouraging" netanyahu by recognizing israeli sovereignty over t disputed golan heights. netanyahu is facing a serious challenge from former army chief benny gantz in the upcoming parliamentary eleions. the federal government now says it may take as long as two years s identify children separated from their famil the southern border in the year leading up to la summer's" zero-tolerance" immigration policy. the judge who halted that program on june 26th of last year, after a class-actionws t was filed, expanded the case to include what the government now says were about 47,000 children beginning on july 1, 2017. a spokesperson for the a.c.l.u., one of the plaintiffs in the case, said a two ar wait to renify families would be devastating to the children and said it will argue against the government's proposed method of reunification in the next court hearing scheduled for april 16. the u.s. and several other countries temporarily withdrew a htall number of troops from libya today as fng moved closer to the capital city of

tripoli. fighting between the so-called libyan national army, which controls the eastern part of the countr and rival militias affiliated with the u.n.-backed government has now reached the international airport near the capital. fficials say dozens have been killed and the united nations called for a truce to evacua wte tnded. in 2011, longtime dictator muammar gadhafi was overthrown and killed in a viole uprising. today in rwanda, officials marked the 25th y annivers the genocide that killed at least 800,000 people-almost all s of the tutsi minority. in the rwandan capital of kigali, soldiers laid wreaths at the genocide morial, where about 250,000 victims are buried. amrwandan president paul k lit a flame that will burn for 100 days, the length of time the nocide lasted. and at a later ceremony, dignitaries from around the world observed a moment of silence. >> in 1994 there was no hope, only darkness.

today, light radiates from this place. >> senivasan: we will have more later in the broadcast on the legacy of the genocide and rwanda's efforts to foster a unified identity. to learn more about the israeli primminister's campaign pledge to annex jewish enettl in the west bank, visit pbs.org/newshour. >> sreenivasan: with more than a dozen democrats now in the race for the 2020 pnasidential noon, talk is again turning to the final deciders-- the members of the electoral college. ter hillary clinton won the popular vote but lost the ral college vote to donald trump, there were new calls to abolish the constitutionally- mdated system. i recently spoke with npr reporter miles parks, who joined us from washington, d.c., to

talk about the electoral college and whether it could be changed. .>> sll, there's really two w of getting rid of the electoral college. one way, is very, very difficult to do. two-thirds of the housevef representa two-thirds of the senate and to agree to such a change, that kind of support i should say isn't there for very much issues. the other way would bey state state level, this pact to basically say we're going to give our electoral college votes to whoever wins the national popular vote, no matter whether that person wins the popular vote or not. if it got up to the 270 electoral college number, you could theoretically have the vote, but keep the electoral college system intact. at this point, we are know not anywhere near the 270 votes, we

have enougth states tha have signed on to have 80 eleclto votes at this point. >> sreenivasan: we know where california is going o,to we know where north dakota is going to go and they don't bother campaigning there. >> right, that is the biggntest argu in favor. it keeps middle america smand ler population areas in play. l going to have to go to rah-rah lee north rolina or grand pids, michigan. known chicago, houston, new york, favor in the national system, say yes, this is where the people are, candidates should care about the most people, they shouldn't be campaigning in places that are important for some abstract map as opposed to the entire country. >> sreenivasan: now, the

winner-take-all systems versus what there framers had put in mind, this wasn't desi oned to tu this way. but our democracy and our population and our political parties affiations they've ebbed and flowed, they've changed over times. the stopgaps have worked in verf rent ways. >> right. the electoral college system put very simply, values the votes of some rather than others. sparsely populatedural areas over the people who live in cities and rural areas. this gets into even a bigger thoblem when you look at the demographics oe areas. nonwhite voters live in cities disproportionately, rather than rural areas. so the electoral college values the rural areas rather than thea areas where these people live. >> sreenivasan: will not tant to becaus is a system that got them into four and this is

system that's keeping o of the other team out of power? >> in 2019, it sure looks like that wp president trump who used to be in favor of a national vote system has now switched, switched teams and the is in favor of the eleolctoralge. he says that's because, the electoral college keeps the midwest, keeps rural arica in the top of kind of the political game plan. but the mo cynical political scientists see this as a woray president trump to have a road to victory in 2020, seei as he lost the popular vote in 2016. the really interesting things about tbate is that we talk about it in these very concrete terms, that democrats are in favor at this point in the popular vote and republicans are in favor of the electoral llege. but those things ebb and flow. you look at a state like colorado that is very soldly blue right now. this is a state that voted red very consistently .years ago these things do ebb and flow,

you could see wa wor many until 20 years it could be in favor of the democrats. see california suddenly turned red in 20 or 30 years, you can't see that haening, but if that would happen it would change the debate for both political parties. >> sreenivasan: miles parks from npr, thanks so much for joining us. >> thank you h ari. >> sreenivas: the united nations has named april 7th as a day of remembrance for rwanda's brutal genocide. it was 25 years ago today that the genocide began but a quaer century later, despite vast improvements in the country, remnants frohem one ofarkest chapters in recent history remain. newshour weekend special correspoent benedict moran and video journalist jorgen samso recently traveled to rwanda. they spoke with rvivors and perpetrators, and looked into how the countris trying to overcome ethnic differences and build a new, national rwandan identity. a caution for viewers, some images in this segment may be disturbing.

>> reporter: 25 years after the rwandan genocide, bodies are still being unearthed. this mass grave was dis overed on theskirts of rwanda's capital kigali. innoce gasizigwaived through the horrors. he shows me some of what was ecently dug up. fragments of bones. a ss ll. and weapom the war. many skeletons have already beer removed anared for burial. all that remains are these rotted clothes. >> ( translated ): this isn't the placees to leave bo so removing them makes us happy. now we can bury them with gnity. >> reporter: rwandan officials say they were tipped off to this location a man who was convicted of participating in the genocide and released last year. they came here and discovered underneath houses and stores, thousands of bodies.st the frican country of rwanda has been historically dominated by twothnic groups:

a minority tutsi and a majority hutu. a group of mostly tutsi exiles, whosparents had been earlier forced out of the country, formed the rwandan patriotic front, known as the r.p.f. in 1990, the r.p.f. invaded rwanda with takhe goal of tg power. as the fighting escalated99 between 1990 a4, the hutu- minated rwandan government called on people to attack anyone who could be a supporter of the tutsi rebels. on apr 6, 1994, unknown assailants shot down a plane carrying rwanda's hutu president. within days, extremists took control of the government, and responded with mass violence. in just three months, around 800,000 tuts were killed.te hutu the genocide ended when the rebelat r.p.f. defe the government that july. while most foreigners evacuated during the killings, carl wilkens, an american missionary and aid worker, remained. >> it's just crazy how much has changed. it's just so beautiful now. these manicured, you know,

medianin the middle and palm trees. it's so bizarre. it's amazing. e reporter: wilkens is back in kigali to commemore genocide. back in his old neighborhood, he told us what he saw 25 years ago. >> i looked at this hillside and in fields and empty plots i saw what looked like garbage. and i got my binoculars and i looked and i saw the whole hillside was covered with bodies. >> reporter: wilkens lives in the ates now, where he speaks in american schools, teaching students about the genocide. he often returns to rwanda. >> during the school year i'm visiting schools, telling stories about what it walike during the genocide, but also stories about the recovery and how, you know, people are learning to live together again. ng toporter: but learni live together has understandably been hard for rwandans. annonciata nyirabajyiwabo is a tutsi survivor. today she lives in nyumba, a peaceful village in the south of rwan.

but 25 years ago, her life was turned upside down. she says one day, soldiers came and took her husband away. >> ( translated ): they knocked on the door, woke whus up, and my husband opened the door a soldier just slapped him in the face, and t i never saw him agrn. >> reporteas the violence against tutsi escalated and her neighndbors fled, she a her then one-year-old child found shelter in a dog house. at the time, she was eight months pregnant. a month later, while still in hiding, she went into labor. >> ( translate fled, it was so quiet, i couldn't even hear the birds sing.ve that's when i irth to my second child. i couldn't even feel the pain. it's like i was a wng dead person. >> reporter: nyirabajyiwabo says she and her now two children oustayed hidden in the dog for another month, eating little, and fearing for their lives 25 years later, she says the killers must be rehabilitated, but she's in no mood to forgive. >> ( translated ): you can never

find a strong enough punishment for someone who killed in the way they killed. if you killed them, you would be relieving them of the pain they feel inside. they should live and see the survivors and what they did. >> reporter: the trials following the genocide included 400,000 in which suspected perpetrators were tried by the new government in local courts. simon ndahayo was tried and admitted to participating in the killings. fingers, he counted the number of lives he ended.an >> ( slated ): five. i think about it a lot. killing five people who didn't do anything to me, it hurts me so much. >> reporter: while in prison,ede says, he audicial authorities for forgiveness, and was eventually released. but thousands of rwandans are still behind bars. he says, many admitted their responsibility.

>> ( translated ): i'm not ashamed to say this, all the people who admitted their guilt, and asked for forgiveness, they are doing okay. but some peoplisdidn't go to , and they may be hiding things still. >> reporter: while some may hide their pasts, none can forget them.r many sufom post-traumatic stress. a new study in the journal pshiatry, research suggests that their children, many of whom weren't even born then areo likely than other children to suffer from trauma. and there are other medical problems, some of them life- threatening. an estimated 250 to 500,000 mostly tutsi women and girls were raped during the gee cide. many wfected with h.i.v. >> ( translated en the killing started, i went to my neighbor to try and seek refuge. i thought he would protected me. but he re. and he gave me h.i.v. i had to choose between death and staying there, i had no way out. >> reporter: adera spoke to us on condition of hiding her full identity. today, she's picking up life- santiretroviral drugs from a hospital in kigali. her husband and five of her children were killed duringhe genocide. her daughter survived, and lived

with her mother until she recently married. now, adera lloives. >> ( translated ): it's not that i'm h.i.v. positive that makes me think of the genocide now. the main t ong is the lomy husband, and children. now i'm getting ol and i think, if my childenren hadn't illed, maybe they'd be taking care of me now. >> reporter: she's getting help ivpaying for food from sus fund, an international nonprofit that helps vulnerable tutsi survivors. samuel munenerere is the director of survivors fund. he echoes the theme we hear everywhere, that in rwanda, the past is always present. >> the challenges the survivors faced have changed over time. for some, and i think for many, genocide is still fresh in their mind. and the way the consequences have evolved in 25 years has been a very short time. >> reporter: still, the country has moved forward. new buildings dot the skyline in kigali.

hard numbers are hard to come by, but g.d.p. perapita is relyport six times what it was in 1995. for the rwandan government, stitching back together the social fabric means taking a strong-armed approach to promoting a new, national identity. day it's illegal to ask if someone is hutu or tutsi. >> we need a very strong rwandan identity, and to be proud of it. >> reporter: the goal is to create a new, national sense of citizenship, one that's not built on ethnicity. one way they do that is with a progmuram callednda. umuganda is a mandatory community service program. in rwandan, it means "coming together for a common purpose." umuganda requires a day of service each month for all rwandans between 18 and 65, hutu and tutsi. >> ( translated ): everyone needs to pugticipate in da. it's the law. >> reporter: villagers here in kiyeru are clearing a field ahead of the opening of a new school. often during umugandavillagers pick an area to clean, or fix a road. anyone who doesn't participate

can be fined 5,000 francs, or around $6. that's not a small sum in rwanda. >> ( translated ): afterwards, we have p meeting, and try and solve any problems we might have. it's an occasion to get together. >> reporter: some find the government's approach to nation- building heavy handed. others maintain it has helped bring relative security to the country. either way, for many, 25 years was only yesterday and the reconciliation process remains ongoing. >> sreenivaoun: there are nds of jobs in the oil and gas industry in west virginia recent growth in natural gas pipeline construction is offering young west virginians economic opportunities and a reason to stay in the state. vet some are concerned the boom willually come to an end, leaving youth without lasting opportunities. this next report comes from student reporting labs, a newshour program that works with

more than 100 high school journalism classrooms ay oss the cound helps train young reporters and teach them about josm and media literacy. student reporting labs alia king has the story. >> reporter: there are hundreds of miles of pipeline cedssing the ruountains of west virginia, carrying natural gas , businesses as homes all across the country. for some young people, pipeline related jobs are a rare opportunity to stay in the state and make a living. leah weeder is a welding student at monongalia countyechnical education center in morgantown. do you plan on staying in west virginia after graduation? >> i do plan on staying in west virginia. it'o s always goingbe home. i want to work on the pipeline because i guess i've always liked to be outside. and it's really good money.>> eporter: west virginia led the nation with a 14.4% increase in new construction jobs, more than 4,000, between january 2017 and january 2018, according to the general contractors of

america. much of the job growth is attributed to pipeline projects. brittany moody is the lead engineer on the atlantic coast pipeline, known as the a.c.p., a 600 mile project that goes through west virginia, virginia, nd north carolina. according to moody, the a.c.p. ios created over 4000 constructjobs. >> i have eight construction spreads. each spread is made up of approximately 500 to 800 employees. so when they come to the area, 's a pretty big impact especially in these little tiny towns that we're used to being in. >> reporter: many the workers on the a.c.p. grew up in west virginia, but the increase in new jobs has brought in workers from out of state as well. cody hibbard lives in aansas t has been jumping between welding gigs across the country since he left the naval academy ag age 19. several months o, he drove to buckhannon, west virginia in his trhek and camper to work on a.c.p. >> the wage is definitely liveable. it's a great way to make a living. >> reprter: cody earns $5600 per week in addition to

benefits. joshua hall is a professor of economics at west virginia university. he says pipeline construction has stimulated the state's economy. >> undoubtedly there's real benefits from the shale gas boom. some counties have doubled their property tax revenues and that helps all citizens of the state. >> reporter: but he warns the boom might not last. >> i think the biggest draw back that the shale gas boom had is it is a lure for a high school graduate to go into that industry which might be temporary instead of going to college. >> reporter: hannah criser is a senior at university high school in morgantown. she is stayying in state to st political science but is unsure what will happen after graduating college. >> i'm not sure if i would have job security for what i'm interested in. i think a lot of people in wv f west virginia is one of the only states that's actively losing population. >> reporter: whi does

opport mean to you? >> opportuni means that if i ve desires and passions i can explore those wholeheartedly 110%.ha but i can't doright now. and opportunity in west vginia is severely lacking in that sense. >> reporter: even pipeline workers from out of state, such as cy hibbard, aren't sure how long they will be able to stick around. >> i don't know if i'll stay in whst virginia. really depends oere our work is at. >> reporter: but the future of pipeline jobis also affected by environmental regulation. in december, a federal appeals court rejected pmits for the a.c.p. to cross two national forests and the appalachian trail. with construction stalled, project managers were forced to lay off or delay hiring more than 4500 workers. like most young people looking for work, they will move to wherever the jobs are, in or out of state. for pbs newshour student reporting morgantown, west virginia.

>> this is pbs newshour weekend, sunday. >> sreenivasan: in the 1980's there were warnings that the planet was in dire straits after the discovery of a holhe ozone. since then, scientists have been this week pbs airs the documentary "ozone hole: how we saved the planet." here's an excerpt. >> every october, a hole appears in thezone layer, and what worries scientists most: >> still not sure what causes the hole. >> thereman paper landed like a bombshell. >> weealized the way we were processing the data was wrong. >> the maker was a huge shock. we'd be thinking about ozonebe depletiog something like you know, 5% of the ozone layer would be lost and maybe about a it was only a theory, it was a long time in the future.

but, all of a sudden, we had this huge surprise, which no one anticipated. that it wasn't 5% a hundred years from now w, 35%, now. >> and so people began to move quite quickly. we started showing r satellite data around. i think it was visually stunning for people to seet was continental in scale. ngd in fact a big amount of ozone was b removed. and that's where you get the term ozone hole. itooks like somebody punched a hole in the ozone layer.e wh does it end? all we could see isas ozone was going own and it was -- down and it was going down fast. so where did it end? i got to admit, that there was some nights where i was a bit sleepless thinking about thatat. ad we done?

>> sreenivasan: join us tomorroe for more on upcoming israeli election and reports from the region all week. all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend. i'm harsrnivasan. thanks for watching. have a good night. captioning sponsored by wnet upaptioned by media access gt wgbh access.wgbh.org >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz.

sue and edgar wachenheim iii. seton melvin. the cheryl and philip milstein family. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. lva the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- iddesigning customized indl and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. additional support has been provided by: he and byorporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewe like you. thank you. nded in part by...

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