captioning sponsed by newshour productions, llcdr >> wf: good evening. i'm dy woouff. on the newshour tonight: with both flooding and trade crises at hand, president trump unveils anher aid package for u.s. farmers, to offset financial losses caused by his trade battle with chin, a. thsit down with 2020 democratic presidential candidate senator kirsten gillibrand of new york. and, caregivers-- many of whom are immigrants-- provide the crucial work of tending to the elderly.re but theyulnerable to wage theft, and some have been paid as little as $2 an hour. >> some our immigrant clients are unfamiliar with what the law requires, and even if they know what their rights are, are

scared to come forward. >> woodruff: all that and p mor, on tonbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> babbel. a language program that teaches real-life conversations in a new language, like spanish, french, italian, german, and more. bbel's ten to 15 minute lessons are available as anpp, or online. more information on babbel.com. >> kevin. >> kevin! >> kevin? >> advice for life. life weld.l-plan learn more at raymondjames.com. >> bnsf railway. >> consumer cearll >> home advisor.

>> and by the alfred p. sloan foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economic perfmance and financial literacy in the 21st century. >> carnegie corporation of new york. supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and security. at carnegie.org.>> nd with the ongoing support of these institutions: and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. h

>> woodruff: afterd-up that lasted for months, the u.s. senate has overwhelmingly passed a funding bill to help communities hit by natural disasters. the vote was 85 to 8. the house is expected to quickly follow suit, and the president 'sid today that he will sign it. the newshourhite house correspondent yamiche alcindor has been tcking the debate, and joins me now. so, yamiche, you hg e been followis. there's a lot in this bill. give us a sense of what it is. >> well, this is a require by parents bill aimed at impacting areas and helping are impact bid natural disasterst. the's $19.1 billion in disaster relief for parts to have the united states hit by hurricanes, flooding and wierdle, going to the southeastl midwest,ornia and the as well as some parts of the military for damaged bails. there's ao $1.4 billion for

puerto rico to help with the reroverym hurricane maria that hit the island in 201ls789 that wasa big sticking point for president trump who was against giving this money to puerto rico and ex $4.5 billion funding for u.s.-mexico border. that's another concession by president trump because he said he wanted to get immigration money in this bill. he said he watold he would be able to get the immigration money in a separate bill. lisa desrdins, our capitol hill correspondent, says she thinks the bill could be se to the president as early as tomorrow afternoon. >> woodruff: the president was saying he wouldn't work with democrats on anything as long as the house continues to vestigate him. the war of words between the president and speaker pelosi escalated today. >> now, this time, another temper tantrum. again, i pray for the president of the united states. i wish that his family or his

administration or his staff would have an tervention, for the good of the country. the white house is just crying out for impeachment. that's why he flipped yesterday. >> she said i walked into the room right next door yesterday,d and wan and started screaming and yelling. just the opposite. justhe opposite. crazy nancy, i tell you what. i've been watching hern and i have btching her for a long period of time. she's not the same person. she's lost it. >> woodruff: so a remarkable war of words, yamiche'v. seen it before. this brings it to a new level. what does this mean?>> ell, the attack between president trump and congressional democrats keep getting more more personal. this disaster relief bill was largely on capitol hill behind closed doors with lawmakers on rhe hill being able to talk to each other, theesident making concessions. but when you go withto the president and the democrats, they're add odds and it's getting worse and worse. the president is using insul

and going after democrats saying they're bitter about 2016, rtht thlly wanted to impeach him. on the democrats side they say he's acting unpresidentle and is not fit for the offe. source inside the white house and on capitol hill means t gridlock in washington could get worse. this could hold up bills including immigration and infrastructure which are already longshots, will just get harder. >> woodruff: it has gotten very personal. yamie alcindor, thank you. >> thanks. in the day's other news, parts of missouri, including the capital city, are in disaster a mode aftarrage of tornadoes. they struck during the night, and left death and heavy damage. amna nawaz has our report. >> nawaz: twisters darkened the missouri evening sky... >> there's a tornado right there, janie. >> nawaz: ...and after nightfall, lightni strikes and wailing sirens signaled the oncoming danger. daylight revealed heavy damage in jefferson city, the state capital. a tornado had ripped apart homes

and entire neighborhoods, leaving families to dig through the wreckage. at a car dealership, maned vehicles lay flipped over and rows of new cars sat damaorge destroyed. carrie tergen is mayor of jefferson city. >> there were many residents who lost their homes, who lost portions of their homes, who had significant damage to their homes. it's been a trying day. it's been hard, and we've had to look at each oer and cry and gg each other and say, you know what, we're going through this together. 15 nawaz: no one was killed in jefferson city, bumiles away, in golden city, a tornado took touee lives. mi governor mike parson said it could have been even worse. >> we wereery fortunate last night that we didn't have more injuries than what we had, and we didn't have more fatalities across the state. plenty opeople doing everything they could to warn people, the general public, to take to safety, and a lot of people did. >> nawaz: the severe weather moved in from eastern oklahoma, where surging flood water tore loose two barges in the arkansas

river. they struck a dam just above the town of bbers falls, but the dam remained intact. not far away, ficials in tulsa warn of more flooding along a river. >> you should anticipateheby the end ofay today, the water being in your area, if you're in tulsa county. >> nawaz: earlier this week, severe flooding sent homes collapsing into the cimarron river, north of oklahoma city. others were left hanging by a thread as the current carved deep into the shoreline.an f ozens of tornadoes tore through swaths oe southern plains, from oneida, kansas to des moines, iowa. all this damage comes after months of severe weather and flooding in the region. and, the high waters may be a persistent reality.s. the limate prediction center says above-average miecipitation is likely in the weeks. for the pbs newshour, i'm amna nawaz. >> woodruff: in washington, the

u.s. justice department filed a new, 18-count indictment against wikileakuns r julian assange. it accuses him of publishing thousands of secret documents. thu.s. is seeking to extradite assange from britain. sweden also wants to extradite c him, on a rarge. he pentagon formally presented plans to the whise today for sending reinforcements to the middle east, amid heightened nsions with iran. earlier, acting defense secretary patrick shanahan disputed reports that it might involve 10,000 troops. >> that is not the number. what we're foced on right now is, do we have the right force protection in the middle east? as soon as that changes, i promise i'll give you an update, but those numbers are no correct. >> woodruff: shanahan said atiny adal forces would focus on protecting u.s. troops already

in the region. in india, the ruling hindu nationalist party, the b.j.p., headed for a landslide election victory today. the world's largest democracy voted in phases over six weeks. today, prime minister narendra modi greeted supporters during a celebration in new delhi. the b.j.p. was projected to add to its majority in parliament. voting began today in electiones for ropean parliament, with far-right parties loogaking to make ns. polls opened first in the netherlands, and then in britain. originally, britain planneu to leave thpean union in march, but has so far failed to agree on the terms. votingcross europe runs through sunday. back in this country, fs eral prosecutarged chicago banker stephen calk with bribery for allegedly trying te loans for a top job in the trump administration. they said former trump campaign chair paul manafort shed calk

for secretary of the army, after getting $16 million in loans. calk did not get the job. and, on wall street, oil prices and tech stocks plunged again, and triggered a new sell-off. the dow jones industrial average lost 286 points to close at 25,490. the nasdaq fell 122 points, and the s&p 500 slid 34. all three indexewere down 1%. still to come on the newshour: the trump administration announces billions of dollars for farmers to ease the pain of the trade war. a u.s. citizen who joined ele taliban issed from prison, raising questions of how to handle once-radicalized americans. sitting down with democratic presidential candidate kirsten gillibrand. and, much more.

>> woodruff: farmers have been among the americans hardest hit by the united states trade war with china. as william brangham reports, ayth no end in sight, the trump administration tnveiled a second emergency aid plan to offset agriculture losses. >> brangham: the trump administration will spend $16 billion to help farmers impacted by chinese tariffs and this ongoing trade war, topping last year's aid package. secretary of agriculture sonny perdue says farmers can expect direct payments starting this summer. fomore on this, and the larger problems facing farmers, i'm joined by delaney howell, st of iowa public television'se agricultrogram, "market to market." chdelaney, thank you very or being here. the president announced the bick $16 billion ge today, and this seems to just be an acknowledgment that this ongoing trade fight with china has hurt

some farmers, and now the president wants to try to helput them. >> absolutely, william. you've got it spot on there. i mean, the president has sai td fr beginning, he's apologized to the farm community, and i think youee that reiterated again today with y'e announcement of toda assistance package. >> and what is your sense from -- i know you have been talking to farmers throughout this process. how do they react when these -- this is now the second big package the president offered. what's their reaction to this? >> this sentiment in regards toh assistance pacage, in particularly, is they'd prefer trade. the sentence used is trade not aide. they'd want to trade with these countries and prefer trade but they are thankful that, attend of the day, the president recognizes and is offeng an olive branch to the farming community. >> they obviously have been hurt directly by these tariffs.

is the a sense among the farming community that this aid is enough, that thisill help them get through? >> that is to be seen. we've sndorff 2018 a lot of producers going out of businesst especially in dairy community in wisconsin in new york, those folks have been hit very hard and i know that, across the midwewell, the rug has been pulled out from many, many farmers. so i think it's to be seen really how much an impact this assistance package will help rural america because there are so many details left in the oiknown at thisnt, william. >> the president seems to be as muchng and sa today that this fight with china is going to be short-lived and in the end worth the fig do farmers share the sense of optimism that, in the end, that was the right fight to fight? >> i think at this point farmers still very largely feel president trump has their bust interests at heart. however, would counter that this latest round of aide

package, to me t, indicatt this is not a short fight to fight, this is an indication thap, perh we're going to see this trade war or trade battleith china drawn out for another couple of months, maybe another year or so, and that's why i think, part and parcel, the announcement of the latest age.stance pack perdue said president trump wants to help farmers but because to have the trade squirmish, we're e t closto a deal. i think it's a rushed decision. the rushed thing released finally this week. >> of course, on top of the ongoi trade fights, there have been these terrible storms and the floods and the sort of disasters that the farming community have had to endure. we did see the announcement, at least seems there will be a disaster aid package coming, but for people not tuned in to the

farming community in the u.s., what has this last year been likeor them? >> this last year has been very hard on the farming comndmunity know there's probably a lot of east and west coast folks ram tonight.s pr the folks in the midwest are struggling. the agriculre economy is usually the last one to have an influx in funds and the commodity markets, et cetera. we're kind of the last ones to feel the success that the general economy feels. so while you see that the economy has a whole has bee surging, jobs are surging, we're at a very low uneloyment rate, i believe the lowest in almost 50 years, agriculture is not having the same success. we have had trade skirmishes that have directly impacted many producers over the last year, really, and now, when you add in e latest weather issues, we are feeling those effects. >> and i know, lastly, there was some conce that some of this aid package might, in fact, steer farmers to planting crops theythouldn't haverwise

planted. can you explain that dynamic? >> absolutely. so we're coming up here on what's known as the final insurance plant date, so there are two dates important eto fars that vary by state and commodity. corn has a different set of dates than coy soybeans and wheat. but once a proater hits the final deadline, for example in iowa the final corn plant deadline is may 31, sous we near the plant deadline, farmers may have to cnsider other operations in switching the airstrikes they intended to plant as corn acres now to soybean acres. so it's been coupled withun today's anment that the assistance package is one payment rate per cou tnty, regardlehave the commodity. so as producers are figuring oua the e sheets and what commodities they're going to plant, they're pushed now byhe weather as final crop insurance dates are quickly oaching. ly add that this new assistance

package released t if those acres do not get planned, they will not be eligible for the assistance package that's president trump and the usda announced today. >> delaney howell ofa i public television, thank you so much. >> thank you. >> woodrf: john walker lindh, the man who became known as "american taliban," was released from federal prison today for good conduct, three years short of his 20-year sentence. lawmakers and trump administration officials todayiz crit the move, saying he was still an extremist. and, as nick schifrireports, his release brings up larger questions of how the u.s. deals with convicted radicals. >> schifrin: he was disoriented, and used his adopted name: abdul hamid. >> schifrin: but john walker lindh was unmistakably american. >> my father? myather's name, you mean? it was frank.

>> schifrin: lindh was a 20-year-old american who become an american enemy, captured alongside taliban fighters in late 2001. he was born in california, grew dup in washington, d.c., converted to islam. in 2000, h e traveled to this religious school in pakistan to study quran. and then he crossed the border into afghanistan, to volunteer to fight foraliban. he arrived at the front on september 6, just before 9/11. he was captured in dber, and c.i.a. officer johnny "mike" spann interrogated him in video filmed by afghan intelligence. >> hey, look at me. do you know the people that you're here working with are terrorists? >> schifrin: shortly after, prisoners,ncluding lindh rioted, and spann was killed. law enfoement brought lindh back to face charges in spann's death, but in a plea bargain, he only admto illegally supporting the taliban. this week, spann's daughter alison wrote to president trump requesting lindh not be released.

she spoke to abc news: >> he's responsible in some part for the death of my father, and so for him to be released early, just was unbelievable. >> schifrin: that shock was kehoed today by secretary of state miompeo: >> schifrin: in 2002, lindh released a statement saying he "never understd jihad to mean anti-americanism or terrorism. i condemn terrorist on every level, unequivally." but two u.s. government assessments since then concluded lindh has made pro-isis comments, and "continued tovo te for global jihad and to write and translate violent extremist texts lindh was released on certain conditions. internet- possess a capable device without permission or constant monitoring. he cannot view or access extremist or terrorist material, or communicate with extremists. and, he must undergo mental

health counseling. that leads to bigger questions: how should the u.s. release convicted extanremists? should the u.s. try to de-radicalize them? kevin lowry recently retired as chief probation officer for the u.s. district court in minnesota. he established the only de-radicalization program in the country for accused extremists. kevin lowry joins me now. thank you very much, welcome to the "newshour". let's start with those who supervoned releasetions for john walker lindh. are those sufficient to make su that lindh or anyone like him who has been convicted of these crimes doesn't stay radical in the future? >> well, i don't think that they're foolproof and that there's 100% guarantee with anything. what we do is we set up conditions to monitor, provide monitoring, surveillance, correctional treatment throughout the course of supervision, throughout watching behavior very closely we'll know and monitoreople are doing

under supervision. we never take people's rd for what they are doing or their commitment, but we wat their actions, and, therefore, tho conditions are paramount and both public safety and ensuring that there is correctional or reharehabilitative treatment for extremists. >> there is an irony, it seems to me. the u.s. actually funds deradicallization programs overseas, as you know, because you ossited some of programs overseas. there is no national u.s. deradicallization program, even though about 80 or 90 convicild terroristsl be released in the next few years. so do you think it's possible to take the program that you did it minn make it a national program? >> i believe that it's possible, that it could be a model for national programming. rethink each community is diffe, it has different challenges based on the circumstances. we have a laimrgigrant population that creates a certain challenge for us andmu

other coties have different challenges, and they have large grps of white extremists, for example. those are also terrorism cases and will need to beddressed in the same fashion that other extremism or terrorism ises aded. but i think that we're on the right track, but we need focus and funding. right now, when you're talking about a country as larsge a the united states and you can talk about just a few efforts or programs across the country, that's not a good situation to be in considering the number of defendants and offenders that we have coming through our system. when you look at the u.k., the prevent program, when i visited with them, they hada $67 million a year budget and a lot of both government prog and non-government programs funded as a result of that in the area of dealing with extremist cases. >> there's also the quetion of reintegration or perhaps even integration. john walker lindh, for example, left the u.s. when he was a teenager, has been in prison for

17 years. he needs an apartme, he needs a job. talk about the challenges of integration, how imptant is it to have infrastructure to help people like lindh, like peopeele who have convicted of these crimes who are going to be releasednk >> well, i tt's important to note that as probation pre-trial services, this is our profession. we do this with a number of high-risk and a number of different pes of offenders that range frosex offenders to cartel, and now we have a growing group of extremist or t terrorism cast are coming out, that's our profession. we need to expand our knowledge and our base of community resources with mentors, counseling and comnity service that are focused on extremist cases, and that's a challenge because there's noa lot of incentive throughout the united states for programs to be volved in that type of programming, as much as there

has bn, per se, substance abuse programming. >> jt very quickly, do you believe there should be that kind of programming nationally? >> no, i think it's very important, and i think that there's going to need to be a lot of funding put out, and it's going to have to be a commitment to where it studies funding over a long period of time it's not a quick fix. i think it's going to be even five years before we see is the program that we'e using currently working, whatnt adjustare being made and what kind of funding will beak available to adjustments and, if we lose sight of that, then we'll continue to ask ourselves these same questions every time there's a catastrophic event, whh, unfortunately, has become our new normal. >> kevin lowry, who established the first deradicallization program for accused extremist from minnesota, thank you very much. >> you're welcome. f:

>> woodrtay with us. coming up on the newshour: america's caregivers are vulnerable to wage theft and exploitation at tdshe han of their employers. the wreck of the last slave stop that sailehe u.s., discovered at last. and, marine biolist sylvia earle gives her "brief but spectacular" take on why the planet's oceans matter to us all. amonthe 23 democratic candidates running for president in 2020, one is new york senator kirsten gillibrand. over the course a decade, ese has become a key voice in the chamber, on isike gender equality, and changing how the u.s. military handles sexual assault cases within its ranks. in recent campaign appearances, she has put a heavy emphasis on abortion rights.d, enator gillibrand is here with me now, to discuss her 2020 bid. welcome to the "newshour". >>hank you,udy.

>> woodruff: so as we said, almost two dozen democrats going after the nomination. ely kirsten gillibrand? >> i think americans are brave every day, fighting for their families just to make ends meet. i think president trump has made their lives harderith more barriers, and i'm running for president because i'm going to fight for theinm. i'm to make sure that they have a voice and i'm going to take on the corruption and ged and the root of all the problems mn washington in order toe sure they can have healthcare as a right and nota privilege. i taken to the insurance companies, take on the drug companies, making sure we havc e better pubhools and debt-free college through national public service, and make sure they better job training so they can work their way into the. middle class and take on employment. so my vision of the country is a little different. i have the experience and t ility to get things done. >> woodruff: speaking of

experience, you have been in th senate forars, or in the house and senate. you represent the fourth most populous state in the country. new york, you announced in january, but you are still, to be political, you are still lagging in the polls behind people like kamalari h pete buttigieg, you're having a hard time raising money with the so-called small dollar donorsat. o you think is holding you up? >> we're actually doing well in the polls. i'm excited to take my message to places like iowa, new hampshire, south carolina and nevada, and i'm excited about what's happened in the last several weeks. we are galvanizing support and exieptd in this part of the campaign. i mentioned that you made abortion rights sothing that you're focused on. you've talked about making it a litmus test for appointing judges, but should abortion rights also be a litmus test for the democratic party? should the party, for example, give money to candidates at a

level if they are not pro abortion rights, if they're pro-life? >> from my perspective, i will upport candidates that are pro-choice thatlook at me and you and say that we deserve equality, that we deserve basic civil rights, reproductive rights, human rights, and i don't have a lot of tolerance for democratic candidates who don't share thoseic b values because they are literasally ying i don't have the right to make the most intimate life and death decisions n about whem having children, how many children i'm having, under what circumstances i'm having. so voters can hav any perspective they want, of course, and everyone also has their own personal views on issues of reproductive car a but i think arty we need to value women, stand up for women, and i don't think wesu should bporting candidates that don't. >> woodruff: the current tradewi wa china, as you and i sit here today, the financial markets re showing nervousness

about what's going on, markets are down several hundred points. you've said that china needs tou be held aable for what you called its greedy practices, but you said americans deserve a strategy not a tantrum. >> right. >> woodruff: so what exactly would you do to hold leina accounta >> so, obviously, china does app lot of really aggrsive anti-fair competitive trade practices. they dump steel m on theket, they manipulate their currenthc, ey steal ip. they have a lot of unfas, trade practind we have the hold them accountable because the truth is their practes harm american workers. we have a massive trade imbalance and, under president trump, that trade imbalance has actually gotten worse. so he is not interested in having fair trade in this untry, he's just interested in

fighting, and that fighting sounds mining our ability to sell our goods and servicesdw woe. we've heard from producers across the country that they'd ts abroad and marke in china an and, because of president trump's trade war, they can't sell their soybeans or ethanol or corn or pork. >> woodruff: spervelings what would you dotl differ -- specifically, what would you do differently? >> i would engage our allis d have conversations with how we enforce bad trade practices andh we hold china accountable. we can use the wto, we can use multi-laterallism to affect a different outcome on how they deal withompetitors and the world economy, and i would hold them accountable, i would prosecute these cases of dumping of steel, and i would make sure at we do have appropriate tariffs where necessary t rebalance the balance of trade.

>> woodruff: back to your advocacy for women. you're making direct appeal to women voters, childcare, reproductivairights, payment you've also been outspoken on meet o and i think there's a consensus that #metoo has been beneficial, but the fact that you were the first senator to call for senator al franken to resign after he s accused of groping has left some democrats saying you went too far, considering he was not guilty of something like what harvey weinstein did. do you believe, looking back on this, that it would have been better to have it go to the ethics committee, to let the voters of minnesota decide his fa? >> well, that was senator franken's decision. if he wanted to go to the ethics committee, that is his right. if he wanted to wait for the next election, thas his right as well. but my decision to not stay lent islso my responsibility as a u.s. senator. given that he had eight creedi

allegations that were corroborated in realtime foran gropin forcible kissing, two since he was app senator, and an able to one that came to light was a congressional staffer. and i've led on these issues of ending sexual assault, sexual harassment, changing employment agreements to give women more rights, so i couldn't remain silent. i'm also a moher of boys and i have a 15-year-old boy named theo at home and the conversations were, mom, why are you being so tough on senator franken? and i said, thee o it's not okay to grope a woman anywhere on her body without her consent, it's not okay to forcibly kiss a woman ever without her consent, it's not okay for you or for senator franken. but if you very high profile democratic donors are unwillin to support my campaign for president, that's on them. but i have a re i stood with eight women who

feel they were groped and forcibly kissed by senator franken inappropriately and spoke out. i stood with them and again, if our party is going to punish women who stand up for other wee are absolutely going in the wrong direction. >> woodruff: you acknowledge this has hurt you politicalup? >> i stanor what i believe in. one of the reasons i'm running, judy, is i take on the fights 'tat other people won i've taken on the pentagon twice, first over sexual assaults in the mil and don't ask don't tell repeal. to actually begin to have gay rights in this couy, the first major piece of legislation to make sur lgbtq americans can serve and not be discriminatedt. agai ive taken on cons, my earmarks, disclosure and taxes, firstal presidenandidate to put all years of taxes online for public service and also passi bills to stop the culture corruption in washington, making

insider trade big memllr of congressal. i think we need a brave president, someone who will stand to do the right thing because the truth is if you're not willing to take on corruption at the root, corruption and greed and everything that defiance washington, you will not pass healthcare, you in never pass the greernld green new deal, you will not attack global climate change, you will not do ath of e things i want to do and so many people in this country need ne. it just show, judy, sometimes it's hard. and when you're unwilling to lead and do the brave thing when it's hard, you won't be a strong president. i bring people tther electoral and legislatively and you need both. >> woodruff: are you sayin senator frann is part of that corruption? >> no, but speaking out against a colleague that you respect and admire and we are friends is really hard, a you do it because it's not easy, it's not expedient, it's notly politic

helpful, it's difficult, but,dy i value women. we as democrats are the party of women. we just flipped the house of representatives becau democratic women ran for congress. we're bold, we're brave and won. i stand up for women, and i challenge any democrat runng for president that are unwilling to stand up for women, unwillinm to valueen. who are we as a party? >> woodruff: senator kirsten gillibrand running for the democratic nomination, thank you. >> thank you, judy. >> woodruff: providing for the elderly has become a multi-billion dollar industry, with about 29,000 residential careacilities operating across the country. but, a new investigation by reveal, from the center for investigative reporting, has found that some of facilities are profiting by exploiting caregivers,

effectively paying them as little as $2 an hour to work around t clock. jennifer gollan has the story.ul >> reporter: riduta knows first-hand the true costs of the long hours required for elder care. >> we geup at, like, 5:00 to prepare their breakfas 70 we start helping them bathing and hygiene. >> reporter: she was a live-in caregiver who expected to work around 12 hours a day, but says in reality, the hours were much longer. >> my experience is like, 24 hours, seven days a week. $800. a month.ep >>ter: that comes out to about $2 an hour. riduta, who now has a job with a different employer, says her former boss refused to pay her more than that monthly sum, even when she worked extra hours. >> she explained that we have to be grateful of that $800, because she's giving free food

and free accommodation. but we're sleeping in the living room, with no blanket, nothing.r >> rr: nationwide, there are about 29,000 residential care communities, not including nursing homes. many of these facilities are run by small-time entrepreneurs who have converted singl family homes into assisted living lucilities for seniors. they're touted as ative business opportunity. >> i'm going to share with you how you can turn a single family home into a cash-flomachine. >> i found there was such demand for this business, that i filled e facility in 30 days. >> we call it "america's untapped business opportunity." >> reporter: these board and care homes vary in size, but in california, most are small, with six beds or less. they're often cheaper than rarsing homes, but can be quite profitable for oors. but in some cases, it's at the expense of caregivers, who have ttle leverage when they complain about being underpaid. >> asking, like, "we heard that

there's minimum wage," something like tha then she get mad. "if you guys are not happy here you're welcome to get out of my house." whtsome of our immigrant cli are unfamiliar wit the law requires, and even if they know what their rights are,cared to come forward. >> reporter: winifl d kao is a cights lawyer who's combating what some legal scholars are calling indentured servitude. ot of what we see in this industry is workersei paid a flat monthly salary for all the work. >> reporter: some, who worked for the owner of these care homes in california, were paid as little as $3.50 ahour, while amassing a fortune for the young owner, stephanie costa. >> i'vhad this thing of taking care of older people, like sick people who are dying. i've always really felt for them. >> reporter: in 2013, costa described her success on the reality tv show, "the millionaire matchmaker."

>> my names stephanie, and i'm 30 years old, and i own a chain of elderly care facilities. i my net wor$3 to $4 million, probably. t >>nk it was frustrating and startling for us to see that on the one hand, she wasn't even pamng her workers the mini wage. and yet to find out shs a tv sho, bragging about being a miire. >> reporter: soon after appearing on tv, california's labor regulator ordered stephanie costa and her company to pay about $1.6 million for unpaid wages and penalties. but that didn't disrupt costa's lifestyle in beverly hills. she kept this home after filingu for bacy, and settled with workers for a fraction of what she owed. her six care homes are now owned by a property investment company registered bher father. stephanie costa is the company's c.e.o. when i paid a visit to her, she stonewalled.

stephanie, we've tried to reach you about the exploitation of your caregivers, but you've refused to answer our questions, and i'd like to offer you the opportunity to comment. >> i'm sorry, i think you have the wrong house, ma'am. >> reporter: reveal found 1,400w cases nationwire care home operators broke minimum wage or other labor laws, and in many cases, the federal department of labor ordered that workers be compensated for stolen wages. aida genove was among those cases. from her, twic she took us to the bank of america, where her employer forced her to cash checks worth $5,600 for back wages, and then give it all right back to him. >> i'm really mad at him. that's my check, that's mymo y, so it should be mine. >> reporter: her employers, rommel and glenda publico, pleaded not guilty to multiple felonies, including grand theft and tax fraud. rommel publico defended the treatment of h caregivers, telling us they were "like a

family," but he refused to go on camera. the department of labor also declined an interview, but in a written statement, a spokesperson said the agency has conducted "extensive outreach" to ensure operators "pay their workers the wages they have legally earned." were you aware that over the last decade, there have been 1,400 cases of wage theft across the u.s.? >> i certainly wouldn't doubt that there may be such a situation. but i think it's pretty isolated.or >> rr: ron simpson, a founding director of 6beds, a group represenng small care facilities in california, thinks most do a good job. >> the caregivers were really happy with their situation. in most cases. >> reporter: why were they happy? >> because they had a place where they could live, and they loved what they were doing.lf they were led by enriching somebody else's life. >> reporter:ut that is not what i found in dozens of interviews with workers who were afraid tspeak up. their bosses have threatened to fire them or report them to immigration.

some feared for their safety. >> because of the millions involved on the part of the employer, i'm scared of my life. >> reporter: this workeesr is a wiin one of the largest cases involving residential care waft. >> i wanted to quit, but i needed the job i needed to surviv >> reporter: while working for the operator of this care home, shosays she rarely had time stop and eat. >> i wasn't happy. i was crying all the time h i wanted to e. i questioned, why am i in this profession? >> reporter: her formerem oyer, adat shalom board and care, has been cited by state relators for more than $7 million for unpaid wages and penalties involving almost 150 workers. the care home company has appealed, denied any wrongdoing, and refused further comment. simpson says these sorts of pay disputes arise from caregivers just not keeping track of when they're off the clock. >> caregivers will spend lots of

time just doing their own personal stuff while they're in the home, on their phones, texting, maybe even texting back home to their families. but they're not logging in and logging out when they do that. >> reporter: he says the solution is educating care home owners on labor laws. to see this in action, we attended a conferencoue his 6beds organized. >> so to me, the live-in model, if done right, is a win-win. >> reporter: george kutnerian, senior vice president at 6beds, tells care home operators that having a single live- caregiver is a good way to save money on payroll. >> you want your workers who stay overnight on the premises to be classified as live-in so rwat you can take advantage of that, because ote you're going to find yourself in the 24-hour worker boat. t and that's goiinvolve more payment. >> reporter: operator-imust pay a licaregiver when on duty, but not always for sleep time and breaks. >> but basically, we need to make sure that they get, get-- theyave an opportunity to g five hours of sleep.

the five hours don't need to be continuous. >> reporter: pat mcginnis, from california advocates for nursing home reform, says trst when caregire worked to the point of exhaustion, it affects patients. >> it has a terrible effect on sident care when you have to work 24 hours a day with no reprve. >> reporter: she says the requirements to operate a care facility in california are far too lax. >> you need more training to be a manicurist, to do somebody's nails, than you do to run a residential care facility for d e elderly. >> it is indentuservitude. >> reporter: congresswoman rosa delauro says regulators need the resources to crack down on wage theft. >> the department of labor is being hollowed out so that itfo cannot p the function that it is established to be le to perform, to protect workers and to make sure that they are notg gettpped off by their employers. >> reporter: an appropriationlls he introduced would boost

federal funding to enforce labor laws. h it passed in tse appropriations committee, and jll now go to the house floor. caregivers such ie riduta hope the bill will force unscrupulous operato to face tougher consequences.th >> whe abuse animals, you can end up being in a je ail. and weman beings, so i feel like worse than animals! m >> reporter:eanwhile, caregiversround the country will continue to push to be paid fairly and treated with dignity, for the crucial services they provide. for pbs newshour, i'm jennifer gollan, in san francisco, california. >>oodruff: and you can find the full investigation by the center for investigative reporting at www.revealnews.org.

>> woodruff: the remains of the last slave shiatp ame to america have been found. the schooner, "clotilda," brought 110 africans to u.s. shor in 1860, decades after it was illegal to import slaves into the country. those slaves were the last of da estimated 389,000 africans delivered into b in mainland america from the early0 to 1860. the wreckage of the boa found in alabama's mobile river. megan thompson has ten reporting search, the history and the meaning of it for those slaves' descendants. here's her latest report. >> we are at the upper end of mobile bay. this is the route that "clotilda" took on its illicit, illegavoyage to bring people here to alabama to enslave themr >> rr: james delgado is a historian and maritime archaeologist who has researched

the history of this inlet on alabama's southern coast. delgado says mobile bay has been important place for trade for centuries. >> the trade that ultimately changes everything is cotton. by the time the civil war breaks out, mobile is exporting over half a million tons of cotton. it's the bis of the entire economy, not just for the mobile area, not just forlabama, but for the entire south. >> rorter: in 1860, buying and selling slaves was still legal, and slave labor was in high demand. but, importing slaves had been illegal for more than 50 years. a wealthy mobile landowner named timothy meaher made a bet he could pull off an illeg run to africa, where slaves were much cheaper than in america. meaher paid captain william foster to sail the " what was then the kingdom of dahomey. stfoster purchased ver 100

slaves and returned to alabama, sneaking into mole bay, and then north into the mobile river, under the cover of nig. >> the next part of the story, and we don't know muotch about t r than a few carefully chosen words by the perpetrators: "i thenook my schooner and burned and sank it," says captain foster. >> reporter:ast year, after strong winds pushed water levels to extreme lows in the mobile river, a journalist for the alabama news website al.com found a shipwreck in the area where the "clotilda" is btoelied ave been burned. experts, including james delgado, were called in. but delgado says he could see right away the shipwreck was too big to be the "clotilda." delgado and otherkns they were close. the alabama historical commission continued to team up with delgado's company, called search, inc., the national geographic society, the smithsonian institution and the sle wrecks project, to do a full-scale assessment of a section of the mobile river. they fou a better candidate

beneath the muddy waters. >> there's one target in particular that stands out. it's roughly the same size as "clotilda." 86 feet long and 23 feet wide, according to the registration documents. frames of oak, as well as planks of southern llow pine, fasteners all made of iron. we haven't seen a single fastener yet made of copper or brass. we've got a ship of the right size in what we think is the right place. at this stage where we're at, this could be "clotilda." >> reporter: yesterday, the team announced they had found the "clotilda."at in afrn, a small community in north mobile of about 2,000 people, founded by slaves who

came on "clotilda," it's a powerful moment for residents and descendents. >> we think that would be one the most historic finds in america, not just in africatowy the whole stcomes lie and becomes truth. >> we need to tell it and expose it to the whole world. >>eporter: for the pbs newshour, i'm megan thompson. >> woodruff: and our thanks to megan for that report. >> woodruff: marine biologist sylvia earle has spent more than four decades at the forefront of ocean exploration. and, at 83, she shows no sig of slowing down.rs

earle was the female chief scientist of the u.s. national oceanic and atmospheric administration, and was named "hero of the planet" in 1998 by "time" magazine. in tonight's "brief but spectacular," she reflects on her passion for the ocean and the planet. >> the ocean got m y attention when i was about three years old. a wave sneaked up behind me and knocked me off my feet. and my mother, the motof all mothers, instead of racing out to take me out of the ocean forever, saw the big smile on my face and let me run back in. and i've been running back in ever since. >> two words of instruction, "bathe naturally," and ove the side i went. it took a w sonds, no more, before i felt like i belonged there.

four decades ago, i had a chance re do some research. >> thes a new tool in the sea.an it cithstand pressure up to 2,000 feet. . sylvia earle is a mari biologist. her question: can scientists use the jim suit for dives over 1,000 feet? if successful, she will be the first womato walk the seafloor beyond 1,000 feet. >> we cooked up this idea of going on the nose of the submarine, like the ornament on the hood of a car, together, down to the bottom of the ocean, and then i wld step off at the maximum depth we could go, which turned out to be about 400 meters, 1,250 feet. creatures with lights down the side. they looked like little ocean liners, a little bioluminescent lights. there are various kinds of jellies and crustaceans and little squids and the fish. it's like diving into a galaxy of tse lights.

what's hard is getting people to understand why the ocean matters to them. if the ocean dried up tomorrow, life would also dryp. that's where most of the action on earth is. it's 97% of the water on earth. they should know that with evera breath the, every drop of water they drink, the ocean is touching them. you should treat the ocean as if your life depends on it, because it does. my name isylvia earle and this is my "brief but spectacular" take on why the ocean matters to all of us. >> woodruff: she's amazing, and you can find additional "brief but spectacular" episodes on our website, pbs.o/newshour/brief. and also online, members of our "now read this" book club with the "new yortimes" inspired a great question: what's a book

we share eight recommendations from readers. and that ithe newshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff. join us online, and agaihere oomorrow evening, with mark shields and david . for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you, and we'll see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: for projects around the house, home advisor helps find local pros to do the work. you can check ratings, read customer reviews, and book appointments with pros online at homeadvisor.com. home advisor is proud to support pbs newshour. >> babbel. a language program that teaches real-life conversations in a new language, like spanish, french, italian, german, and more. babbel's ten to 15 minute lessons are available as an app, or online. more information on babbel.com. >> bnsf ilway.

>> consumer cellular.vi >> financial ss firm raymond james. >> and with the ongoing support of thesenstitutions >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributns to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

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