captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc .>> nawaz: good evening i'm amna nawaz. judy woodruff is away. on the newshour tonight: facing facts. bothe dilemma for fa and other social media, on how to handle doctored video. then, our polics monday duo is here, as 2020 presidential candidates hold campaign events, town halls, and atnd memorial ay celebrations. and, honoring those who served, with one military unit that has suffered more losses from post traumatic stress disorder than from combat. >> we're seeing people that end up killing themselves becae they never got the treatment, or the treatment was ineffective in addressing their needs. >> nawaz: all that and more, on tonight's pbs newshour.

>> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: ♪ ♪mo ng our economy for 160 years. bnsf, the engine that connects us. >> babbel. helanguage program that te spanish, french, italian, german, and more. >> home advisor. >> consumer cellular. >> financial servicefirm raymond james. >> the william and flora hewlett

foundation. for more than 50 years advancing ideas and supporting institutions to promote a better world. at www.hewlett.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions: and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> nawaz: president trump today codismisseerns about north korea's recent missile tests, publicly disagreeing with japanese prime minister shinzo abe. idin tokyo, the prt held a joint press conference with abe,

and said he is not bothered by ofthe actionorth korean leader kim jong-un. >> well, i view it as a man, perhaps he wants to get attention, and perhaps not. who knows? it doesn't matter. el i know is that there h been no nuclear tests. there've been no ballistic ssiles going out. there have been no long-range missiles going out, and think that someday we'll have a deal. >> nawaz: in contr minister abe did express concern about north korea firing short- nge missiles earlier thi month. >> ( translated ): north korea's may 9 short-range ballistic missile launch violates the u.n. resolutions, and it is extremely regrettable, as i have repeatedly said. but i would ke to express my respect in the new approach taken between president trump and chairman kim. >> nawaz: president trump has had two summits with north kbuorea's kimtalks about de-nuclearization have stalled. the north said last week that nuclear negotiations will not resume until the u.s. eases

sanctions. the european parliament election results are in, and the center- right and center-left parties that ruled for years, have lost some ground. over four days of voting, turnout spiked to the highest sie 1994. anti-immigration nationalistma parties de gains, as did liberal and green parties. overall, though, parties that generally support the european u mnion will maintainority. back in this country, the nation marked memorial day, honoring ilthose who died in u.s. mitary service. vice president pence laid a wrea unknown soldier in arlington national cemetery. oshe then paid tribute to they left behind. >> to the families of the fallen herend looking on, who've sacrificed more than we n comprehend, know that the hearts of every american are with you today, and they'll stay with you every day.

>> nawaz: meanwhile, service members in new york unfurled a 100-foot flag aboard the u.s.s. "intrepid," now a flting museum. and, cities and towns across the country held their own memorial day observances. u.s. health officials report 60 new measles cases were confirmed last week, making 940 cases already this year. it is the worst outbreak since 1994. the centers for disease control and protection says 26 states have reported cases so far. and, two losses we'd like to note from the sports world. hall-of-fame quarterback bart starr died sunday, at 85. the l great green bay packers teams that won five n.f.l. titles in the 1960s, including the first two super bowls. his most famous win came in the usinfamoice bowl" of 1967. owwith wind chills at 50-b, starr scored in the final minute to beat dallas and send green bay its second super bowl.

also, former boston red sox firs passed away today after struggling with dementia. the all-star hitter is remembered for a single unlucky moment, in game six of the 1986 world series against the new york mets. two out game tied a in the tenth iing, a ground ball somehow rolled between buckner's legs. the mets scored the game-winning run, and went on to win the series. boston's title drought finally ended in 2004. bill buckner was 69 years old. still to come on the newshour: how facebook is handling doctored video meant to mislead its audience. 2020 presidential candidates hit the trail over the holiday weekend. searching for treatment, with a military unit that has lost more members to post traumatic stress disorder than in combat. and, much more.

>> nawaz: a doctored vid circulating on the internet continues to stir up controvers it falsely depicts house speaker nancy pelosi slurring her words t.at a public ev as you will see, someone has edited the original video to r slow down vements and speech. here is that doctoreedversion, follmmediately by the original, unaltered footage. >> and then he had a press conferen in the rose garden, with all this, sort of, sort of, visuals that obviously were planned. >> and then he had a press conference in the rose garde with all this, sort of, sort of, visuals that obviously were planned. >> nawaz: while one social media giant, youtube, removed the vdoctoreo from its platform last week, both facebook and twitter left it up. facebook instead reduced its distribution, and added an alert advising viewers that its authenticity had been called into question.

facebook's actions drew strong criticism from media watchers, but on friday, the company's head of global policy management, monika bickert, defended the company's decision. >> we think it's important for people to make their own informed choice about what to believe. our job is to make sure that we are getting them accurate rminion. and that's why we work with more than 50 fact-checking organizations around the world. >> nawaz: as of late today, the altered video remains available on facebook. so, what should viewers expect from facebook and other social media sites, when it comes to authenticating material on their platforms?po and is iible to screen all content from more than two iobiactive facebook users? for one perspective, i'm joined by franklin foer. he is a writer for "the atlantic," and author of "world without mind: the existential threat of big tech." welcome back to the "newshour". >> thank you. >> nawaz: facebook defended its decision to leave the video up. should they have removed it, in your view? >> this cut to the very core

problem facebook faces, which is its ined tremendous reach and tremendous power over the public square. it, in fact, does constitute the public square foe r thbillions of people who are on it, and, yet, having that much power, it also entails rponsibility. facebook claims that it's just a place where people can post their opinions but, obviously, it's also a place where people get news and information. and the place has become a bit of a mess. and, up. yet, when they assume that responsibility, it means teyhat e going to get targeted for lots of criticism, so they're in a very, very sticky position. >> so how far should tha responsibility go? they alerted people, something happened to the video. they shared related articles next to it, to point out thiss video en edited. is that far enough? >> the vi deo reflectsthe problem we'll increasingly face which is we can't trust our owen

. south not that easy for the oferage citizen to make sens what's true and what's false, what gets circulated, what goes viral on facebook. so they need to defer people with expert opinion. facebook is shirking that role. they're claiming they don't want to exert expert opinion. what isn't want to say true or false, but i think the republic begins to suffer if people are getting extremely bad information, and the authorities, the elites, the gatekeepers are basically throwing up their hands and my problem. >> how far can we expect a company like facebook to reasonably goit becauss a slippery slope, right? should they be fact checking every piece of journalism before they're allowed the post? to they say this person has a filter on the selfie sheosted? how far does that go? >> i'm extremely sympathetic with facebook, even though i wrote this being critical of them, this is not easy to solve

because heads of stateare sharing thinks information. does facebook say presidents of country should be kickedf the platform or their words should not be shared through ?facebo i think we have two responses to facebook, one is that we could regulate them or we could say that, you know, maybe t response to facebook is not to take their power and to invest it with even greater power. in the short term, i think they have a responsibility to takeon ac over the long run, i think we're all going to sit uncomfortably with them exerting that power. >> nawaz: is it different, do you think, when it's dealing with an elected official, when there's an election at stake and r some biggesue they're weighing. is that different for >> buyeah, i actually think it s different. we want them to come down on the side of reality and truth, with t you e don't want them tipping, using their power to influence political outcomes

because i think that's too much responsibility to have in one corporation. >> nawazhe same time, shouldn't the onus be on the user to approach with a little bit more skepticism everything theyee that isn't coming from a verified kind of source? shouldn't we expect more from people viewing the content? isn't that kind of facebook's responsibility? >> i think it is. we want citizens to be able tow twitch betweet's real and not, we want them to be very active in seeking out information, not to get trapped in filter bubbles, not to rely on one source of information, but we all know that the flow information comes at us so fast, so intensely that ineven t journalists have a hard time separating sometimes what's 'srl and wh not real and, in the case of this video, you can just see how it's just a tweak. it's not an extreme doctoring of the video. so how is the normal person, average citizenoing to be able to make that distinction on

their own? >> that's the other point, it didn't take much to at interest video. there's no deep editing, it was just a slowing down of the speech. ithis can't be the lastme we'll see a video like this. n>> exactly. az: is facebook's response sustainable? >> no, because this is the spear ti you know, the last election, we saw how outside actors came in and tried to manipulate the american electorate spreading misinformation, and facebook was their primary pratt frm for spreading misinformation. so what happens when those actosi, when the r or bad political actors here try to use manipulated video that doesn't just change a snippet in a clip but that invents things because the technology increasingly allows people to fabricate video where they would take the words of a politician and insert new words into their moat, and it would be convincing for the

whole world, and, so, i don't see how, once that fire hose is cleashed, we have anyice but to have authorities step in and make those distinctions about what's real and not. >> franklin foer of "the ingantic," thanks for be here. >> thank you. >> nawaz: for the record, pb ss produce content in a business relationship with facebook. >> nawaz: just one month until the first enmocratic presal debate, and the crowded field of contenders spent the three-day weekend criss-crossing the country talking to vots. lisa desjardins has our report. >> desjardins: a somber memorial day for the democrats who hope p>> thank you everyone.chief. >> desjardins: minnesota senat amy klobuchar stood in the rain at a ceremony in a minneapolis

cemetery. >> we tell the world who we are r a country, by how we ho our fallen heroes. >> desjardins: vermont senator bernie sanders began his normal stump speech in new hampshire with a tribute. >> i do want to begin by having all of us remember the over one million men and women who lost their lives in america's wars. >> desjardins: this during a new military move: president trump's decision to send 1,500 u.s. etroops to the middt amid growing tensions with iran. >> escalation is the last thing we need in the middle east right now. >> desjardins: south bend, indiana mayor pete buttigieg, a war veteran, addressed the issue sunday on abc's "this week." he faulted the president's alnatiecurity adviser. >> the administration-- driven, by the way, by john bolton, one of the architects of the iraq nuwar-- is cong to try to prosecute a case to lead to onhigher ten escalation and perhaps conflict with iran, as though we learned nothing from the last 15 years of armed conflict.

te>> desjardins: formes representative beto o'rourke voiced his concerns on cbs' "face the na >> president trump is escalating tensions, he is provoking yet another war in the middle east. >> desjardins: meanwhile, president trump, overseas in tokyo, blended foreign and domestic politics togeth. he pointed to last week's statement by the north korean state media, working for leader kim jong-un, calling former vice president and presidential hopeful joe biden a "fool of low i.q." > kim jong-un made a statement that joe biden is a low-i.q. individual. he probably is, based on his record. i think i agree with him on that. >> desjardins: me, in iowa today, massachusetts senator elizabeth warren focused on tackling corruption. >> now, when you see a government that works great for mthose wiey... a government that works for those who can hire an army of lobbyists and lawyers... but it's not working for

everyo else? that is corruption, plain and simple, and we need to call it out for what iis! desjardins: yesterday, new york city mayor bill de blasio took to cnn to makcahis case as idate, saying he knows how tto take president. >> i have watched him for decades. i understand his game plan. ani understand his trickhis strategies. and i do get under his skin. >> desjardins:he first democratic primary debates are now less than one month away. for the pbs newshour, i'm lisa desjarns. >> nawaz: and that brings us to politics monday. i'm with our regular duo: amy walter of the report, and host of "politics with amy walte on wnyc radio. and, tamara keith from npr. she co-hosts the "npr litics podcast."el some to you both. there's a couple of ways you can make the debate stage right now if you're a democratic candidate, right? let's take a look at who has made it so far, 19 candidates so far. you will see in the middle there, that's the p that's

qualified both meeting the donor and the poll threshold, the group on the lemeft jusing the poll thresh holiday season. amy, when you look at this group, what's standing out about who's made it and who hasn't? er pretty much ody is in the mix, which is what the d.n.c. wanted t.o do it's part of the reason for the new threshold which is very lo meaning just 1% in the polls or a number of donors, 65,000 part of the reason they wanted to do this was as a reaction to the criticism the d.n.c. got in 2016, when there's criticism that ey didn't hold enough debates, that they were on weekend nights, that they didn't start until late in the process and, by the time that they really started getting going, hillary clinton had already built up a pretty big lead this year tey said, nope, we're going to be mo small "d" democratic about it. i think what we're allooking to s, though, is whether or

not this is actually going to thin the field by the time the f rst set obates was in june, then there's another one in july, by the end of the summer, will that 25 or hever many candidates will have by now be thinned out significant because of these debate performances. if you think back to 2012 and 2016, it was thecandidates who had really bad performances. many of hem were considered in the top tier. 2012, it was rick perry, the governor of texas with the famousemembering the three things, and then you had tim tia linty also in 2012 considered a top candidate in the race, drops out soon after those, and scott walker in 2016 theoretically, that's what you may see when all is said and bne, but it's veryig and messy. >> it's very big, tam. you have been watchi the candidates in action. are you seeing them row test what we'll see in se of the

debates? >> some of them are definitely doing and saying things, talking about president trump in a way that seems to be ying to signal to voters in these early states, hey, look at me, i would good on a debate stage and, in fact, in talking to voters, a lot of them are thinking about who would be the best one to debate president trump? who do i want to see on stage with president trump? and then ey are really a lot of the voters i'm talking to looking forward to these debatee to how these candidates arey that format and that, i think, will probably play tineir thought about electability. >> that's nsmething i'm ering. amy, i want to point to something you wrote last week on that question. there is this gap between electability and potentially enthusiasm along demoatic voters of who would bring them out. you said new polling bpew research says former vice president joe biden, the candidate many see as te most electable also fits the description of the nominee that many voters he democratic base sa they are least

enthusiastic about suprting in november of 2020. >> there's something of a catch-22 for democrats now. democratic voters say i want to pick the candidate who will look best against donald trump, wo's thst electable candidate, even if they're not the most oexcitigroundbreaking ndidate. on the other hand, the worry about the least risky choice is it's pretty risky for democrats in november because younger voters, voters of color, a lotho ofstayed home in 2016 were not enthusiatic ability hillary clinton may stay bombehole again in 20206789 what pew found, the group of voters that is the least enthusiastic about a white male candidate, younger women, they are also, perhs not surprisingly, the most excited about having a female candidate. but a white male candidate is the candidate that not only garners the least enthusiasm from democratic voters but also the highest percent of less than

enthusiastic responses. >> so, tam, you were just in iowa talking to voters. you saw a couple of candidates in action, stoagillibrand and lobe char, what are people there telling you and what are candidates saying in messaging about the lectability versus enthusiasm gap? >> yeah, so the voters i talked to were at a gillibrand event and several of them were all at this point, no one was there saying i am committed to votee for the candidey were seeing or any of the four other candidates they had already seen they're sort of overwhelmed by the size of the field and overwhelmed by the options. a couple of female voters i talked to said, well, you know, if biden's the pick, then il vote for biden, but they didn't seem excited about it and, you know, really, they are -- when u ask them about electability, though, they say, i'm out for the most eleteable candi. then you ask them what that means, they don't really know

it. >> they'll know it when they see it. >> they'll know it when they see it. one pot about electability, a lot of voters talk about, well, we needomebody who can really get those voters in the upper midwest, get those states lirkt hillary clinton lost. i feel like a lot of voters i'm talking to,ag the imthey have in their mind, it's a white woing glass guy. white working glass guys are probably not what hillary clinton lost in those key states. the turnout was depressed among african-american and other voters in the cities, in detroit and milwaukee and philadelphia. >> let's talk about who they are running against. we've heard, obvious, a few of them punching up at the president as well, and we should look at how, you know, the "new york times" actually id an analysis of who the president has been insulting and attacking in tweets a in statemenand so on, right now leading that pack in terms of that analysis is joe biden. what does that say to you?

>> he knows how to read the polls. joe biden is o front and h say, well, then i've got to come and take him down, right? and, so, theost recent, of course, was tweeting from japan. i think he tweeted from japan is quote from kim jong un, and the government in north korea saying that they see joe biden as being a low i.q. kind of person, and the president said i youe with that, whic know, there was a time when we had this rule about politics not crossing the ocean, right, that all politics goes away when you go overseas. i think we broached that a long time ago, but now we're to a place where the president's desire to always be punching, always be on the offense, even when it comes to agreeing with a murdous dictator's very dim view of a former vice president is something we've ver seen before. >> it is unprecedented. it is worth noting.

it is so worth noting the president has also punched at bill de blasio in tweets. >> he is taking all kind of shots, mentioned beto o'rourke recently again. president trump is thinking a lot about 2020, and he is filterinalmost everythig through that political prism. >> nawaz: so should we see more othis now? i know amy mentioned -- (laughter) >> we should see more of this. this is part of the show. you know what? those insults worked last time. people kept thalking about insults, which meant they were talking about him, they were not talking about licy, necessarily, they weren't talking about what the candidates stood for, what hilly clinton stood for in that case or the 16 people on stage with him before that and the republican side, and, so, president trump knows what he thought worked last time. he's going to do it again. >> that's right. is time he is the sitting president of the united states.

so that is a very different perch from which to dhe name calling. it's part of the reason he is struggling with his approval rating in the low to mid 40s because people see hs not acting presidential. >> several months to go before the first votes are cast. amy walter, tamera keith, good to see you both. >> good to see you. >> nawaz: stay with us. coming up on theewshour: arkansas senator tom cotton on the military guard unit older than the constitution. in wyoming, a look at the benefits and challenges of a one-room sool. and, a new way to experience art at dartmouth's hood museum. long after they come home, many troops continue to face battles with post-traumatic stress disorder. some of them find that tritional therapy programs are not enough, and instead seek different programs and medicine than before.

special correspondent mike cerre reports on the new ways former soldiers are now fighting to overcome their trauma. >> reporter: after three tours of duty in iraq and one in afghanistan, veterans of fox company, 2nd battalion 5th marines, known as fox 2/5, thought their wars were over. but their fight has followed them home. more members of their unit have since died from suicide, than from combat. as they continue to battle het.s.d.-- post traumatic stress disorders-- from service. former corporal william yellowhair was thenit's third and most recent suicide. >> i like to know what we're getting into, what kind of operations we're going to be doing. >> rep despite more than a decade of in- and out-patient treatment at the v.a. hospital in prescott, arizona, his body was found in his garage next to his service duffel bag and

pictures of his iraq service. ( gunfire ) >> reporter: as an embedded reporter with fox 2/5 on two of their tours of duty in iraq, and following with them over the years, many of them have shared their difficulties with varying degrees of p.t.s.d., and the different treatments they've tried, with mixed resus. >> i felt extremely isolated because i couldn't relate to anybody. >> reporter: kaine marzolla, highlighted here fighting from a i,rooftop in ramadraq, was first diagnosed with p.t.s.d. inwhile still in the mar. after his discharge, he was treated at his local v.a. vehospital near las. >> when they started to give me astll the medications, i ll of that what made me special, onich made me different, which made me stand out t my peers. i just was a zombie. i didn't ce to fight. no more fight left in me. >> reporter: fstrated by the

traditional p.t.s.d. drug and therapy protocols, hcreated one of his own, based on an intense physical traininto regain what he calls his" fighting spirit." >> seeing things out here, being rt of a war, part of history, has impacted us all in different aspects, i think. it's definitely changed my life forever, and i won't go back to the states the same. >> reporter: after coming home, former corporal michael elliot was initially reluctant to get treated for his p.t.s.d. >> i hit rock bott. got a d.u.i. for drinking. quit my job that i had here, a little short-term job. i was just lik this is not me. something is wrong. i need help. >> reporter: he confessed to driving to the v.a. hospital in helena, montana for nearly a year, and sitting in the parking lot, before mustering the courage to share his problems with professionals. >> it's a safe place. it's a place where people are

actually here to help you. and a lot of times out in the community and with your family, you feel like you don't want to sucomplain about your is and stories to people. >> reporter: according to the v.a., nearly 10% to 20% of recent combat veterans, and 15% of vietnam-era veterans, are experiencing some degree of p.t.s.d. together, they account for nearly 20% of the v.a.'s patients. most experts agree, psychotherapy programs have proven to be the most effective long-term therapy. the problem is that they're no easy or always accessible to veterans when they need it in their daily lives. >> ll, some of it has to do with the nature of p.t.s.d., and d at is that people with p.t.s.d. try to avmories and things that remind them of their experiences. >> reporter:r thomas neylan, head of the san francisco v.a. hospital's p.t.s.d. clinic, 5 understands fox d other veterans' complaints with

tmexisting p.t.s.d. trts. namely, cognitive therapy can take months of emotional sessions discussing their trauma, which can be too difficult and time-consuming to complete. the prescribed anti-depressant medications mostly treat p.t.s.d. symptoms rather than the underlying problems. >> these medications have side effects. sexual side effects is really common, sedation, insomnia, and there's a host of them. d yes, the medicines are better than they used to be, but no one's happy with the current status. reporter: what are some of things you're looking at to maybe make the cognitive therapy easier or more accessible? >> there's been a lot of effort coto sort of optimizitive therapies, to speed them up and ortelescope them into a r period of time. >> reporter: the v.a. is also using teleconferencing to make the therapy more accessible and convenient, and developing mobile apps to help vets deal with their p.t.s.d. ,

wherever they might emerge. >> welcome the body. feel back to the calm. >> we can recommend some complentary integrative therapies that are known to reduce stress and have some preliminary evidence for p.t.s.d., such as yoga or mindfulness meditation or acupuncture. >> reporter: dr. karen seal, the director of the san francisco v.a.'s integrated care cnic, believes many of these complimentary treatments the v.a. is now offering can reduce the dependence on prescribed drugs. many veterans are relying on recreational drugs for their symptoms, which the v.a. can't prescribe, like marijuana, and m.d.m.a., commonly known as y,ecsthich is further along cain the clinil trials and more promising for treating the underlying causes of p.t.s.d., disciplinary association of

psychedelic studies, conducting the research. >> this is the time for the supplemental dose, if you want take it. >> sure, why not? >> cannas only works in symptom reduction, is the hypothesis, and with m.d.m.a., we believe, is that it can actually cure p.t.s.d., with the works in the brain and the way that the neuroplasticity and relearning and ioreconsolidof the memories. >> reporter: but m.d.m.a. alone is not believed to be a "silver bullet" cure. uitherapy is still reqd and experts warn against taking m.d.m.a. and other psychedelics for p.t.s.d. without profesonal assistance. >> about a week ago, a sniper came real close. oyou never kn here. we used to see i.e.d.s every day. c">> reporter: sal " chavez, a former navy corpsman with fox

2/5, has tried several therapy programs, both at the v.a. and in private practices. he believes his 15-year struggle with p.t.s.d. was responsible ghr his excessive drinking, ng, divorce, and frequent thoughts of suicide. >> we're seeing people that end ngup kilhemselves because they never got the treatment, or the treatment waadineffective in essing their needs. >> reporter: dr. skip rizzo, a atresearch psychologis u.s.c.'s institute for creative technologies, has been developing virtual reality prog generation of p.t.s.d. veterans in exposure therapy. >> the goaisn't that just by going back to the scene of the crime, you're magically going to get fixed. ithe goto activate those emotions and reprocess them. and to do it repeatedly and in that safe context. w>> reporteh the help of dr. todd adamson, a former v.a. therapist, sal chavez agreed to re-experience a particularly

traumatic event we both were involved in during a roadside sh on fox 2/5's final approach to baghdad, when they atsuffered their first falities, april 4, 2003. >> everything was on fire. it was loud, rounds were going off, you could feel the percussions of the explosion. >> so how do you feel? >> a little tense. this is pretty trippy. >> reporter: v.r. can never be an exact representation, but mulating enough for the vet and the therapist to work together more efficiently and to make the traumatic experiences easi to deal with. >> so i had to find it within me to start making the hard choices of facing myself, finding help and doing whatever i had to do

to get heahy again. >> reporter: kayne marzolla is working with otherets on overcoming their p.t.s.d. problems, and michael elliot is getting his masters degree in social work to do the same, as nethe maof fox 2/5 continue their battles with p.t.s.d. for the pbs newshour, i'm mike cerre reporting from san francisco. >> nawaz: also in honor d this memori, judy woodruff introduces us to one of the oscountry's oldest andelite army units. >> woodruff: arlington national cemetery is widely known as the final resting place for men and women who served in our nation's military. but less is known about the

old guard, that is the army's olde primarily tasked with performing funerals there for our country's llen heroes. senator tom cotton, a veteran of the wars in afghanistan and iraq, wrote about the old guard and his experience serving with the elite unit in his new book, r'"sacred duty: a soldtour ry arlington national ceme and heoins me now. welcome to the "newshour". >> thank you, judy. ow woodruff: a lot of people ou as the senator, as we said, from arkansas. you're known to a committ conservative, but this is a book about the work you did as a member of the military. you serve for 16 months. tell us about the old guard and tell us why you wanted to wre about them? >> "sacred duty" is thstory of the old guard. i was there for 16 months in 2007, 2008. but the old guard is literally the old guard of the army. it was stood up in 1784 and, for 160 years, it fought our

nation's major conflicts, but for the last 71 years, it's been are army's official ceremonial unit angton national cemetery. i knew when i served there it was a special place. it was a genne honor for me to perform those missions in arlington. ones i got into con i really appreciated what a special place arlington has in the hearts of their fellow citizens.ar nsans come to visit me all the time in washington. they usually sanee the sites i ask them their favorite stop and they almost always say arlington national cemetery. i feel man americans have that story as well. no one's ever told the story of "the old guard." >> how different is it from what other reg dmoants. >> most regiments defend us overse. but "the old guard" is performing its mission, funerals and ceremonies, every day in the capitol region.

init's very dema. soldiers take two to three months before they're even trained and asserted to perform the mission becau they live up to perfection because there are no doors in arligton national cemetery. >> woodruff: meaning -- e perford when i was there and still today up to 20 to 30 funerals a day. an individual soldier or team could do six or seven funerals in a day. every funeral is unique because for the family it's a once in a lifetime moment and it's a lifetime in making. we took that into the cemeteryng focun how the family saw the funerals, and we wanted to make sure everything we did was absolutely perfect, so they'd not have anything that marred their mery of laying their loved one to rest and so they could go through the grieving process while we paid the honors. >> woodruff: how do yoct make it per talk about some of the things that each member of the "the old guard" has to do and get right over and over again.e >> i the uniforms.

every old guard company has large industrialspresses in barracks, just like you might see at a dry cleaning store, and it takes hours and hours and hours to get the perfect razor-sharp creases into the slees s of your jacketor the creases of your pants. it can take two to three monthst to lea individual skills gf how to march wearin steel-plated shoes or the collected skills of how a casket team folds a flag into a perfect triangle in 1 minute and 55 seconds schedule exactly or how a seven man firing party makes seven rifles sound like one in a three volley salute. >> woodruff: you described how price it is when you're placing the small american flag at each grave. >> last thursday was flags in at arlington national cemetery, a traditn that goes back to the eighth decade. old guards take off their ceremonial whru uniforms as the last funerals of the day wind down, puton combat fatigues and

march into the cemetery carrying d they0 american flags, a put a flag in front of every grave and it's very precis vertical and per perpendicular o the head stone. you use y,our fo put your toe at the headtone, put the flag at the heel. everything is designed to achieve a standard of perfection. over the last four days, as thousands of americans have thsited arlington national cemetery see the flags perfectly aligned and they know that in the last four days every single person laid to rest in arlington has had one of today's soldiers come by and remind them they are not forgotten. >> woodruff: why does it matter so much? why ist so important to get it exactly right? >> it's not just about honoring the falon and families, it's about sending a message today's americans that we don't forget our warriors and that we wi treat all of today's

soldiers in the exact same fashion. one story i tell in thbook comes from sergeant major dan daily, heas escorting a foreign hirlt leader through arlington and telling him a little bit about the old guard and what they do in arlingto and he said the former military leader turned away from looking at the head stones andaid i know why your soldiers fight so hard, you trea your dead better than the living. >> woodruff: how do they treed these individuals? >> "the old guard" is the face of the army to the family in the cemetery and to the world. they recruit only topnotch soldiers at the volunteer regiment. many of the officers and non-commissioned off apply. have to have strict height and ndweight sds, fizz weight standards, get some of the cosmartest soldiers ing to the army of generally intelligence tests. no legal issues orharacter issues, because they know "the

old guard" soldier will have to operation without muchovsight from senior leaders in very sensitive mission. >> woodruff: they can't show emotion, are standing virtually all day long. insidehas to be hard, funeral after funeral. >> so we're trained to maintain ceremonial composure, whether a sir moan from a retiring genera offir a funeral at arlington national cemetery, and that's because our job is not to grieve, our job is to honor. that doesn't peen i mean we don't grieve the loss of our fallen comrades, but our primary job is to honor him or her a their families. some those families are grieving in a very clearnd manifest way. some of them lost their loved ones a couple of weeks earlier in iraq and afghanistan. when you're standing near the grave and you see mother and father lost a child and a widow or widower and young children who may not understand what's going on, that'son imageu can't forget, andeth also

something you put aside so you can focus on your role which is honoring the fallen hero. >> woodruff: how does it rike you you are one of the form members of congress whomi served in thtary and the only one who performed this duty? >> we're at an historic low point in congress because our nation moved to an all-volunteer force 40 years ago. i believe as my generation ages and gets into our 40s and 50s in the coming years we'll see more in congress because the same kind of respect and revence you seeor our fallen heroes in arlington, i think you also seeor your soldiers, sailors and airmen and marines serving all across the country. that's good. it doesn't mean we have the sam, political viut i think it's a good thing we'll be seeing more veterans in congress in the yea ahead. >> woodruff: senator tom cotton, the book is "sacred duty: a soldier's tour at arlington national cemetery." thank you. >> thank you.

>> nawaz: many small schools across the country have closed in recent years due to state funding issues and population shifts. but, in rural wyoming, one school with just six students has so far survived. from our student reporting labs at cody high school, senior mason baum reports. >> reporter: this is valley elementary school in the absaroka mountains of northern wyoming. this is an area so remote that the students have to do weekly bear drills. >> bear, bear! >> reporter: literally, these are drills to protect them from bears coming up to the school. le dean is the school's primary teacher. >> there's abundant wildlife ongst us because we're s close to yellowstone national park. , >> like, at night ti'll have lions come down the front, d bears. >> i'm scared of bears, mountain lions,nd sometimes bugs.

>> reporter: valley elementary ol.a k-to-5 sc it currently serves only six students, making it one of the country's smallest public schools. >> this is an essential school. this school is part of the community, it's a historic landmark. this is where the community comes together, and it's part of our culture. >> reporte all of the kids at valley elementary live on nearby ranches. >> when we come home from school, the kids will help us with whatever chores we have here at the ranch or maybe a project that i'working on. >> reporter: brandon robinson manages the majo ranch. his children, blake and hallie, attend valley elementary. >> we're too far from town to send them to town. we moved up here seven years ago because of the lley school, that we'd have a really neat setting for kids to go to school through the fifth grade. >> reporter: when valley elementary first opened 100 years ago, there were roughly 200,000 one-roomlichoolhouses ke it across the country.

now, there are only about 200 niremai. jillian balow is the wyoming desuperint of public instruction. she explains how the state funds small schools like valley. ng>> wyopends between $15,000 to $18,000 per student per year in k-12 education. among the top in the nation and maybe unique to wyoming is our funding model, that recaptures money fromur wealthy districts and redistributes those to school districtshat we call entitlement districts. >> reporter: the news organization called "education week" recently graded all 50 states in two key categories of dihool finance: overall sp and equity. wyoming received the best grade in the nation. >> we see states across the nation looking to us to replicate our own state funding model. no matter thzip code, no matter the size of the community, no matter where the stent is from, or traveling to the school each day, and no

matter what your socioeconomic status is, in wyoming, we certainly, certainly believe and are committed to making sure th every student has access to a quality education. >> the advantages of teaching a one-room claroom is seeing the multi-age model working. it's very amazing. it's actually quite magical. i have more flexibility here to meet the needs of my students and to give them real-life s,experience real-life learning experience outside the classroom, and just to bridge that community and the school together. do>> reporter: whaou want to be when you grow up? >> i want to be a veterinarian. 'm>> when i grow up,oing to live in a cabin on the mountains and i want to work for a ranch. >> reporter: after graduating from elementary school, students will have to travel an hour or hmore for middle school ah school. the transition can be jarring. ntthomas lawler o valley elementary. he is now a sophomore at cody

high school. >> i didn't have anyone coming from my school going into middle school, so i was kind of alone. i made friends pretty quick, but getting thrown in with nothing is kind of scary. it was really overwhelming to having only me as a fifth grer and like five other kids, to having over, like, 100 kids in my grade alone, then walking through the halls and going to different classes and having different teachers. it was definitely a big change. >> reporter: how did valley prepare you, or not prepare you, for the future? i>> vallewas a big part of my life, and it kind of made me who i am, in a way because it kind of forced me to be a better person because, ke, i couldn't stray off and i had that, like, individual attention. ud>> reporter: valley ts prepare for middle school by taking field trips with other schools.>> e tour the middle school, and the middle school teachers are great. they, they reach out to me, and we talk about the strengths and needs of each of our fifth grade students that are gettintoready

o. >> i don't want to go to middle school. ( laughs ) >> reporter: are you scared of itus? >> no, ilike elementary. a lot. reporter: a lot of smal schools around the country face the th valley community is hopeful that wyoming's commitment to its rural schools will sustain at otleast anr generation, so they can focus on thmore immediate threat: grizzly bears and mountain lions. for the pbs newshour student reporting labs, i'm mason um in cody, wyoming. >> nawaz: spring classes at dartmouth college are about to end, and this term, studen have had the opportunity to explore a revitalized museum right on campus. from pbs station wgbh in boston, jared bowen has our story. it's part of series on arts and culture, called "canvas." or>> rr: just off the green

of dartmouth college in new hampshire, the campus' hood museum of art, newly renovated and expanded, beckons once again. but this is not the same old. >>e prepared for surprise. >> reporter: during the hood's three years of construction, john stomberg had a chance most museum directors never get. while the hood was closed and empty, he and his team entirely -igined the way we experience art. >> we have many of the old favorites, but they're scattered in a different way. our overall goal was to change the way the story of art is told. >> reporter: this is where you the museum, in a gallery dominated by a sprawling work of art you've probably never seen, by a contemporary arti've probably haven't heard of. >> a lot of us kw who are the major artists today. but there are thousands more artists who make great artwork. so, let's open that up a little bit a, and bring more people into the conversation. so, for example, the painting

that i'm standing in front of is by the major nigerian modernist, obiora udechukwu. and yet, that's not a household name. the painting is amazing. >> reporter: stomberg says he's inverted the museum expeence, changing where and how you'll find particular art and artists. he's already done what the museum of modern art in new york abrecently announced it't to do. you'll still find renaissance art here, and the blockbuster artists like picasso. but, they're on the fringes of the museum, no longer center stage. >> in the core of the museum, you're going to find international or global contemporary art. all t through the center museum, we're looking at the art of today, the art of now. we like to think of the hood as ve museum, responsive to the world. >> reporter: is therg a risk in doat you've done? it's very unconventional. >> the risk is actually to tradition. so, are we risking tradition? absolutely. but is that a role for an arts presenting agency? abs lutely.

>> t our gallery of indigenous australian art, and it's from major gift to the museum from about ten years ago. >> reporter: juliette bianco is orthe hood's deputy direand a dartmouth graduate who spent her formative years here, and san ys there's freedoming a college museum, where itperimentation is welcome a fresh flow of ideas from students who constantly cycle h throd curate shows. >> they came up with an amazing idea: consent. it's clearly a big issue on campus. it's clearly a big issue across the country. and it is, of course, a founding issue in photography. >> incorporating student voices not only into the interpretation of our oects, but also into the decisions about which objects to add, how to interpret them, how to display them, if we orshould display theot. >> reporter: in this inaugural exhibition, students consider ofthe issuonsent in myriad forms. like the agency hyoung soldier as, or doesn't have, in hazing rituals. or, whether the work of phsecretivographer vivian

maier should be produced. she kept it hidden away. >> we can have these conversations. if we can't have these saconvons in a museum, where are we going to have these conversations? >> reporter: here, they'll be ongoing. with more than 70,000 objects, the hood has one of the largest university collections in the country. stomberg wants as much of that work as possible on view, which mes s rotating some gallerie quickly as every three months. o>> othe things that everybody is going to experience is how works of art change by the company they kee >> reporter: the museum doesn't charge for admission, and that impas hood's design. spend ten minutes, spend two hours, it's up to you. whatevers comfortable. one of the things that i love about a museum that'free is that you can come in and look at one work of art. you can come in and spend an afternoon withriends. it's totally variable. and so, there's no one way to see the museum. >> reporter: except that at the hood, there's always with a view to the outside wor. i'm jared bowen of wgbh reporting for the pbs newshour

in hanover, new hampshire. >> nawaz: and that's the newshour for tonight. on tuesday, a look at an effort to expy and the divers teachers in public schools. until then, i'm anma nawaz. join us online, and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you, and sn.ee you soo >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: ct>> for proaround the house, home advisor helps find local pros to do the work. you can check ratings, read customer reviews, and book appointments with pros online at homeadvisor.com. home advisor is proud to support pbs newshour. >> bab pl. a languagegram that teaches spanish, french, italian, german, and more. >> bnsf railway. >> consumer cellular. >> financial services firm raymd james. >> and by the alfred p. sloan

foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economi performance and financial literacy in the 21st century. >> supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation. committed to building a more ju world.ant and peaceful more information at macfound.org >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions >> this program was ma possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

♪ ♪ ♪ -today on "america's test kitchen," julia and bridget make the easiest pancakes from scratch, lisa reviews syrup dispensers, jack challenges bridget to a tasting of turkey bacon, ofn explores the sciencrowning, and becky cooks julia creamy french-style scrambled eggs. it's all coming up right here on "america's test kitchen."