captioning sponsored by wnet >> sreenivasan: on this edition for sunday, jun23: threat of new sanctions increases pressure on iran. a preview of the upcoming democratic debates. arend, in our signatuegment: harnessing quantum technology. enxt, on pbs newshour weekd. >> i pbs newshour weekemade possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. sue and edgar wachenheim iii. seton melvin. the cheryl and philip milstein family. dr. p. roy vagelos and diana t. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided

by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. that's why we're your retirement company. h additional suppo been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs n from viewers like you. thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasa >> sreenivasan: good evening and thank you for joining us. trusmp administration offici in washington and in the middle east are holding talks with allies in the region, as the u.s. reprepares to add sanctions against iran tomorrow. before leaving for saudi arabia and the united arab emirates this afternoon, secretary of state mike pompeo said the u.s. is preared to negotiate directly with iran with no precondatitions, but sanctions will continue. >> on monday, there will be a signifint set of new sanctions, and the world should know that we will continue to make sure it's understood that this effort that we've engaged

in, to deny iran the resources to foment terror, to build out their nuclear weapons system, to build t their missile program, we are going to deny them the resources they need to do that, thereby keeping american interests and american people safe, all around the world. >> senivasan: in jerusalem today, national secu brity advir olton met with israel's prime minister benjamin netanyahuan to discuss shooting down of a u.s. drone last thursday, and the u.s. decision lnot nch a military strike. >> neither iran nor any other hostile actor should mistake u.s. prudcend discretion for weakness. no one has granted them a hunting licse in the middle east. >> iran is facing unprecedented economic pressure as a result of its aggression. so i was pleased to hear president trump make erear yey that pressure will continue and that pressure will increa >> sreenivasan: in an interview with an iranian news agency, president the united states for "new tensions in the region" and

called on "international bodies to show proper reaction to this u.s. aggressive move." and, in an interview taped on friday, president trump said he is willing to talk. >> i'm not l and if there is, it'll be obliteration like you've never seen before. but i'm not looking to do that. but you can't have a nuclear weapon. you want to talk? od. otherwise, you can have a bad economy over the next three years. >> no preconditions? >> not as far as i'm concerned, no preconditions. >> and you'll talknyway? >> here it is, look, you can't have nuclear weapons, and if you want to talk about it, good. otherwise, you can live in a shattered economy for a long time to come. >> sreenivasan: ethiopia's prime minister said today that a coup attempt against a regional government north of the capital of addis ababa failed late yesterday, and that a high- ranking military chief and several others were shot and killed. prime minister abiy ahmed appeard on state-run television late at night wearing fatigues and calling for calm. n he told tion the military leader was killed by his own bodyguard.s as n of the coup attempt

emerged saturday night, all access to the internet was shut down, and army and police checkpoiwent set up around the capital. turkey's president recep tayyip erdogan's ruling party narrowly lost a re-run election in the race for istanbul's mayor today. in the first election, the opposition candidate defeated erdogan's justice andty development pandidate. but turkey's electoraouboard threw t the results and ordered a new vote, claiming that some of the officials e erseeing te were not civil servants. the winner's successful campaign focused on urban poverty and turkey's economic recession. erdogan's ruling party has been in control of turkey since 2002. >> sreenivasan: former house speaker paul ryan will sit down with judy woodruff tonight to discuss life after congress. watch the interview live beginning at 10:30 eastern time at www.pbsrg/newshour. >> sreenivasan: this week, the top 20 democratic presidential candidates are facing off over two nights in miami. it's the first official debate of the 2020 primaries. special correspondent jeff greenfield talked with a

bipartisan pair of strategists to learn what the candidates can do in a such a big field, and whetbaher a more than seven months before the first votes are cast will make any difference at all.he >> candidates need no introduction. >> reporter: if you think this was thfirst broadcast presidential debate, think again. back in 1948, republican governors harold stassen and thomas dewey sounded off on radio before the critical oregon primary. >> for the past few weeks, oregonians have been rticipating in a red hot political campaign. >> reporter: and in 1960, before edhe spaith richard nixon, john f. kennedy debated texas tor lyndon johnson at th democratic convention. >> i appreciate what senator johnson had to say. he made some genel references to perhaps the shortcomings of oretherdential candidates, but as he was not specific, i assume he was talking about some of the other candidates and not about me. ( laught ) >> reporter: but over the decades, primary debates have radically changed: there are

more of them, they begin earlier and earlier, and the number of contenders has exploded. this coming week, 20-- count them, 20-- democratic hopefuls will meet over two nights in miami. but as candidates from new york to california, from texas to wahington state, as an army of journalists descend on miami for these debates, a question arises: with ten candidates on the same stage at the same time, is that a debate? >> not a classic debate. you have a, basically a joint appearance. >> reporter: mike murphy has been a significant player in republican politics going back more than 30 years. >> there's still some of the same risk, but it's not a classic one- or two- or three- way debate, with real candidate- on-candidate conflicts. it's just not the nature of the beleast, with that many pe >> reporter: that's a view with bipartisan support. robert shrum's work with democrats goes back nearly half a century. along with murphy, he runs a think tank at the university of southern california, and agrees witmurphy that a huge debat field means a specific strategy for each contender. >> so, what's really important

for everybody, they're going to look for a moment. they're going to look for a line, an opening, something that can capture people's attention, get out, and really work. >> reporter: these "moments" have become ingrained in political lore. there was ronald reagan's response when threatened with a microphone shutoff, after his campaign had funded a 1980 g.o.p. debate: >> i am paying for this microphone, mr. green! >> reporter: or ex-vice president walter mondale's jibe at senator gary hart in 1984 about his substance: >> when i hear your new ideas, i'm reminded of that ad: "where's the beef?" ( laughter ) >> reporter: and sometimes, that need for a moment can turn bizarre. in 1972, when anti-poverty organizer ned coll ran for the democratic nomination, he tried to dramatize urban poverty by brandishing a rubber rat. a "momo ent" can a highly unwelcome, as when texas governor rick perry t 2011

forgotremember what federal agencies he wanted to abolish. >> the education... uh, the, uh... ( laughs ) >> commerce. >> coms merce... and, lee. i can't, the third one, i can't. sorry. oops. >ck> reporter: or when ba obama flippantly "complimented" his rival. >> t i donnk i'm that bad. >> you're likable enough, hillary. >> thank you so much. ( laughter ) >> reporter: so as these 20 candid and into the debate hall, they and their advisors will be dealing with a raft of questions about strategy and tactics: when orf to critihoze a rival, w to stand out in the crowd. i asked our two war-room veterans to put on their "advisor" hats and offer some insigh into how these ndidates might approach these questions. i'm jenoe babout to go into this debate. give me the one thing i most have to remember, and to do, and not to. >> if you're joe biden, the thing you most want to do in this debate is demonstrate vigor

and command of the issu, because people assume that, but given his age, they want to make sure. >> reporter: okay. next call's coming to you from bernie sanders. what's my goal? >> i'd say your goal would be to look like a happy warrior, instead of an angry warrior. and i would advise you not to attack elizabeth warren or joe biden, at which point he would hang uphe phone. >> they've all got their own agenda, beyond getting noticed and "doing well." mayor pete has to show a little ghness does he take a generational poke at bernie, who's a much easier target than the belov joe biden? so, they all have a reason maybe to have a conflictinute with sobody, because that's also the best way to make the media tape. mediaan conflict. >> reporter: but suppose one of these candidates does stand out from the crowd with a powerful argument, a powerful impression. will nythat really make difference to voters here in california? or for that matter, in most other states, who n't actually be voting for eight months or more? >> probably not, although i

think people are shopping, and so, if you make a good impression, that can stay with you. >> reporter: and mike murphy has one more piece of advice, borrowed from baseball: don't go for the home run. you want to swing for the fences, or you want to be a contact hitter? >> contact hitter. swinging for the feines is ruafter risk. and there are a lot of debates. this isn't the only super bowl. so i think the best thing to do is get your moment, ere you can look at the camera, connect wih people with something thate is tabout you, so you say it with confidence and strength, and rele >> sreenivasan: and joining me now is jeff greenfield, who will be watching the debates this week. jeff, a crowd of 20. how they separate themselves out from the pack, as you just laid out here, they're all going to be looking for these "moments." how are they sure that they can get one? well, that's one of the interesting questions about so large a field. one t thing i'm confid predicting is, somewhere in these debates, the lesser-known candidates will complain that nobody'asking them any questions, because there's no guarantee of equal time.

and tr he other dan, if you rehearse a clever line too much, and it sounds like something your atsdvisors or consult have come up with, it actually doesn't help you. and so a, itery, very difficult icallenge, partarly for the ones who are at one-half of 1% in the polls. >> sreenivasan: anthat cut-off line, that's been decided by the d.n.c., on the number of supporters you have, the amount of money you've been able to raise, to get you through-- are those hurdles going to change over time, to try to whitt? the field do >> yes, they've already-- the democrat in the later debates, they're going to ratchet up the conditions, toake it not just one of three, but allhree. but, look, i have to say that, you put more than four or five people on the same stage, you're asnot having a debate, as mentioned in the piece. you're having a-- i don't know what, a cattle show, and the idea of any kind of exchange of views is difficult. instead, you have, you have the candidates looking at the strai tegy, "who a with?"

sanders and warren are not going to be able to face off on who's the m they're on two different nights. and so, it creates a whole bunch of difcult questions for any candidate, and any candidates they have to try to figurout. >> sreenivasan: given that we're living in this time where everything is kind of stagrammed, or chopped down into social bits, how do we get to a point where we can say, okay, this is what this candidate's substance is about, this is that, kind of, that somethg, that, in the body language, something that, non- verbal cu te that makes me wa trust this human being? >> to me, part of the onsibility is on moderatorsto ask questions at actually push a candidate to say something substantive abouthi herself oelf. i would, for instance, be very intereabsted in hearing elh warren answer the question, "if you think the wealth tax that you propose is such a dea, how come almost every country that's tried it, has abandoned it, because it's too difficult?" i think the biden questions, instead of the obvious ones, "what dayid you mean byg

that you can work with james eastland?" is to ask a broader question. so many of the people that he cites, in workg with, have literally not been in the senate for 30 years. isn't this an indication that you may be past your prime. it's up to the moderators in this very wide field the try to zero in particularly on a more credible candidate and ask some tough questions about where they stand. >> sreenivasan: and finally, it matters more perhaps in our industry but the idea that msnbc was given the right to this and cspan and other networks were denied, does that end up reflecting our polarized society and fox gets debates inm6 future and with certain debates only go to one channel william. >> it is an outrage to me that a political party has ceded a preliminary debate to one

network. nichnip this in theud. not going on fox debate to try e. persuade people who may be persuada i think we have already seen the polarizati, if you aren for trump you're going to watch fox, if you are not for trump you are going to watch nbc cnn. i hope some kind ever reversal and say, we'll did on fox and say a lot o what you have said about us is wrong. >> sreenivasan: jeff greenfield, thanks so much. >> thank you. >> sreenivasan: if you think back to high school, you may remember some of the laws of classical physics, like newton's third law of motion: fry action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. intuitive laws like these form the basis of classical physics,

and they're all true. except when you get to the smallest units in the universe. this is the domain of what's known as quantum mechanics. it's how particles smaller than atoms interact with each other, and at this miniscule scale, entirely different laws of physics apply. in fact, it may be possible for one particle to be in two different places at the same time. it's aifficult concept for anyone to understand, but understanding how subatomic ould lead toteract major technological leaps. in fact, researchersudre already ng how quantum mechanics could lead to breakthroughs in super ing, encryption, and even medical treatment. but, i quantum technology, the u.s. may be falling behind. christopher bookorts. >> reporter: in 1957, a russian ertellite called sputnik u in the space age when it orbited the earth for the firstime. few may realize it, but a chinese satellite launched in 2016 may have a similar scientific significance. it's the wor's first satellite

containing quantum communication technology. it's been called quant's sputnik moment. why is that? >> well, i think it was an awakening in many areas of the government to note that it was technologically possible. >> reporter: university of chicago professor david awschalom has spent a great deal of time thinking about that awakening. not about the satellite itself, but how, after decades of investment in quantum research, american capabilities have been surpassed. >> to put a satellite in orbit that could send entangled particles of light to ground stations 1,000 kilometers apart... it's an extraordinary technological achievement. >> reporter: the launch is a giant leap forward in a global race to develop technology that exploits the principles of quantcsum mecha those are the governing behaviors of the smallest parti.cles in the univer >> the fact that we can control the quantum properties of individual oms, electrons, clei, even photons, will lead to lots and lots of new applicfrations new types of medical diagnostics, to new

types of seors, to encrypted and safe communication, to advanced tes of computing. reporter: and this is what the chinese satellite did. beaminlight particles called photons back to earth, it demonstrated that impenetrable, encrypted communicbeion might no possible. >> one of the odd things about these quantum states, is, the act of looking changes them. so you might think that's a liability, but for secure communication, that's an asset. if you send me a quantum ate, and somebody attempts to eavesdrop, you'll change the message. you'll actually destroy the .essage >> reporter: so, as an outside viewer, if we were to try to look aton that transmisthe state would change? we wouldn't be able to interpret what it was saying? >> correct. this is one of the unusual, weird properties of quantum mechanics that make it very difficult to grasp, for any of us. reporter: difficult to grasp, or even harder than that. after all, the words of the most famon-us americaborn physicist of the 20th century, richard feynman, still resonate more than 50 years after he said them: >> ...i think i can safely say that nobody understands quantum

mechics. ( laughter ) >> it's complicated in the sense that it's extremely non-intuitive. it's counter-intuitive. we d won't see this in old today, right? we don't see the properties of matter that could allow you to walk through a wall. >it> reporter: minute, properties that would allow us to walk through a wall? >> in the quantum world, that's lowed, with a certain probability. in our world, in the classical d, that doesn't happen. that can't happen to you. this type of interactions has bee tn happening atomic world forever. it's how matter is put together. it's how matter ieracts. it's the-- potentially the puzzle pieces that keep our wor together. ths clean room is one of the best in the country. >> reporter: for decades, the u.s. has been working on this puzzle, spenng around $200 million a year in research and development grants. that sounds le a lot. but in recent years, many other developed nations have launched s,tional quantum initiati pumping billions into programs of their own. most notably, china. while the exact number is not known, some estimates put their ent at tens of billions

of dollars. >> china has launched a major program; europe, japan, australia, canada. so, i don't believe the united states is behind, but i think the united states will have formidable competition. >> reporter: last december,co ress approved a slight expansion of u.s. efforts, establishing the national quantum initiative act committing nearly $1.3 billion of federal money to the research of quantum information science over the next five years. the act also establishes a federal strategy to coordinatedy research alraking place in universities and private industry. but if tuihe u.s. hopes to b and patent those quantum products of the future, awschalom says funonng is not th issue; the country will need to dramatically increase the numbnter q scientists. >> well, without a workforce, it won't happen. we need torain students that are both comfortable with these new experimental techniques; develonew microscopes, n ways to look at matter; and essentially bring industry up t speed, translate these ideas

into a larger setting. so, they're absolutely critic. >> reporter: there is also a fairly long turnaround time, because the students that we train today, we are talking essentially almost a ten-year development period? >> it is important to appreciate that. so, a graduate ph.d program is five to six years. then there are couple of years of engagement. so if we drton't sow, we will be a decade behind. it is very important to launch this now. so, the yellow light is designed so they can make smaller circuits. >> reporter: in 2013, when the university of chicago convinced awschalom to move his qubotum tory from the university of california at santa barbara to its new institute for molecular engineering housed in a $300 million state-of-the-art building, he brought 12 graduate students with him, and was one of only four professors. but today, with university, federal, d corporate, and nor funding, the institute has expanded exponentially, just hiring iets 31st full-t professor, and teaching 128 graduate students. in may, after receiving a $100 million gift, the institute

became the nation's first school dedicated entirely to molecular engineering. but awschalom says the u.s. will need thousands of quantum engineers if it hopes to outpace the efforts of foreign competitors. and it will need the help of private industry, which the universittny of chicago ps with. >> some major american companies, like google, and ibm, and microsoft, and intel, all now have msquantum prog so, it's beginning to move. people are seeing real systems being built >> reporter: in addition to advanced encryption, awschalom says applications of quantum technology will include dramatic increases in computing speed, as well as the development of precise medical diagnostic tools. >> so imagine putting a sensor in a living cell, watching information moving through the membrane, measuring the temperature of the cell precisely. look at the effect of a pharmaceutical in a biological system. it would revoluonize areas of medicine and healthcare. >> reporter: but awschalom says that the biggest advances from qutum technology will likely be beyond what we can imagine today. >> you know, we're just at the

beginning. and, you know, a nice parallel is when yothink about the electronics technology. we're at the stage of the first transistoreing developed. that's the way a lot of us like to think about it. and i thinit's hard to imagine, when people built the first transistor that was about the size of your thumb, that there'd be hundreds of millions of them in an iphone. it's very hard tpredict where these things will go, and i think many of us will not be the users of quantum technology. it will be the next generation. >> reporter: with the space race, it was identifiable to everyone. we're going to send a rocket to space. we're going to put a person on the moon this isn't like that. .> well, in a way, it is; in a way, it isn aat i found extraordinary about the space race iecision was made to go to the moon, not really kt,nowing how to dout with the confidence that, when problems would appear, they would be solved.t so, quum technology, i view a little bit of that. there are challenges, but i'm very confident the community willvercome them. and i think in the end, it will end up being more exciting than we envision today.

>> this is "pbs newshour weekend," sunday. in the czech rndublic today, reds of thousands of people gathered to call for the ouer of theri country's minister. it was one of the largest demonstrations since the 1989 "velvet revolution," which ended communism in what was then czechoslovakia. protests against the billionaire businessman prime minister andrej babis have grown in recent weeks, as he faces vestigations over alleged fraud and conflicts of interest. babis denies the charges. thousands marched through georgia's capital city of tbilisi last night to the headquarters of the country's ruling party. it was the third straight day of demonstrations against what the protesters say is too close a relatiobenshieen the georgian government and russia. on friday, russian president vladimir putin canceled all flights from russia to georgia, starting on july 8, an econothc blow to country's tourism industry. putin's decision followed

violent protests on thursday, when a russian ltor was being allod to speak inside the parliament building. climate activists in germany called off demonstrations today inside of one of the country's largest open-pit coal mines. the protesters were attempting to save a forest that a utility company is planning to ra in orer to expand the mine. they left the mine after arrests and repeated warnings that they faced life-threatening danger. mining activity was halted during the three days of protests. one year after being trapped in a cave in northern thailanfor nearly three weeks, some of the rescued boys, their soccer coach, and members of the rescue teamran and biked in a marathon today. thousands participated in the event to raise funds to improve conditions in the cave complex where the boys and their coach were trapped during flooding last year. several of the rescued boys and their coach posed for photos and ran in the marathon. government officials also honored the thai diver who died during the rescue mission.

>> sreenivasan: on tomorrow's >> sreenivasan: on tomorrow's newshour, a look at stonewall at 50. personal reflections on the movement toward gay rights. that's all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend. i'm hari sreenivasan. thanh for watching. e a good night. captioning sponsored by wnet captioned by media access group at wgbh h. access.wg >> pbs newshour weekend imade

possible by: sc bernard and irenartz. sue and edgar wachenheim iii. seton melvin. the cheryl and philip milstein family. nadr. p. roy vagelos and d. vagelos. the j.p.b. foundation. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg. corporate funding is provided by mutual of america-- designing customized individual and group retirement products. at why we're your retirement company. additional support has been provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.

an ed: the e hawaiiowboys were considered some of the best cowboys in the world who made a tender air-dried beef jerky called pipi kaula. come with me, ed kenney; and musician kuana torres kahele to a california adobe and discover how these traditionsf music and food are still enjoyed today. er thare so many reasons why i became a chef. er dish has a story. food brings people together and has the power to conjure up cherished memories. i was born and raised in the hawaiian islands, one of the most diverse communities in the world. in t s show, we'll meeta guest f, learn about their favote dish, trace it back to its origins, and have some fun along the way. announcer: major funding for "family ingredients" gredients" was provided by the corporation for public broadcasting. additional funding was provide by the hawai'i tourism authority,