captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> nawaz: good evening. i'm amna naw. judy woodruff is away. on the newshour tonight: the eye of the storm. at a moment of relative calm in hong kong, anxiety mounts over how beijing will respond to the pro-democracotestors. then, warning signs. the stock market plungesoamid a rollerer of volatility. where is the u.s. economy headed, and what are the concerns over another recession? and, troubled waters. the deadly risk of a contaminated drinking supply takes a toll on a neighborhood in the shadow of a coal plant. >> my husband died from cancer. mary ann next door died from cancer. you can't tell me these people, just because they're past 50, it's normal for them to get cancer andie.

that's too many people that have died on my little street. >> nawaz: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> babbel. a language app that teaches ife conversations in a n language. babbel's 10-15 minute lessons are available as an app, or online. more information on babbel.com. >> consumer cellular. >> financial services firm raymond james. ♪ ♪ >> supporting social entrepreneurs and their solutions to the world's most pressing problems-- skollfoundation.or

>> the lemelson foundation. committed to improving lives through invention, in the u.s. and developing countries. on the web at lemelson.org. >> supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation. committed to just, verdant and peaceful world. more information at macfou.org >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions: >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> nawaz: stocks went into a free fall on wall reet today, after the bond market stokedof feara recession. germany also reported its economy shrank in the second raising concerns about a global slowdown. the disappointing economic news caused the dow jones industrial average to plummet 800 points to

close at 25,479. the nasdaq fell 242 points and the s&p-500 slipped more than 85. we'll take a closer look at the marketr volatility la the program. t hong kong, flights at the international airpsumed a day after tense clashes broke out betweeriot police an pro-democracy protesters. smaller, peaceful demonstrations continued inside the terminal, with scores of signs calling for democratic reforms and the resignation of the territory's chief executive, carrie lam. we'll have ms'ore on the protest impact and china's response right after the news summary. back in this country, more revelations emerged today about the two guards tasked with monitoring accused sex trafficker jeffrey epstein's il cell the night he died by apparent suicide. new reports allege the guards fell asleep dturing their sh and later falsified records to cover up their failure to check on himvery half hour, as required. falsifying log entries can

constitute a federal crime. hundreds of child sex abuse lawsuits werfiled in new york today as the state opened a temporary window for adult s ctims to bring their ca court. a new state law lifts thof statutimitations, giving alleged victims one year, beginning today, to sue, regardless ofow long ago the abuse occurred. more than 1,0 people already filed lawsuits against the catholic church, including one who called thepportunity to seek justice "historic." >> it is a moment of redemption for-- not just for myself butyb evy who's been abused by so many of these people for so long. 's time now to stop it, it's time right now. this is the only chance we get. and thangod for that chance. >> nawaz: the roman catholic archdiocese ofew york issued a atement vowing to "carefully review the claims."

dozens of lawsuits were also filed against thboy scouts of america and other institutions, including schools and hospitals. at leastne woman who claimed she was sexually abused by jeffrey epstein also filed suit. wildfires raged thr protected nature preserve on greece's second-largest island for a second day. hundreds of sidents have evacuated four villages and a monastery in evia. more than 250 firefighters are fighting the flames by air and land in the dense pine forest. greece's prime minister commended their work today while inspecting the damage. >> we know that wildh res will be w, they will be part of our-- as they have always been, but they've been more part of our daily life as climate akange isg its toll on southern europe. and that is why it is imperative at the europeanevel to strengthen the rescue e.u. mechanism, in order to have moro dination at the european level, to fight incidents like e ones we had in greece. >> nawaz: a state of emergency was declared on the island yesterday to free up much-needed resources.

in nepal, a government panel recommended new restrictions for climbing mount everest today in response to the deadliest climbing season in four years. the rules mandate climbers hav proper training and high-altitude experience, and be in good health beforrlscaling the s highest summit. the government was criticized for allowing too many people to otclimb the near 30,000 mountain after 11 climbers died or went missing this spring. meanwhile, facebook is underve fire today onew privacy concerns. this time it's for paying outside contractors to transcribe users' audio clips on facebook messenger. the company reportedly had human transcribers listen to users' private voice recordings to scription quality control. facebook said the audio clips were masked to prote users' identities. and it said it stopped the practice a week ago. out of philadelphia, a police spokesman confirmed several

police officers were thjured s evening in a north philadelphia shootout in the knife town section of the city. temple university has locked down its health sciences center campus. still to come on the newshour: will the pro-democracy protestors in hong kong face a violent crackdown from the chinese government? wall street sees significant volatility as fears mount over another recession. a coal plant and a dying neighborhood: the toxic threat of cancerous waste. and much more. >> nawaz: ashe protests in hong kong have become more intense over the past fnu weeks, the iations from beijing have become harsher. an editorial in a chinese communist party mouthpiece today accused the protesters of wanting to foment a revolution, something thotey said wille permitted. the hong kong airport is back up d running, b tensions

between the thousandof pro- democracy protesters w a shut it down hong kong's government are far from resolved. police say at least five people were arrested after daf protests there that canceled 300 flights and at times turned violt. today, police defended their tactics and said those apprehended will face justice. >> the hong kong police have always facilitator peaceful and rly protests over the years. but the extremely radical and violent acts have certaly crossed the line, and ought to be most severely condemned. >> nawaz: smaller numbers of protesters returned today to tht airport, wh signs criticizing city government and police. ng kong police in riot gear fired tear gas at protesters in the street outside a police station. since early june, waves of protest have rocked hong kong in response to a proposed law that would allow extradition of suspected crinals to mainland china. this leaderlhtess group has so

to build on 2014 pro-democracy demonstrations known as the "umbrella movement," when hundreds of thousands took to the streets against a proposal to change the city's electoral rules. ♪ ♪ beijing took control of hong kong from britain in a 1997 handover; under hong kong's so-called "basic law" that followed, china guaranteed some political independence, freedoms and democratic elections in hong kong under a set-up known as "one country-t systems." protesters accuse beijing of trying to undermine that framework.s chinling communist party continued its tough talk erainst protestoday, and bashed them through state tv. >> ( translsated ): we expr our strongest condemnation of this near-terrorist act and express our deepest ences to the injured mainland compatriots and hongceong police of. >> nawaz: beijing also again accused the u.s. of being the "bla hands" behind monstrations. president trump tweeted yesterday "can't imagine why"

anyone would blame the u.s. for the problems in hong kong. earlier yesterday the president ouned to chart a middle between protesters and the beijing government run by the n he's called a good friend, president xi jinping. >> it's a very tricky situation. i think it will work out and i hope it works out for liberty, i pe it works out for everyone, including china. i hope it works out peacefully. i hope nobody gets hurt, i hope nobody gets killed. >> nawaz: in congress, some expressed outright support for the protesters. house minority leader kevin mccarthy wrote on twlast night: "america stands with hong kong." today, the u.s. state department issued an advisory for travel to hong kong. meanwhile, beijing in recent days released video of armored personnel caiers en route to e border of hong kong. and new satellite images appear toeshow chinsecurity force vehicles in a sports stadium ish the city ofzen, on the

border. so with chinmaese forcesed on the border, tough talk from beijing, and protesters not backing down, what now? for that, we turn to kenneth lieberthal. he was senior director for asia on the national security council staff during the clinton administration.'s ow professor emeritus at the university of michigan. andinxin pei is professor of government at claremont mckenna college. he writes extvely about china. and welcome to you both. minxin, i wa tstart with you. is the fact the protesters have left the airportenned the tense moment has die dd dos that give you hope things overall are dying down? >>yes, this is clearly a turning point, i think the protesters have committed an unforced error and they have recognized this. so they should be -- there ould be a period of deescalation. haat is unknown is the government will do. if the government takes advantage of this period and starts arresting me protesters

or even charging them, then we can see a return of the protesters. so things are still quite fluid. nawaz: hundreds of protesters have already been arrested based on what you've heard from the government so far, what do you think the chinese govement will do? >> nawaz: the hong kong government has arrested them and it's up to h theg kong government to decide whether to charge those who have been arrested or whether to prosecute those who have been charged. so this is up to the hong kong government. what the chinese government wants to do really depends whether the hong kong govement camaintain control of the situation. a few days ago, it certainly seemed that the hong kong government was losing its grip. today, i'm a bit more relieved. lieberthal,nneth how do you assess where we are right now? >> i agree that there isa moment here that possibly could be seized to find a way forward and get us out of a conundrum that could otherwisproduce a

tragedy, but i think that way forward will require first an initiative by the hong kong tovernment, y mind, likely thcluding a willingness by chief executive carrie lam to step down. some outreach to the major constituencies across mcto form some sort of commission to review what's happened and carry out necessary investigations and give their opinion. essentially a long-term trust-building process that can ease tensions and stop a situationhere radicals -- you know, the most radical ements among demonstrators are seizing the initiative and, frankly, moving beyond what i think beijing can possibly tolerate. >> nawaz: kenneth lieberthal back to you, but when you hear how the chinese government has be senaking so far, they're labeling this terrorism, calling the protesters criminals, yo see the troop movement and

buildup, the color revolution comparisons now, does it soundhe likere laying the groundwork for some kind of intervention >> they are ying the groundwork for an intervention but i think they strongly prefer not to move in with force. r thally want the hong kong government to get on top of this. to the extent the hong kong government fails a - to find a way to do that, i think we'll see increasing use of fce. don't think we'll see 1989 is in the cards.e world has changed and hong kong is not a student movement in beijing 30 years ago, but we could see a lot happen that would do tremendous dama to hong kong, tohina, to u.s.-china relations and to e region. >> nawaz: if those steps ken lieberthal laid out and you see a ratcheting up of tensions thon ides, you were writing about this, you said it seems to be careening toward a

devastating climax, are you worried there would be a ten amin crack down? >> china will celebrate the 70th anniversary of the people's republic. it is is very important, and the chine government would like to e anneventful celebration., r example, this continuation of this hard line position from beijing, at leas rhetorically, and then the kinds of things laid out il to tke place at the concessions made by the hong konmeg govent, we can see a return of the protesters, very close to theelebration of the 70th anniversary. >> nawaz: are they really goig to wait 45 days? if the protests continue, would they wait that long before taking action? >> it's a very difficult decision for the chinese government to make. i think this is reall their last result. they're not going to act until

hong kong is paralyzed. suppose there were another general strike that paralyzes hong kong, that might force being's hand,ut we're quite far away from that point so far, kenneth lieberthal, some of the nguage leads us to believe beijing views this as a existential threat, if they aontinue, they will in some be forced to affect do you see ut that way. >> is this yes, i do, but the question is,y'hen t forced to act, that doesn't necessarily mean to have a large number of troops move across the from pla in the streets, et cetera. you could have a declaration by the hong kong government of a state of emergency in hong kong, se curtailment of civil libertie, stronger actions by thhong kong police and judiciary escalate to potentially using the beijing p.l.a. garrison in hong kong to a presence on the streets.

you know, there are a whole series of thingyou c do shy of having tanks moving across the border, and i th they will more likely try to increase the pressure step by step, but i very much agree with minxin, this is a very difficult tuation and no one knows exactly what the politics are in beijing among the leadership that will inevitably play a role in how this is handl there. >> nawaz: what is at stake here for the chinese government? how is beijing assessing this? >> it's authority in hong kong because the beijing government is seeing this challenge as not a challenge to hong kong government but to the authority of the chinese government. >> nawaz: so we've seen whatr president tp has had to say so far. is there or should there be a role for the u.s. in all of this? >> if there should be a role, the role should be very quiet.e, i think one thing president trump can do is to pick up the phone and have a

quiet conversation with president xi jinping and urge him not to intervene. >> nawaz: kenneth lieberthal, what do you make of this? how should the u.s.e acting, if at all, at this moment? ho we should be making suggestions abou to move forward in this situation to maintain peace. clearly, if this goes off the rails, it will be enormously damaging to u.s.-china relations, among other things in the region. >> nawaz: minxin pei and kenneth lieberthal, thank you very much to you both. >> thank you. t >> nawazday's 800-point plunge on wallthtreet is just most recent swerve for a stock market that had very recently been hitting record his. jeffrey brown reports that the high level of volatility has investors large and small on edge and looking fro answers. >>: president trump's trade and tariff wars, major

slowdowns in the economies of germany and hechina,rospect of further actions by the federal reserve, and more. it may be august, but national and global events are impacting rkets and, maybe, the economy overall. neil irwin, senior economics correspondent for the "new york times," joins me now. nice to have you back. >> thanks, jeff. he>> reporter: big drop in market today. you see several things going on. let's start with the trade and tariffs. how is that moving markets? >> we've seen a bit of a deescalation of the trade wars in the last couple of days as e president has backed around one round of tariffs that were supposed to go into effect. >> brown: which should be good. >> but that was only partial pulling back two weeks ago. this trade war is bigger than a dial you can twist. it's affecting the overall economic relationship betweene rld's two largest economies. businesses worldwide are having to adapt and adjust and they're nervous about investing in the future given that backdrop. >> reporter: do we see actual

damage already or is this about fears look ahead? >> in the u.s. economic at thea, it's pretty mild. you see the evidence the investment sector is slowing down, business investment is weak in the last few months, but not a catastrophe for the u.s. economy. so far the u.s. economy seems to be holding up. the question is what's going to happen in f theure. >> reporter: and when the president pulled back yesterday on the latt tariffs or at least postponed them, was that perhaps as seeing this time it might affect consumers or why do you think he did that? >> yh, i think this round o tariffs is going to affect consumers 10% on basically allch ese imports including toys, iphones and people are buying in the christmas season. they didn't want to do that. the thing, is you can't really go back again.i sometimes idea of escalating global economic onwar fair that's in place, it's not so much the details of any one tariff, it's what's going tn hao the relationship overall and what does that mean for the future. >> reporter: so there's that on the one hand, but you're seeing this as part of something

much bigger, deeper, a slowi a weakening, perhaps a sign of recession? what points that? >> what happened today is called an inversion of the yield curve. the yield curve is interest rates on the treasury bonds for different time periods. you're seeing lower intest rates on longer-term than shorter-term bonds. all that means is investors worldwide soon to be pricing in an expecting slower growth, weaker growth, lower inflation, lower federal rate cuts, thats the impression we're getting from global bond investors. >> reporterwhy are they so pessimtic? >> the a sharp slowdown in the european economy, geolitical tensions. you have tensions between china and hong kong, you have a vy complex situation where the entire world economy and the world political system seems to be in this very fragile state e so it't take much to undermine growth. >> reporter: now the president clearly seeing what's going on, he put out another tweet today,

another blast at the fed chairman and referred to him as clueless jay powell. where is that coming from? >> if presdent trump wants to blame the fed for everything bad happening in the world marks and economy -- and the feds have raised interest rates four times st weir year, already taken back one of those, there's evidence they overdid it last year and raised rates too much w givere the global economiy is but you cahon' the trump administration blameless, they throw bombs in the global tring system in ways that are disruptive. you talk to c.e.o.s and look at earnings reports, the trump administration clhas part of the responsibility. >> reporter: we've talked abrtt many times the uninty unsettles markets, right? >> yeah, if you're a c.e.o. and trying to decide whether to invest or hire people or build a factory, you don't know what the world economy is going to look at in a year because of the chaos that emanates from

washington and other capitals in the world as well, that affectsn business what the happening in the markets affects that more and more. >> reporter: it is true som numbers look good, job market is okay and wages are up. so is everybody sort of all these numbers? >> the u.s. has been the calm in thetorm. the u.s. is basically sound even with the turmoil overseas. what we're seeing in markets this month seems to b suggesting that could change. it doesn't have to be a recession, but the risk of one is higher than a month ago. >> reporter: and briefly before we go, what is it about august? something about everybody is supposed to be relaxingut a t of things are happening in the economy and market. >> we seepeying 2011 happened in 2007, happened in 1998. one explanation seems to be a nch of traders are on vacation, soless liquidity in markets, wilder swings. it may be coincidence but in august is th month where global

markets seem to melt down. >> reporter: all right, neil irwin of the "new york times." thank you very much. >> thanks, jeff. t >> nawaz: ay with us. coming up on the newshour: the crisis ialready here. climate change and the warming of america. reevaluating president reagan in light of newly released audioco ings. and keeping alive native american traditions at an internatiol folk art festival. coal ash is ecan elly bad and dangerous byproduct of our dependence on coal and fossil fuels. now over the years, a number of communities have dealt with coal ash spills that have turned into emergencies with real public health concerns over what's seeped into the water. inome places, utilities have been pushed to adopt tougher standards. but as miles'brien reports, some residents and activists say the power congmpanies are figh changes that could help protect public health. it's part of our regular segment on "the leading edge" of science and technology.

reporter: this is the well water? >> this is the well water. >> reporter: and this is 2015. at the kitchen table in her home of 41 years near charlotte,nc laura showed me the official notice that rocked her world in 2015. the north carolina division of public health recommends that your well water not be used for drinking and cooking. what's it like when you got a notice like that? >> scary. thu don't want to turn o spigot. >> reporter: her well water was more like a witches brew-- among the frightening ingredients: cancer causers hexav chromium, ten times the state safe threshold and vanadium almost 30 times the standard. she and her family hano choice, forced to rely solely on hrbottled water for nearly years. >> i would not allow my children toake a tub bath. they had to take a quick shower, no luxury.: >> reporte they didn't have to look far to find the suspected source of the contamination: the 62-year-old allen steam

station coal fired power plant.i it sht next to the neighborhood, and right in the middle of a raging national debate over what to do about the ts left behind aft the coal is burned. what's leftover is ash, and in addition to hexavalent chromium, it ctains arsenic, mercury, thallium, selenium, lead and more. million tons of coal ash here at allen. duke energy spokesperson erin culbert gave me a tour. what are we seeing here? what's all around us? >> well, really as far as the eye can see in all these' directions, were looking at coal ash. >> reporter:e the ash dukergy creates today is either used te make concretd wallboard or kept dry and stored in lined landfills. but for decades, duke and other utilities mixed the ash with water and sent a steady stream of the toxic mix, into deep unlined pits, with nn barrier betwe ash and the

groundwater. in all, duke23 ownoal fired plants in five states, 14 in north carolina, whe they store about 153 million tons of coal h. 101 million tons of it sitting in 23 unlined pits. >> this was certainly decades before the u.s. e.p.a. was in ple and before today's regulations that would require those liners. so, most of the ash basins thatw we operaere constructed at the time when liners weren't required. >> reporter: each year, u.s. utilities generate 100 million tons of coal ash, one of the laest industrial waste streams in the country. >> it took me a long time to get over the angiter ohat duke knew this and they didn't do anything they were supposed to. they were supposed to be responsible. >> reporter: given the unknowns abouncer and the latency betwn exposure and symptoms, it is all but impossible to conclusively connect the toxins to a particular illness in one individual.

but laura tench is surrounded by cancer. she lost her husband jack to the disease last year, and many of her neighborsts have similar ories. >> they call the street in front of me, cancer street. john died first and he is gone. my husband died from cancer. mary ann next door died from cancer. you can't tell me thju these people because they're past 50 it's normal for them get cancer and die. and there's too many people they're dystg on my little et. they're killing us. >> duke energy responded with onthe highest level of cau we offered to provide bottled water for those folks while we were continuing to dmore testing. >> reporter: coal ash and its consequences burst into public consciousness in 2008, when an earthen dam at a power plant in kingston, tennessee collapsed - sending more thaa billion gallons of ash-tainted water into a river. this caught attorney frank holleman's attention. >> we're using 21st century

technology to take pollutants out of the smoke stack, and then we're using 14th century technology to dispose of the ash and the pollutants we pull out of the smoke stack. it's the most dangerous, and the most primitive way you could store this toxic industrial waste. >> reporter: so holleman, the southern environmental law center and local activists began a decade lon g battle to end the reckless dumping. they started suing utilities to comp them to store the coal ash in a safer manner. it was a david versus goliath e ruggle: duke energy, which towers over arlotte skyline, is one of the largest electric utithlities iu.s., a monopoly witbimore than $2ion in revenue. and yet the plaintiffs won, again and agteain, repy forcing utilities to dispose of coal ash in dry, lined landfills in virginia and south carolina as well as north carolina. >> ultimately, the duke energy

operating companies in the state pleaded guilanty 18 times to c water act crimes and remained on criminal probation today. >> reporter: in north carolina, the tide turned fully against unlined coal ash pats in 2014. when a broken pipe at a duke energy power plant caused a huge coal ash spill into the dan river. it prompted the first state law regulating coal ash storage later that year. virginia and illinois followed and so did the environmental protection agency. but the trump epa has loosened the rules and extended the deadlines. then in september 2018, high water generated by hurricane florence caused a coal ash spill at sutton lake near wilmington north calina. in april, state regulators uppee the antelling duke that all the remaining unlined basins must be excavated and moved to dry landfills. the state has asked you to do it? >> they have. >> reporter: and you're

appeing? >> we respectfully disagree tith their posion. we believe that a one size fits all is the wrong approach. >> reporter: duke agreed tone excavate 22 unpits and move the ash to dry, lined landfills. but the company is refusing to including here at allen.ers, instead, the company wants to drain the water and cover the ash withoil and a liner. capped in place. >> some of the common denominators around the sites that we propose vopping would e sites that are not at risk of flooding from the adjacent water body. in all of these circumstances, the water flow is going away poom neighbors and would not have the future unity to impact their drinking water wells. >> reporter: on our tour of allen, culbert showed how the company reached that conclusion. to be sure the coal ash is notat mig, there are 200 ground water monitoring sites around the ant, and routine testing on the river. but tracing toxins from coal ash

is a complex task as many of them, including hexavalent chromium, occur naturally. at duke university, geochemist and coal ash expert avner vengosh has developed a test that measures not one chemical, but an array of them, in samples to identify s if it coom coal ash or not. the whole mixture kiisto a chemical fingerprint. >> it's not black and white. we do see evidence for contaminatio sn llow groundwater, but we have not seen the arrosival of of contaminants into drinking water wells. it could come anytime. it still may be happening in some places, >> reporter: despite the ambiguity, vengosh says coal ash needs to be treated as .zardous wast >> we should treat it in the way we actually manage hazardous waste in this country. we put it in a system that is isated and there are technical solutions to do so. it's only a matter of, first,

awareness and then economics. >> reporter: t multi layered liners and the excavation of the coal ash are expensive. at the allen site, duke energy estimates it excess of half a billion dollars and two decades to do the job. capping in place is a lot cheaper and faster: 185 million dollars and less than nine years.we >> iave to excavate all of these ash basins, that takes a lot of money, billions of dollars away from cleaner investments in renewables and her types of technologies. >> we know the solution. it's a shame that people were ever exposed to these risks buts it'sme if we don't stop these risks as soon as we reasonably can. >> reporter: laura tench and her neighbors ar the municipal water supply. but that does not change their view oduke energy's responsibility. at this point you want duke to do the right thing, so what is the right thing? >> they have to have these things lined. we have ben told to take care

of the environment and we're not doing it. everyone is responsible not only duke but we're responsible to make sure that it's being taken care of. we need to stop using coal. it's the bottom line >> reporter: she is practicing stalling preaches-- solar panels on her roof not long after our visit. she looks forward tusing clean power, and sending less money to duke. r the pbs newshour, i'm miles o'brien in belmont, north carolina. >> nawaz: now, a secon environmentl story on a much larger scale. scientists have warned frequently that we need to stop the planet from warming an additional two degrees celsius abovpre-industrial levels to avoid catastrophic problems. a new analysis of temperature data by "the washington post" finds many major areas across

the united states have reached or are already nearing that two degree mark. it also found significant variations across the country. chris moony from "the washington post" is here to lay out how some parts of the u.s. are being impacted more than others. chris, welcome to the "newshour". >> thank you. great to be here. nawaz: it's a sweeping analysis, looking across decades and decades of tedata. me how you came to know what you know. >> we set out to just look at me hints that i'd seen in scientific studies and other places about some parts to have the globe warming much faster oan others and there being some impacts, strang dramatic, in these places, and we said can we, you know, look at this more widely and, sure enough, we can. n.o.a.a. has a great complete data set for the united states down to the county level back to 1895 all the way through. that's what we looked ad at and sure enough there are hot spots acro the lower 48 states.

alaska is warming even more, but across the lower 48 there are some dramatic areas. >> nawaz: whadid you find across the lower 48, pat snrns. >> yes. one t have the m striking patterns is the northern border of the country from roully montana althe way to maine is, you know, repeatedly high levels of warming compared to what's below it, and if you were to look at canada, you would see thatontinuing. so it's something about northern land areas are warmingasr. we think this has something to do, probably, with the winter season and with snow melting faster than bare grounds exposed and exposing more solar radiation, this is a process that scientists think will play out on climate change and given what we're seeing with the pattern having to do with the north, we suspect that's what it is. there are other hot spots as well but that's one to have the biggest patterns. >> nawaz: temperature data is one thing, but what does that 1 or 2 degrees celsius change mean on the ground? >> we look at new jersey because

it's about 1.9 celsius and rhode island is 2 2. we went to a lake in new jersey aand it's great way to tell the story because, 100 years ago, plis was sort of this winter wonderland where p would ice skate, ice fish, the had giant winteran carnivald skaters and ice boats, ice sailg, plus it was an ice factory and they chopped up the ice, there was so muchf it, to ship it to new york because there were no refrigerators, so eepy would use the ice to things cold for large numbers of people. and now, the lake isery hard to even hold ice fishing contests anymore. the lake is overgrowing with weeds that are being helped along by the warmer temperatures and had a dangerous algae room which occurs more frequently when temperature rise so it's a giant change that's happened. >> nawaz:it's a giant change when you look at over 100-plus years.

have people on the ground been noticing change, too? >> yes, you go to the lake and say what happened? they say we don't have those winter anymore, can't do the pastimes, the ice fishing. some areas still can do it because the weather varies a great deal, but across new jersey winters change the fastest and you see all the effects related to winter, so one of the things that happens is you get different growths laf wees in th, you get pests that used to die because the winter was too cold for them. they now come upne and visi places, and, so, you have the pin --new jersey is infested wie southern pine beetle and they're destroying the trees s. tie a phenomenon across the northeast and a lot of agriculture pas are on the move. a lot of big changes. >> nawaz: all of the hot spots, alaska stands out to you. it's been warming faster than any other part. >> sure.

>> nawaz: what are you seeing. it's the arctic. the arcti is in a class of its own. people are surprised to learn it's in the lower 48. alaska is 2.2 celsius, but there are parts of alaska like the north slope that are way, w above that. >> nawaz: you note if your article that globa doesn't apply itself acrosthe globe, certainly not in the u.s., so are there parts of america that don't feel this at all? >> the south stands out as not having warmed the 120-year period at all and even in mississippi and alabama, it's cooling. it has to do with air pollution in the middle of the century and natul variability of the climate. they are actually warming the last 50 years but that gets oueighed by the pryer part of the period so they end up with nothing, so it's a variable picture. >> nawaz: within this one country, there are two differenh storie it comes to how people are experiencing climate change, global warming, how does

that affect the the national conversation? >> it is difficult because it affects people's perceptions in a lot of different ways. on the other hand, because there are 71 counties and some are poryopulated, we have 10% of the pulation in those counties, so it's a national story. ute impacts will be playing o in a lot of regions. we've got rocky mountain regionc southeifornia, we've got the whole northern stretch. it affects a lot of different regions, just not evenly. so it hink that iis the united states as a whole that needs to be paying attention to it, not just some parts. >> nawaz: but te fascinating report is how stunning and sweeping it is, available at "the washington post" now. chris mooney, thank you so much for being here. >> great to be with you. >> nawaz: a recently unearthed audio recording of ronald reagan from 1971 haues raisedions about the former president's views on race.

lisa desjardtains a closer look now at the comments made nearly fifty years ago, and reagan's complicated legacy. >> desjardins: in the early 1970s, ronald reagan was governor of california, and already a national name in republican polics. on the morning of october 26, 1971, reagan called up president nixon at the white house. >> hello? >> mr. president? hope i didn't get you out of bed. >> no, i'm... ( laughs ) >> desjardins: their 12-minute chat was captured onresident nixon's white house tapes, and was released in full by the national archives just last month. it includes governor reaganlu using a racistto describe a group of african diplomats at the united nations. >> last night, i tell you, to tch that thing on television, >> desjardins: reagan was reacting to this u.n. session the day before, where the u.s.

lost major votes over the rise of china, and whether communist china should be seated as the official chinese delegation. beijing won with a coalition of nations that included many developing nions. the result led some, including the tanzanian delegation, tot bursto celebration. for historians, the audio of reagan's reaction to that moment is aew data point. h.w. brands is a reagan biographer, and professor at the university of texas at atin. reagan's 1971 words to nixon surprised him. >> i read his diaries, i read his letters, i hadn't heard him say anything like this.as so irankly curious and a bit puzzled. reagan wrote two memoirs and in both of them he made a point of the fact that his father jack reagan had taught him an reagan's brother to noengage in discrimination because jack the father was irish-- an irish catholic-- and he himself had suffered discrimination. so he made a point to his sons that this is not the way you should behav

>> desjardins: when reagan launched his 1966 bid to become california gr,overno his 30-minute ad showed two sides of thinking. one was "gn et toughime," at one point comparing violent areas to jungles. >> the only onthing that's gup more than spending, is crime. our city seets are jungle paths after dark. >> desjardins: the other wase soaring ric about equality. >> those few who chose to walk with prejudice, will walk alone. never again, should any parent know the heartbreak of explaining to a child that he is to be denied some of the go our country has to offer, because in some way he's different. >> desjardins: brands has his own theory about the new audio, that reagan's slur was an attempt to sway president nixon, who is now known to have made raci comments, privately. >> at least part of it, reagan is using, i think, this language operationally-- to try to move nixon in the direction he wants nixoto go. >> desjardins: but other historians disagree deeply about the new audio.

>> so, my reaction was a little bit of surprise but not shock. >> desjardins: historian and harvard associate professor leah wright riguur is thinking of the long debgaate over reas view of black america. under reagan, african americans saw poverty and incarceration rise. historians have debated why. >> now, we actually have a broader context about ronald reagan-- one wherein he is using racial slursha andhe is, you know, he is talking about black people, and s in tse africans, in a pejorative and negative and regressive sense. so now wha we have to do is reconcile that prejudice witnah reagan's actual policies and programs and the things that he did on the ground. >> desjardins: reagan's record offers much to examine. he stressed states' rights during his 1980 presidential campaign, a phrase associated with small-government philosophy but also with segregationists. >> i'm trying to prevent discrimination with this idea of

eliminating quotas. >> desjardins:e fought affirmative action, decried those with welfare benefits as gaming the system, and increased prison rates for minorities. all, he argued, as part of slimmer, safer government that encouraged people to stand on their own feet. reagen did ethe voting rights act for 25 years, though he initiallyft tried to some of the law's protections. and, while he was reluctant to establish a national holiday to celebrate martin luther king, reagan did ultimately sign legislation to do so. >> let us not only recall dr. king, but rededicate ourselves to the commandments he believed in and sout to live every day. >> desjardins: for some, like h.w. brands, reagan disdained discrimination but focused on other policies and problems. >> reagan never pretended to be a hero of civil rights.d he realld believe that laws that were made at the state level were generally better than la national level. at the reagan was a small government conservative. >> desjardinhs: but, in lea

wright rigueur's assessment, it's more about sizing up his policies against his messaging... >> it's mornaging n in america. >> desjardins: ...like reagan's iconic 1984 "morning in ameri" campaign ad, which shows many different faces of americans. >> underhe leadership of president reagan, our country is prouder, and stronger, and better. >> over the course of his career, reagan and his strategists adand hisers figure out that one of the most politically powerful and insulating things that they n do is actuly use the language and symbolism of inclusivity and tolerance even as they are having different kond of conversas with audiences like white southerners around states' rights that have tritionally held racialized and discriminatory meaning. >> desjardins: both historians note that other modern presidents also have complicated histories on this subject. considde pre lyndon

johnson. >> lyndon johnson grew up in texas which is a state of the confederacy.on and lyohnson had to deal with all sorts of rampant racists in texas. and when he was speaking to them he spoke a language that they could understand, a language that e wouldn't speak in public a language they wouldn't speak in other conxts. but he was also one who is very effective at getting people to go along with him. >> we have somebody like lyndon johnson on tape saying all kinds of awful things abouacrace, sayingt things, saying discriminatory things, saying sexist things. we also know that during his presidency, he is instrumental in really forcing congress to pass the most comprehensive civil rights bill the nation had ever seen. and so all of those things can be true and coexist at the same time. >> desjardins: the renewed debate over esident reagan and race comes as he has become a touchstone for leaders in both parties.oc last month dtic house

speaker nancy pelosi referred to some of reagan's pro-immigrant words to rebuke president tmp. >> he is denigrating all of thec newcomers the to our country in completheopposition toeautiful words of ronald reagan in the last speech that he made to the country as president of the uted states. >> the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to t here. >> desjardins: reagan, the great communicator, knew the power of words. now there is even more debate over how he used them. for the pbs newshour, dim lisa desjarns. >> so we may be, always, free. >> nawaz: every summer, master artists from around the world gather in samenta fe, neco. the international folk art market showcases art that preserves cultural traditions and brings economic opportunities to poor

communities worldwide. special rrespondent kathleen mccleery has our start of "canvas," our ongoing arts and cuure series. >> reporter: in her rural new mexico studio,ative american jewelry maker mary louise tafoya slices the raw materials thatn will formtricate mosaic inlays for necklaces, earrings, and bracelet >> i'm wearing a piece right now, you see. a lot of people think they're painted. and i tell them no, they're not painted. they're inlaid with natural stones and shells. >> reporter: her husband, lorenzo, helps, sanding, grinding, d polishing. tafoya's work is exhibited in museum shos and galleries throughout the southwest and beyond. prices start at $35 for a small pair of earrings, and can go up to $4,000 fr a large necklace. still, being invited to the world's largest folk art market came as a surprise. >> i was amazed. i was excited. i said, me. m litt

how did i ever get up there. >> reporter: the couple reent months cing more than a hundred items to bring to santa fe. each july, those chosen flock te w mexico's capital. this year, more than 170 from 52 cotries. they were welcomed in a parade around the city's historic plaza at the start of a three-day celebration of global art and culture. >> reporter: stuart ashman is the market's c.e.o. >> please say saalam to ethiopia. >> this is a recognition on the world stage, if you will. this is the major leagues of folk art. and there are hundreds if not thousands of native american jewelers, and she got picked. >> reporter: the tafoyas live on the kewa pueblo, also known by its spanish name, santo domingo. ore rural community of about

3000 traces its hito ancient people who inhabited this part of northern new mexico more than 800 years ago. >> i grew up with it. >> reporter: tafoya's tribe has long been known for its jewelry. her designs are inspired by her ancestors. preserving cultural heretage is one on artists are chosen to attend, says ashman. >> everything has to bma ha. must be rooted in tradition, whether it's the tradition as it was done 1,000 years ago or whether that tradition has evolved. >> reporter: quality and authenticity are key. a rigorous selection process results in only the best being select . >> everybowho is here in santa fe for the first time, will you pleanase up? >> reporter: newcomers like tafoya attend training sessions before the market begins, and get tips on how to tell their story to potential buyers, from high end collectors to shoppers looking for the perfect gift. consultant karen gibbs leads the effort. >> customers are not here just to buy aroduct. they want to buy a product that has a story to it, that has a"

why" behind it. >> it's just what comes uprom here. >> reporter: tafoya exchanged stories with a gold filigree jewelry maker from sardinia and a bead worker from the maasai tribe in kenya. >> i'm learning a lot, this is something different for me. >> i have five people with me. >> reporter: when the gates open, crowds flood in. over the three-day weekend, about 25,000 people visit this mecca for handmade art. this is the 16th anniversary oft the maand the first to include u.s. artists, among them mary tafoya. >> it's an international art fair, folk art fair. hocould you not include th united states, how could you exclude the united states when there are so many incredible artists here. >> reporter: but you did for 15 years. >> the real reason ithat u.s.- born artists have opportunities that people from these other countries don't have. >> reporter: atroll through the maze of booths feels like a trip around the world from paintings done with s by aborigines in central australia, to magic carpets woven in uzbekistan's ancient

city of bukhara. thry year's honorahair is ndaba mandela, activist and 37- year old grasoof the south african leader. >> it's not just about new thxico, right, it's about world. >> reporter: at a south africa booth, mandela checked out retro eyewear inspired by traditional zulu beadwork.t >> wm seeing here is a celebration of the diversity of humanity. when you come together, we'll be able to eliminate our weaknesses. >> reporter: the artists taken homeerage 85% of their sales. unlike many festivals held across the country on summer and fall weekends, this one promotes social changf e, and 90%e artists filter proceeds back home to prove idbs, empower women and revive traditional crafts. market officials say the sales have touched thethives of more a million people worldwide. >> some of these people make more than a year's salary in a f ekend.

and so obviouslyu have a great deal of prosperity, you come back and u share that. >> reporter: the tafoyas see the market as a way to give back to their community, too, using s to motivate up and coming pueblo artists. >> i think that's kind of what we want those artists to see. go the extra mile, see what you can do on your own. you know, show your talent and don't be afraid of it. >> reporter: market goers spend more than $3 million oe three days. but for ashman, a purchase here is more th a financial transaction. >> art absolutely connects people. and transcends all of those issues that divide people. that's really the ultimate goal. you can say this is what wlld peace looke. >> reporter: or perhaps it's a small start. for the pbs newshour, i'm kathleen mccleery in santa fe, new mexico.

>> nawaz: join us tom row online f livestream of the annual forum of the harvard university hutchins center for african american research. this year's theme: "divided we stand: can we overcome?" starting at 5pm eastern. weu can find a link to the livestream on our site: www.pbs.org/newshour. and that's the newshour for tonight. i'm amna nawaz. join us online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at e pbs newshour, thank you and see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has beeprovided by: >> ordering takeout. >> finding the west route. >> talking for hours. >> planning for showers. >> you can do the things you like to do with a wireless plan designed for you. talk, text and data. consumer cellular. learn more at consumercellular.tv >> babbel.

6a language program that teaches real-ls e conversati a new language, like spanish, french, german, italian, and more. >> and w of these institutions: and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour pllroductions, media access group at wgbh

hello. welcome to "amanpour." here's what's comingp. u.s. national security adviser john bolton comes to britain and promises an unprecedented special relationship post brexit. but what was washington's big ask? i'll ask the former acting ambassador here. also -- >> feels like you're going into the deep cave to discover hidden knowledge but at the bottom is nazi gold, not some -- you know, universal trh. >> how youtube drives young men down the rabbit hole of extremism. a former extremist dissects the online grooming. 's y death.