captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> nawaz: good evening. i'm amna nawaz. wajudy woodruff is on the newshour tonight: facing facts. fothe dilemmfacebook and other social media, on how to handle doctored video. then, r politics monday duo is here, as 2020 presidential ecandidates hold campaints, town halls, and attend memorial day celebrations. seand, honoring those who ed, with one military it that has suffered more losses from post traumatic stress disorder than from combat. >> we're seeing people that end up killing themselves because they never got the treatment, or the treatment was ineffective in addressing their needs. >> nawaz: all that and more, on tonight's pbs newshour.

>> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: ♪ ♪ moving our economy for 160 years. bnsf, the engine that connects us. >> babbel. ta language progrt teaches spanish, french, italian, germ, and more. >> home advisor. >> consumer cellular >> financial services firm ymond james.

>> the william and flora hewlett foundation. for more than 50 years, advancing ideas and supporting institutions to promote a better world. at www.hewlett.org. >> and with of these institutions: and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> nawaz: president trump today dismissed concerns about north kores recent missile tests, publicly disagreeing with j anese prime minister shinzo abe.

, in tokyothe president held a itjoint press conference wabe, and said he is not bothered by the actions of north korean .leader kim jong- >> well, i view it as a man, attention, and perhaps not. who knows? it doesn't matter. all i know is that there have been nnuclear tests. there've been no ballistic missiles going out. n there have b long-range missiles going out, and i think that someday we'll have a deal. >> nawaz: in contrast, prime minister abe did expressoncern about north korea firing short- range missiles earlier this month. >> ( translated north korea's may 9 short-range ballistic missile launch violates the u.n. resolutions, and it is extremely regrettable, as i have repeatly said. but i would like to express my respect in the new approach taken between president trump and chairman kim. >> nawaz: president trump has had two summits with north korea's kim, but talks about de-nuclearization have stalled. the north said last week that nuclear negotiations will not

resume until the u.s. eases sanctions. the european parliament election results are in, and the center- right and center-left parties that ruled for years, have lost d.some groun over four days of voting, turnout spiked to the highest since 1994. anti-immigration nationalist parties made gains, as did liberal and green parties. overall, though, parties that y generapport the european union will maintain a majority. isback in ountry, the nation marked memorial day, honoring those who died in u.s. military e.servic vice president pence laid a wreath at the tomb of the sounknowier in arlington national cemetery. he then paid tribute to those theyeft behind. >> to the families of the fallen here and looking on, who've sacrificed more than we can comprehend, know that thhearts of every american are with you today, and they'll stay with you

every day. >> nawaz: meanwhile, serce members in new york unfurled a 100-foot flag aboard the u.s.s. "intrepid," now a floating museum. and, cities and towns across the country held their own memorial day observances. u.s. health officials report 60 new measles cases were confirmed last week, making 940 cases already this year. it is the worst outbreak since 1994. the centers for disease control and protection says 26 states have reported cases so far. and, two losses we'd like to note from the sports world. hall-of-fame quarterback bart starr died sunday, at 85. he led the great green bay packers teams that won five n.f.l. titles in the 1960s, including the first two super bowls. his most famous win came in the famous "ice bowl" of 1967. awith wind chillst 50-below, scstarr ed in the final minute to beat dallas and send green

bobay to its second supe. al, former boston red sox first baseman bill buckner passed away today after struggling with dementia. the all-star hitter is remembered for a single lucky moment, in game six of the 1986 world series against the new york mets. with the ge tied and two out tenth inning, a ground ball somehow rolled between buckner's legs. the mets scored the game-winning run, and went on to win the series. boston's title drought finally ended in 2004. bill buckner was 69 years old. still to come on the newshour: how facebook is handling doctored video meant to mislead its audience. 2020 presidential candidates hit the trail over the holiday weekend. searching for treatment, with a military unit that has lost more members to post traumatic stress disorder than in combat. and, much more.

>> nawaz: a doctored video circulating on the internet continues to stir up controversy. it falsely depictsouse speaker nancy pelosi slurring her words at a public event. ig you will see, someone has edited the al video to slow down her movements and eech. here is that doctored version, followed immediately by the original, unaltered footage. >> and then he had a press conference in the rose garden, with all this, sort of, sort of, visuals th obviously were planned. >> a then he had a press conference in the rose garden, with all this, sort of, sort of, visuals th obviously were planned. >> nawaz: while one social mia giant, youtube, removed the doctored video from its platform last week, both facebook and twitter left it up. facebook instead reduced its distribution, and added an alert weadvising v that its

authenticity had been called into question. facebook's actions drew strong criticism from media watchers, but on friday, the company's head of global policy management, monika bickert, den.nded the company's decis >> we think it's important for people to make their own informed choice abt what to believe. our job is to make sure that we are getting them accurate information. and that's why we work with more than 50 fact-checking organizations around the world. nawaz: as of late today, the altered video remains available on facebook. hoso, whatd viewers expect from facebook and other social media sites, when it comes to authenticating material on their platforms? and is it possible to screen all content from more than two billion active facebook users? pefor one peive, i'm joined by franklin foer. he is a writer for "the atlantic," and author ofmiworld g thou: the existential threat of ch." welcome back to the "newshour". >> thank you. >> nawaz: facebook defended its decision to leave the video up.

sh ild they have removed i your view? >> this cut to the very core problem facebook faces, which is it has gained tremendous reach and tremendous power over the public squar it, in fact, does constitute the public square for these billions of people who are on it, and, yet, having that much power, it also entails responsibility. facebook claims that it's just a place where people can post their opinions. but, obviously, it's also a place whlere peet news and information. and the place has become a bit of a mess. and, up. yet, when they asse that responsibility, it means that they're going to get targeted for lots oisf crit so they're in a very, very sticky position. that how far shou responsibility go? they alerted people, something happened to the video. they shared related articles next to it, to point out this deo has been edited. is that far enough? >> the vitsdeo refl the problem we'll increasingly face

which is we can't trust our own eyes. south not that easy for the average citizen to make sense of what's true and what's false, what gets circulated, what goes viral on facebook. so they need to defer to people with expert o.pini facebook is shirking that role. they're claiming they don't want to exert expert opinion. they don't want to saywhat is true or false, but i think the republic begins to suffer people are getting extremely bad information,he authorities, the elites, the gatekeepers are basicallyth throwing ur hands and saying not my problem. >> how far can we expect a mpany like facebook to reasonably go? because it's a slippery slope, right? should they be fact checkin every piece of journalism before they're allowed the post? to they say this person has a filter on the selfie she posted? how far does that go? >> i'm extremely sympathetic with facebook, even though i wrotthis being critical of

them, this is not easy to solve of stateared sharing thinks information. does facebook say presidents of kuntry should ked off the platform or their words should not be shared through cebook? i think we have two responses to facebook, one is that we could regulate them or we could say that, you know, maybe the response to facebook is not to take their power and to invest it with even greater power. in the shorhet term, i think have a responsibility to take action. over the long run, i think we're hel going to sit uncomfortably with exerting that power. >> nawaz: is it different, do k,you th when it's dealing with an elected official, when geere's an election at stake and some br issue they're weighing.t is that differr them? is buyeah, i actually think it different. we want them to come down on the side of reality and truth, with you but we don't want them tipping, using their power to

influence political outcomes ecause i think that's too much responsibility to have in one ncorporation. az: at the same time, shouldn't the onus be on the user to approach with a little bit more skepticism everything they see that isn't coming from a verified kind of source? shouldn'we expect more from people viewing the content? isn't that kind of facebook's responsibility? >> i whink it is. t citizens to be able to twitch between what's real and not, we want them to be very active in seeking out information, not to get trapped in filter bubbles, not to rely on one source of information, but we all know that the flofow information comes at us so fast, so intensely thev trained journalists have a hard time separating sometimes whaans real what's not real and, in the case of this video, you can just see how it's just a tweak. it's not an extreme doctoring of o.the vi so how is the normal peritson,

averageen going to be able to make that distinction on their own? >> that's the other point, it didn't take much to at interest video. there's no deep editing, it was just a slowing down of the leech. this can't be tht time we'll see a video like this. >> exactly. >> nawaz: is facebook's responseustainable? >> no, because this is the spear tip. you know, the last election, we saw how outside actors came in and tried to manipulate the oramerican elete spreading misinformation, and facebook was their primary pratt form for spreading misinformation. so what happens when those actors, when the russian or bad potical actors here try to use manipulated video that doesn't just change a snippet in a clip but that invents things because the technology increasineogly allowse to fabricate video n ere they would take the words of a politicd insert new words into their moat, and it

would be convincingore whole world, and, so, i don't see how, once that fir ie ho unleashed, we have any choice but to have authorities step in and make those distinctions about what's real and not. >> franklin foer of "the atlantic," thanks for being here. >> thank you. >> nawaz: for the record, pbprs uces some content in a business relationship with okface >> nawaz: just one month until the first democratic presidential debate, and the tecrowded field of cers spent the three-day weekend criss-crossing the country talking to voters. lisa desjardinhas our report. > desjardins: a somber memorial day for the democrats who hope p>> thank you eveone.n-chief. >> desjardins: minnesota senator amy klobuchar stood in the rain

at a ceremony in a minapolis cemetery. w we tell the world who we are as a country, by hhonor our fallen heroes. >> desjardins: vermont senator bernie sanders began his normal stump speech in new hampshire with a tribute. >> i do want to begin by having all of us remember the over one million men and women who lost their lives in america's wars. >> desjardins: this during a new military move: presidentrump's decision to send 1,500 u.s. troops to the middle east amid growing tensions with iran. >> escalation is the last thing we need in the middle east right now. >> desjardins: south bend, indiana mayor pete buttigieg, a war veteran, addressed the issue c'sunday on "this week." he faulted the president's national security adviser. n->> the administratdriven, by the way, by john bolton, one of the architects of the iraq war-- is continuing to try to prosecute a case to lead to higher tensions, escalation and ctperhaps confith iran, as lethough we arned nothing from

the last 15 years of armed conflict. f>> desjardinmer texas representative beto o'rourke voiced his concerns on cbs' "facthe nation." >> president trump is escalating tensions, he is ovoking yet another war in the middle east. >> desjardins: meanwhile, president trump, overseas in tokyo, blend domestic politics together. he pointed to last week's t statem the north korean state media, working for leader kim jong-un, calling former vice president and presidential l hopeful joe biden a "foo low i.q." >> kim jong-un made a statement that joe biden is a low-i.q. individual. he probably is, based on his record. i think i agrewith him on that. >> desjardins: meantime, in iowa today, massachusetts senator elizabeth warren focused on tackling corruption. >> now, when you see a government that works great for those with money... a government that works fo

those who can hire an army of lobbyists and lawyers... but it's not working for everyone else? that is corruption, plain and simple, and we need to call it out fowhat it is! >> desjardins: yesterday, new york city mayor bill de blasio took to cn a candidate, saying he knows how te on the president. >> i have watcd him for decades. i understand his game plan. isi understandricks and his strategies. and i do get under his skin. >> djardins: the first democratic primary debates are now less than one month away. for the pbs newshour, i'm lisa desjardins. >> nawaz: and that brings us to politics monday. i'm with our regular duo: amy walter of the cook political report, and host of "politics with a walter" on wnyc radio. and, tamara keith from npr. she co-hosts t "npr politics podcast." so welcome to you both. there's a couple of ways you can make the debate stage right now if you're a democratic candidate, r?ig let's take a look at who has made it so far, 19 candidates so fa you will see in the middle

there, that's the group that's qualified both meeting the donor and the poll threshold, the group on the left just meeting the poll thresh holiday season. amy, when you look at this group, what's standing out about who's made it nd who hasn't? >> pretty much everybody is in the mix, which is what the d.n.c. wanted to do. it's part of the reas for the new threshold which is very low meaning just 1% in the polls or a number of donors, 65,000 individual donors. part of the reason they wanted to dhio twas as a reaction to the criticism the d.n.c. got i 2016, when there's criticism weat they didn't hold enough debates, that they on weekend nights, that they didn't start until late in tese pr and, by the time that they really started getting going, hillary clinton had already built up a pretty big lead. this year they said, nope, we're "oing to be more small democratic about it. i think what we're all looking

to see, though, is whether or tot this is actually goin thin the field by the time the first set of debates was in june, then s another one in july, by the end of the summer, will that 25 or however many candidates will have by now be thinned out significantly because of these debate. performanc if you think back to 2012 and 2016, it was the candidates who had really badfo pances. many of them were considered in the top tier. 2012, it was rick perr th governor of texas with the famous remembering the three things, and then u had tim tim a linty also in 2012 considered te top candi in the race, drops out soon after those, andcott walker in 2016. theoretically, that's what you may see when all said and done, but it's very big and messy. >> it's very big, tam. you have been watching some of the candidates in action. are you seeing them row test

what we'll see in some of the debahes? >> some ofare definitely doing and saying things, talking about president trump in a way that seems to be trying to signal to voters inhese early states, hey, look at me, i would be good on a debate in fact, in talking to voters, a lot of them are thinking about who would be the best one to debate president trump? who i want to see on stage with president trump? and then they are really a lot oflkhe voters i'm g to looking forward to these debates to see how these candidatesrey that format and that, i think, will probably play into their thought about electability. >> that's something i'm considering. amy, i want to point to something you wrote lt week on that question. there is thiegap been electability and potentialal enthusiasm g democratic voters of who would bring t out. you said new polling by pew research says formerce resident joe biden, the candidate many see as the most electable also fits the description of the nominee thatv maers in the democratic

base sa they are least bout supporting in november of 2020. >> there's something of a catch-22 for democrats now. democratic voters say i want to pick te candidate who will look best against donald trump, who's te most electable candidate, even y're not the most exciting or groundbreaking candidate. on the other hand, the worry about the least risky choice is skit's pretty for democrats in november because younger voters, voters of color, a lot of whom stayed home in 2016 were nohenthusiastic abilitillary clinton may stay bombehole again in 20206789 what pew found, the group of voters that is the about a whitest male candidate, younger women, they are also, perhaps not surprisingly, the most excited about having a female cdidate. but a white male candidate is the candidate that not only garners the least enthusiasm from democratic voters but also

the highest percent of less than poenthusiastic res. >> so, tam, you were just in iowa talking to voters. you saw a couple of candidates in action, senator gillibrand and lobe char, what are people there telling you and what are candidates saying in messaging about the lectability versus enthusiasm gap? >> yeah, so the vote i talked to were at a gillibrand event and several of them were allng shop at this point, no one was there saying i am committed to votcae for thidate they were seeing or any of the four other candidates they had already eyseen. e sort of overwhelmed by the size of the field and overwhelmed by the options. a couple of female voters i talked to w saiell, you know, if biden's theenick, i'll vote for biden, but they didn't seem excited about it and, you know, really, they are -- when you ask them about electability, though, they say, i'm out for the most electableandidate. then you ask them what that

means, they don't really know it. >> they'll know it when they see it. >> they'll know it when they see it. one point about electability, a lot of voters talk about, well, we need somebody who can really get those voters in the upper midwest, get ose states lirkt hillary clinton lost. i feelika lot of voters i'm talking to, the image they have inheir mind, it's a white working glass guy white working glass guys are probably not what hillary clinton lost in those key states. the turnout was depressed among african-american and other voters in the cities, in detroit and miaukee and philadelphia. >> let's talk about who they are running against. we've hearw obviously, a fef them punching up at the president as well, and we look at how, you know, the "new york times" actually did an analysis of who the president has been insulting and attacking in tweets and in statements and so on, right now leading that pack in terms of that analysis is joe biden.

what does that say to you? >> he knows how to read the polls. joe den is out front and he say, well, then i've got to come and take him down, right? and, so,he most recent, of course, was tweeting from jainp. i he tweeted from japan this quotfr kim jong un, and the government in north korea saying that they see joe biden as being a low i.q. kindpe of on, and the president said i agree with that, which, you know, there was a time when wed this rule about politics nothe crossing ocean, right, th all politics goes away when you go overseas. i think we broached that a lo time ago, but now we're to a place where the president's desire to always be punching, always be on the offense, even when it cos to agreeing with a murderous dictator's y dim view of a former vice president is something we've never seen before.

>> it is unprecedented. it is worth noting. it is also worth noting the president has also punched at bill de blasio ins. twe >> he is taking all kind of shots, mentioned beto o'rourke recently again. president trump is thinking a lot out 2020, and he is filtering almost everything through that political prism. >> nawaz: so should we see more of this now? i know amy mentioned -- (laughter) >> we should see more of this. th is part of the show. you know what? those insults worked last time. people kept talking about the insults, which meant they weinre taabout him, they were not talking about policy, necessarily, they weren't talking about at the candidates stood for, what hillary clinton stood for in that case o16r theople on stage with him before that and the republican side, and, so, president trump knows what he thought worked last time. he's going to do it again. >> that's right. is time he is the sitting

president othe united states. so that is a very different perch from which to do the name calling. it's part of the reason he is tiruggling with his approval in the low to mid 40s because people see he is not acting presidential. >> several months to go the first votes are cast. amy walter, tamera keith, good toboee yoth. >> good to see you. >> nawaz: stay with us. coming up on the newshour: arkansas senator tom cotton on t the military guard uder than the constitution. in wyoming, a look at the benefiand challenges of a one-room school. and, a new way to experience art at dartmouth's hood museum. long after they come home, many troops continue to face battles with post-traumatic stress disorder. some of them find that traditional therapy programs are d not enough, and instek

different programs and medicine than before. enspecial correspomike cerre reports on the new ways former soldiers are now fighting to overcome their trauma. r eporter: after three tours of dutin iraq and one in afghanistan, veterans of fox company, 2nd battalion 5th marines, known as fox 2/5, thought their wars were over. habut their fighfollowed them home. unmore members of their have since died from suicide, than from combat. as they continue to battle p.t.s.d.-- post traumatic stress disorders-- from their service. former corporal william yellowhair was the unit's third and most recent suicide. >> i like to know what we're getting into, wh kind of operations we're going to be doing. reporter: despite more than a decade of in- and out-patient treatment at the v.a. hospital in prescott, arizona, his body was found in his garage next to

his service duffel bag and pictures of his iraq service. ( gunfire ) de>> reporter: as an ed reporter with fox 2/5 on two of their tours of duty in iraq, and following up with them over the years, many of them had their difficulties with varying degrees of p.t.s.d., and the different treatments they've tried, with mixed results. >> i felt extremy isolated because i couldn't relate to anybody. >> reporter: kaine marzolla, highlighted here fighting from a rooftop in ramadi, iraq, was first diagnosed with p.t.s.d. inwhile still he marines. after his discharge, he was treated at his local v.a. nhospitr las vegas. >> when they started to give me aioll the medic, i lost all of that what made me special, which made me different,anhich made me out amongst my peers. i just was a zombie. i didn't care to fight. no more fight left in me.

>> rorter: frustrated by the traditional p.t.s.d. drug and therapy procols, he created one of his own, based on an intense physicalraining to regain what he calls his" fighting spirit." >> seeing things out here, being part of a war, part of history, has impacted us all in different aspects, i think. it's definitely changed my life forever, and i won't go back to the states the same. >> reporter: after coming home, cformerporal michael elliot was initially reluctant to get treated for his p.t.s.d. >> i hit rock bottom. got a d.u.i. for drinking. hquit my job that here, a little short-term job. i was just like, this is not me. something is wrong. i need help. >> reporter: he confessed to driving to the v.a. hoital in helena, montana for nearly a year, and sitting in the parking lot, before mustering the courage to share his problems with professionals.

>> it's a safe place. it's a place where people are actually here to help you.an a lot of times out in the community and with your family, you feel like you don't want to complain about your issues and stories to people. >> reporter: according to the v.a., nearly 10% to 20% of recent combat veterans, and 15% of vietnam-era veterans, are experiencing some degree of p.t.s.d. together, they account for nearly 20% of the v.a.'s patients. most experts agree ychotherapy programs have proven to be the most effective long-term therapy. the problem is that th're not easy or always accessible to veterans when they need it in their daily lives. > well, some of it has to do with the nature of p.t.s.d., and that is that people with t p.t.s.d. tavoid memories and things that remind them of their experiences. >> reporter: dr thomas neylan, head of the san francisco v.a. hospital's p.t.s.d. clinic, understands fox 2/5 and other

veterans' complaints with .sexisting p. treatments. namely, cognitive therapy can take months of emotional sessions discussing their trauma, which can be too difficult and time-consuming to complete. the prescribed anti-depressant medications mostly treat p.t.s.d. symptoms rather than the underlying problems. >> these medications have side effects. sexual side effects is really common, sedation, insomnia, and there's a host of them. and yes, the medicines are better than they used to be, but o's happy with the current status. >> reporter: what are some of things y're looking at to maybe make the cognitive therapy easier or more accessible? a >> there's beet of effort to sort of optimize cognitive therapies, to speed them up and telescope them into a shorter riod of time. ter: the v.a. is also g teleconferencing to ma the therapy more accessible and co mobile apps to help vets deal

with their p.t.s.d. crises, wherever they might emerge. >> welcome the body. feel back to the calm. >> we can recommend some complementary integrative therapies that are known to reduce stresand have some preliminary evidence for p.t.s.d., such as yoga or mindfulness meditation o acupuncture. >> reporter: dr. karen seal, the director of the san francisco v.a.'s integrad care clinic, believes many of these complimentary treatments the v.a. is now offering can reduce the dependence on prescribed drugs. many veterans are relying on recreational drugs for their symptoms, which the v.a. can't prescribe, like marijuana, and m.d.m.a., commonly known as ecstasy, which is further along t clinical trials and more promising for treating the underlying causes of p.t.s.d.,

according to the multi- disciplinary association of psychedelic studies, conducting the resear >> this is the time for the supplemental dose, if you want to take it. >> sure, why not? cannabis only works in symptom reduction, is the hypothesis, and with m.d.m.a., we believe, is that it can actuly cure p.t.s.d., with t way it works in the brain and the way that the neuroplasticity and relearning and coolidation of the memories. >> reporter: but m.d.m.a. alone is not belie bullet" cure.lver therapy is still required and experts warn against taking m.d.m.a. and other psychedelics for p.t.s.d. without e.professional assistanc >> about a week ago, a sniper came real close. you never know out here. we used to see i.e.d.s every day. >> reporter: sal "doc" chavez, a

former navy corpsman with fox 2/5, has tri several therapy programs, both at the v.a. and in private practices. he believes his 15-year struggle with p.t.s.d. was responsible for his excessive drinking, fighting, divorce, and frequent though of suicide. >> we're seeing people that end up killing themselves because nther got the treatment, or the treatment was ineffective in addressing their needs. >> reporter: dr. skip rizzo, a research psychologist at u.s.c.'s institute for creative technologies, has been irdeveloping vtual reality isprograms for engaging generation of p.t.s.d. veterans in exposure therapy. >>he goal isn't that just going back to the scene of the crime, you're magically going to get fixed. thgoal is to activate those emotions and reprocess them. and to do it repeatedly and in that safe context. >> reporter: with the help of dr. todd adamson, a former.a. therapist, sal chavez agreed to

re-experience a particularly traumatic event we both were involved in during a roadside amfibush on fox 2/5'l approach to baghdad, when they irsuffered t first fatalities, april 4, 2003. >> everything was on fire. it was loud, rounds were going off, you could feel the percussions of the explosion. >> so how do you feel? >> a little tense. this is pretty trippy. >> reporter: v.r. can never be ran exaresentation, but it's stimulating enough for the vet and the therapist to work together more efficiently and to make the traumatic experiences easier to deal with. >> so i had to find it within me g to start make hard choices

ndof facing myself, g help and doing whatever i had to do to get healthy again. >> reporter: kayne marzolla is working th other vets on overcoming their p.t.s.d. problemsand michael elliot is getting his masters degree in social work to do the same, as e marines of fox 2/5 continue their battles with p.t.s.d. for the pbs newshour, i'm mike cerre reporting fromsc san francio. >> nawaz: also in honor of this memorial day, judy woodruff introduces us to one of the country's oldest and most elite army units. >> woodruff: arlington national cemetery is widely known as the final resting place for men and women o served in our nation's military.

but less is known about the old guard, that is the army's oldest active duty regiment, primarily tasked with performing funerals there for our country's fallen heroes. tom cotton, a veteran of the wars in afghanistan and iraq, wrote about the old guard and his experience serving with the elite unit in his new book, "sacred duty: a soldier's tour at arlington national cemetery." and he joins me now. welcome to the "newshour".u, >> thank udy. >> woodruff: a lot of people know you as the senator, as we said, from arkansas. you're known to be a committed conservative, but this is a book about the work you did as a member of the military. you served for 16 months. tell us out the old guard and tell us why you wanted to write about them? >> "sacred duty" is the story of the old guard. i was there for 16 months in 2007, 2008. but the old guard is literally the old guard of the army. it was stood up in 1784 and, for

160 years, it fought our nation's major conflicts, but e last 71 years, it's been the army's official ceremonial unit at arlington national cemetery. i knew when i serd theret was a special place. it was a genuine honor for me to rform those missis in arlington. once i got into congress, i really appreciated what a special place arlington has in the hearts of their fellow citizens. arkansans come to visit me all the time in washington. they usually see the sites and i ask them their favorite stop and they almost alw national cemetery. i feel many americans have that story as owell. 's ever told the story of "the old guard >> how different is it from at other reg dmoants. >> mostfeegiments us oversees. but "the old gua" is performing its mission, funerals theceremonies, every day in

capitol region. it's very demanding. soldiers take two to threemo hs before they're even trained and asserted to perform the mission because they live up to perfectiauon b there are no doors in arlington national cemetery. >> woodruff: meaning -- e performed when i was there and still today up to 20 to 30 funerals a day. an individual soldier or team could do six or seven funeral in a day. every funeral is unique because for the family it's once in a lifetime moment and it's a lifetime in making. we took that int the cemetery focusing on how the family saw e the funerals, andnted to make sure everything we did was absolutely perfect, so they'dt ve anything that marred their memory of laying their loved one to rest and so they could go through the grieving proceswhile we paid the honors. >> woodruff: how do you make it perfect? talk about some of the things that each member of the "the old guard" has to do and get right over and over again.

i take the uniforms. every old guard company has large inistrial pressen its barracks, just like you might see at a dry cleaning store, and it takes hours and hours and hours to get the perft razor-sharp creases into the sleeves of your jackets or the creases of your pan. it can take two to three months to learn the individual skills of how to march wearing steel-plated shoes or the collected skills of how a casket team fo flds aag into a perfect triangle in 1 minute and 55 seconds schedule exactly or how a seven man firing party makes seven rifles sound like one in a three volley salute. >> woodruff: you described price it is when you're placing the small american flag at each grsde. >> last th was flags in at arlington national cemetery, a ttradition that goes ba the eighth decade. old guards take off their ceremonial whru uniforms as the last funerals of the day wind

cwn, put bat fatigues and march into the cemetery carrying 225,000 american flags, and they put a flag in front of every grave and it's very precise, vertical and per perpendicular o the head stone. you usyr foot, put your toe at the head stone, put the flag at the heel. everything is designede o achistandard of perfection. asover the last four days thousands of americans have visited arlington national cemetery, they see the flags perfectly aligned and they know that in the last four days every single person laid to rest in arlington has had one of today's soldiers come by and remind them they a not forgotten. >> woodruff: why does it matter so much? swhy is ito important to get it exactly right? >> it's not just about honoring the ielon and fam it's about sending a message to today's americans that we don't forget o warriors and that we

will treat all of today's soldiers in the exact same fashion. one tory i tell ine book comes from sergeant major dan daily, he was escorting a foreign hirlt leader through arlington and telling him a little bit about the old guard and what they do iarngton and he said the former military leader turned away from looking at the head stones and said i know why your soldiers fight so hard, you tread your dead better than the living. >> woodruff: how do they ted these individuals? >> "the old guard" is the face of the army to the family in the cemetery and to theorld. they recruit only topnotch soldiers at the volunteer regiment. many of the officers and non-commissioned officers applyc have to have s height and weight standards, fizz weight standard get some of th smartest soldiers according to the army of generally intelligence tests. no legal issues or character issues, because they kno

old guard" soldier will have to operation without much oversight from senior leaders in v sensitive mission. >> woodruff: they can't show emion, are standing virtually all day long. inside that has to be hard, funeral after funeral. >> so we're trained to maintain ceremonial composure, whether a sir moan from a retiring general officer or a funeral at arlington national cemetery, and that's becse our job is noto grieve, our job is to honor. that doesn't peen i mean we don't grieve the loss of our fallen b comrades, our primary job is to honor him or her and their families. some ose families are grieving in a very clear and manifest way. some of them lost their loved ones a coue of weeks earlier in iraq and afghanistan. when you're standing near thyo grave ansee a mother and father lost a child and a widow or widower and young children who may not understand what's going on,hat's an ige you

can't forget, andeth also something you put aside so you can focus on your role which is honoring the fallen hero. >> woodruff: how does it strike you you are one of the form members of congress whedo sen the military and the only one who performed this duty? >> we're at an historic low point in congress because our nation moved to an all-volunteer force 40 years ago. i believe as myn generatio ages and gets into our 40s and 50s in the coming years we'll see tre in congress becausehe same kind of respect and reverence you see for our fallen heroes in arlington, i think you also see for your soldiers, sailors and airmen andes mar serving all across the country. that's good. it doesn't mean we have the stie pol views, but i think it's a good thing we'll be seeing more veterans in c tgress years ahead. >> woodruff: senator tom cotton, the book is "sacred duty: a soldier's tour at arlington national cemetery." thank you. >> thank you.

>> nawaz: many small schools across the country have closed in recent years duto state funding issues and population shifts. but, in rural wyoming, one school with just six students has so far survived. from our student reporting labs at cody high school, senior mason baum reports. >> reporter: this is valley elementary school in the absaroka mountains of northern wyoming. this is an area so remote that ekthe students have to do bear drills. >> bear, bear! >> reporter: literally, these are drills to protect them from bears coming up to the school. michelle dean is the school's primary teacher. >> there's abundant wildlife amongst us because we're so close to yellowstone national park. ni>> like, at time, we'll have lions come down the front, and bears. >> i'm scared of bears, mountain

lions, and sometimes bugs. el>> reporter: valleentary is a k-to-5 school. uritntly serves only six students, making it one of the country's smallest public schools. >> this is an sential school. this school is part of the community, it's a historic landmark. this is where the community comes together, and it's part of our culture. >>teporter: all of the kids evalleymentary live on nearby ranches. >> when we come home from school, the kids will help us with whatever chores we have here at the ranch or maybe a project that i'm working on. or>> repr: brandon robinson manages the majo ranch. his children, blake and hallie, attend valley elementary. >> we're too far from town to send them to town. we moved up here seven years ago because of the that we'd have a really neat setting for kids to go to school through the fifth grade. >> reporter: when valley elementary first opened 100 years ago, there were roughly 200,000 like it across the country.

now, there are only about 200 remaining. jillian balow is the wyoming rintendent of public instruction. she explains how the state funds scsmalols like valley. >> wyoming spends between 18$15,000 to00 per student duper year in k-12tion. among the top in the nation and ismaybe unique to wyominur funding model, that recaptures motsy from our wealthy distr and redistributes those to school districts that we call enticttlement dist >> reporter: the news deganization called "education week" recently gall 50 states in two key categories of alschool finance: ovspending and equity. wyoming received the best grade in the nation. >> we see states across the nation looking to us to replicate our own state funding model. no m matter the size of the community, no matter where the student is from, or traveling to

the school each day, and no matter what your socioeconomic status is, in wyoming, we certainly, certainly believe and are committed to making sure that every student has access to a quality education. >> the advantages of teaching a one-room classroom is seeing the multi-age model working. it's very amazing. it's actually quite magical. i have more flexibility here to meet the needs of my students and to give them real-life experiences, real-life learning experience outside the classroom, and just to bridge that community and the school together. r:>> reporhat do you want to be when you grow up? >> i want to be a veterinarian. >> when i grow up, i'm going to n live in a ca the mountains orand i want to work ranch. >> reporter: after graduating from elementary school, students will have to travel an hour or homore for middle and high school. the transition can be jarring. thomas lawler went to valley elementary.

phomore at cody high school. ng i didn't have anyone coming from my school goi into middle asschool, so i wind of alone. i made friends pretty quic but getting thrown in with nothing is kind of scary. it was really overwhelming t having only me as a fifth grader and like five other kids, to having over, like, 100 kids in my grade alone, then walking through the halls and going to different classes and having different teachers. it was definitely a big change. >> reporter: how did valley prepare you, or not prepare you, for the future? vley, it was a big part of my life, and it kind of made me who i am, in a way because it kind of forced me to be a better person b stray off and i had that, like, individual attention. >> reporter: valley students prepare for middle school by taking field trips with other schools. >> we tour the middle school, and the middle school teachers are great. they, they reach out to me, and we talk about the strengths and

needs of each of our fifth grade students that argetting ready to go. >> i don't want to go to middle school. (ughs ) >> reporter: are you scared of it? >> no, i just like elementary. a lot. >> reporter: a lot of small schools around the country face utthe threat of closure,he valley community is hopeful that wyoming's commitment to its rural schools will sustain at least another generation, so they can fus on the more immediate threat: grizzly bears and mountain lions. ur students news reporting labs, i'mason baum in cody, wyoming. >> nawaz: spring classes at dartmouth college are about to end, and this term, students have had the opportunity to museume a revitalize right on campus. from pbs station wgbh in boston, jared bowen has our story. it's part of series on as and

culture, called "canvas." reporter: just off the green of dartmouth college in new hampshire, the campus' hood museum of art, newly renovated and expanded, beckons once again. but this is not the same old. >> be prepared for surprise. >> reporter: during the hood's three years of construction, john stomberg had a chance most museum directors never get. while the hood was closed and empty, he and his team entirely re-imagined the way we experience art. >> we have many of the old favorites, but they're scattered ntin a diffeay. our overall goal was to change the way the story of art is told. >er> repothis is where you enter the museum, in a gallery dominate art you've probably never seen, by a contemporary artist you've probably haven't heard of. >> a lot of us know who are the major artists today. but there are thousands more artists who make great artwork. so, let's open that up a little bit and, and bring more people into the conversation.

so, for example, the painting that i'm standinin front of is by the major nigerian modernist, obiora udechukwu. and yet, that's not a household name. the painting is amazing. >> reporter: stomberg says he's inverted the museum experience, changing where and how you'll find particular art and artists. he's already done what the museum of modern art in new york recently announced it's about to do. you'll still find renaissance art here, and the blockbuster artists like picasso. but, they're on the fringes of the museum, no longer center stage. re>> in the f the museum, you're going to find contemporary art.obal all through the center of the museum, we're looking at the art of today, the art of now. we like to think of the hood as nsresponsive museum, rese to the world. >> reporte doing what you've done? it's very unconventional. >> the risk is actually to traditio so, are we risking tradition? absolutely. but is that a role for an gets

presentingy? absolutely. >> this is our gallery of arindigenous australia and it's from a major gift to the museum from about ten years ago. >>ter: juliette bianco is the hood's deputy director, and a dartmouth graduate who spent her formative years here, and sa fys thereedom in being a college museum, where experimentation is welcome with a fresh flow of ideahofrom studentsonstantly cycle through and curate shows. >> they came up with an azing idea: consent. it's clearly a big issue on campus. it's clearly a big issue across the country. and it is, of course, a founding >> incorporating student voices not only into the interpretation of our objects, but also into the decisions about which objects to add, how to interpret them, how to display them, if we plshould d them or not. >> reporter: in this inaugural thhibition, students consider issue of consent in myriad forms. agency a young soldier has, or doesn't have, in hazing rituals. or, whether the work of

secretive photographer vivian maier should be produced. she kept it hidden away. >> we can have these conversations. if we can't have these conversations in a museum, where are we going to have these conversations? >> reporter: here, they'll be ongoing. with more than 70,000 objects, the hood has one of the largest university collections in the country. stomberg wants as much of th work as possible on view, which means rotating some galleries as quickly as every three months. one of the things that everybody is going to experience is how works of art change by the company they keep. >> reporter: the museum doesn't charge for admission, at impacts hood's design. >> spend ten minutes, spend two hours, it'up to you. whatever is comfortable. one of the things that i love about a museum that's free is that you can come in and look at one woart. you can come in and spend an afternoon with friends. it's totalso variable. anthere's no one way to see the museum. >> reporter: excepthat at the hood, there's always with a view to the outside world. i'm jared bowen of wgbh

reporting for the pbs newshour in hanover, new mpshire. >> nawaz: and that's the newshour for tonight. on tuesday, a look at effort to expand the diversity of teachers in public schools. until then, i'm anma nawaz. join us online, and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you, and see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs nehour has been provided by: f projects around the house, home advisor helps find local pros to do the work. you can check ratings, read customer reviews, and book appointments with pros online at homeadvisor.com. home advisor is proud to support pbs newshour. >> babbel. a language program that teaches ncspanish, f italian, german, and more. y.>> bnsf rail >> consumer cellular. >> financial services firm raymond james.

>> and by the alfred p. sloan onfounda supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financial literacy in th21st century. >> supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. more information at macfound.org >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions >> this program was made possible by th public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like u. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh

to "amanpour & company." here's what's coming up. >> it is and will always remain a matter of dee regret to me that i have not been able to deliver brexit. >> prime minister theresa may done in by brexit hard-liners, says she will step down. does this mean britain will crash out of the e.u.? plus, america's politics are no less volatile.ay andrew yang ss that he is running the nerdiest pr history. campaign in can the forr tech exec stand out in a crowded field? and -- m all ofy instinct and the facts i washeble to gr on a trip there recently are that the situation is getting worse, not better. >> the deadly disease ebola is