captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> woodruff: good evening, i'm judy woodruff. on the newshour tonight... >> the house committee on the judiciary is introducing two articles of impeachment, charging the president of the united states, donald j. trump, with committing high cmes and misdemeanors. >> woodruff: ...a day for the history books. democratin the u.s. house of representatives make the case the president has committed high crimes and mismeanors on the same day they announce a major trade deal with the ite house. then, a failing grade. climate scientists relse the annual "arctic report card," and it is a dire warning for the health of the planet. and, broken justice-- sentenced to life as teenagers, hundreds of maryland prisoners have only a sliver of a chance at parole.n

>> ms system has been set up so that opportunities for release are almost like winning the lottery.di it's unpable. it's rare. there are many more people who are arguably deserving of it than can ever get it. >> woodruff: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> consumer cellular believes that wireless plans shouou reflect the of talk, text and data that you use. we offer a variety of no- contract wireless plans for learn more, go toything ina consumercellular.tv

>> and wit of these institutions: >> this program was made possible by the corporation forc puroadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. uf >> woo a new act in the impeachment of president trump has played out today, but this time, a rare agreement between two normally warring sides shared the stlight. congressional correspondent lisa desjardins begins our coverage. >> desjardins: two historic announcements:ne accusing a prest, the other embracing a major trade alliancewithin an hour of each other, with s different tones. >> on this solemn day. >> desjardin first, the mber. house speaker pelosi and a few, key committee chairmen ghered

to announce articles of impeachment against the president. >> we must be clear: no one, nde even the pre, is above the law. >> desjardins: judiciary chairman jerry nadler announced two charges: abuse of power and obstruction of congress. the two articles of impeachment are nine pages in total. the first, on abuse of power, centers on ukrai, charging that president trump "conditioned" millions of dollars in aid and a white house meeting on ukraine announcing an investigation into the biden family. tharticle charges that "...president trump abused the powers of the presidency by ignoring and injuring al security and other vital national interests to obtain an improper personal political benefit. he has also betrayed the nation by abusing his high office to enlist a foreign power in corrupting democratic elections."cu the nt alleges he "will remain a threat to national security if allowed to remain in office."

article two, on obstruction of congress, points to "indiscriminate defiance of subpoenas" in the ukraine investigation, and goes further, alleges a pattern, with the presidents "previous efforts to undermine... investigations intf foreign inence," which is a clear reference to the russia investigation and mueller. repo house intelligence chairman adam schiff helped lead the impeachment investigat>>n. e stand here today because the president's contowuing abuse of left us no choice.g to do nothuld make ourselves complicit in the tesident's abuse of his high office, the publst, andna our tional security. >> desjardins: tme white house ately rejected the charges, with press secretary stephanie grisham calling th w "baseless" ating, "the president will address these false charges in the senate and expects to be fully exonerated, because he did nothing wrong." >> this is not a day that america will be proud about. >> desjardins: his allies in licongress, like house repn leader kevin mccarthy, threw

their own a different counterpunch, accusing democrats of wasting time on politics. >> i just hope no congress regardless of who is in he majority will ever take us down this path again. we have such great potential in this nation. but to have wasted a majority on this is an embarrassment to this congress. >> desjardins: democ answered that charge with their other major even- celebrating a major trade deal... rkhis is a day we've all been working to, and g for, in the path to yes. >> desjardins: house speaker nancy pelosi and top democrats struck a deal with the white house over trade. the u.s.-mexico-canada agreement, known as the u.s.m.c.a., afted to replace the 25-year-old north american trump opposes.eement president it represents the lae est singe tral for the u.s., with trillions of dollars in goods w flowing bothays. the deal had been months in the

making, and at this announcement, house speaker nancy pelosi was exuberanty nd surroundeduse members. >> there is no question, of urse, that this trade agreement is much better than nafta. but in terms of our work here, it is infitely better than what was initially proposed by the administration. >> desjardins: republican congressman kevin brady of t tas said the nde pact was a "major win for america." >> this agreement means more jobs, more customers for made in america goods, and a stronger economy for the united states. i give president trump credit for creating a new bipartisan model for free and fair trade that levels the playing field for american workers and can be used in future trade agreements going forward. - desjardins: not all republicans agrennsylvania senator pat toomey called the bill far too liberal. but president trump disagreed, called the u.s.m.c"hugete house

win for american workers." a divided y, of compromise and constitutional clash, in a very divided government. >> woodruff: and lisa joins me enow, along with our yami alcindor, who's been tracking developments today from the white house. b hello h of you. lisa, on the same day within a few hours, you have the impeachment articles unveiled agreement.ve this trade how do democrats explain how this all happened othe same day? >> it was remarkable. republicans are asking, is this a cincidence? is it that nancy pelosi wants to substance while thdoingthing of something they say is political, impeachment? nancy pelosi was asked this question. she said, yes, it's no coincidence. it's matter of fact that we always have a lot of legislation at thend of the session, end of the year like this. she raises a good point, that's true. but i have never seen this much significant legislation

agreement, privileged motions like impeachment announced in a 24-hour period, and we haven't even spoken of everything they did in the last day. >> woodruff: so yamiche, the presidenis now facing, what, an impeachment battle that only three presidentin american history have faced. the white house obviously, they haven't presented eir side of the argument. they haven't put lawyers forward. how do they now plan the make their case? >> we can expect the white house is goinghio be lau a vigorous defense over next week and months. to be making the case that democrats are doing this because they don't have a viable candidate in 2020, really trying to make this a campaign issue both from thep trm but also from the white house. the president was talking about this on the lawn. he says these two articles of impeachment are "very weak." he made the case he was asking to do america a favor when he said "do us favor," but democrats were saying hes asking about a personal favor because he's talking about joe biden. i spent a few hours at the white

house today walking around, talking to aides. the mood was that this was an d inevitaby. i had a lot of aides tell me, the crass should have done this a year ago. they don't like president trump. they want to undo the 2016 election go ahead and get this over with. in some ways the white house is feeling solemn, ready for this fight, bso feeling like this is what we were going to end up doing. i was talking to lawkers last night and today about the articles of impeachment. they didn't tie mueller in a directay to these articles of impeachment. they say that's because they didn't want to talk about muelr again and relit gait that issue. but the white house is pointing out that this is really an extension of democrats making the case that russia is part of the president's calculations here. talk about russia being a to pattern, the white house isyi something is fishy and the democrats want to hit president trump when it comes to russia. >> woodrf: so they're bringing up mueller and the

russia investigation. regardless, lisa what do we in the days to come onwe impeachment? >> let's roll up our sleeves. the next thing to n pll be around this time tomorrow,:00 eastern is when the house judiciary committee will begink to mp the actual articles of impeachment. >> woodruff: in the evening. >> in the evening. there is some speculation they wanted to hit a prime time news cycle. i don't know why they chose that time. another issue is the markup take quite a long time. tomorrow night we will have opening statements from all mention oftv committee that. will take three and a half hours tomorrow night. the opening statements for th markup. then thursday morning, 9:00 a.m. eastern, is when we will se sort of that debate in committee including any attempts at amending the articles of impeachment that. could take all day, it could be short, we don't know. this is all in preparation for an expected vote on the house floor >> woodruff: and yamiche, how is the white house balancing all this? >> the white house is making the se that the democrats decided

to announce this deal on u.s.m.c.a.ecause they wanted to say they're gettg some work done even though republicans and the president say they're wasting time by moving forward with impeaching the president. the president said there is a silver line, and thiis that i got my trade deal. there has been this emerging theme of president trump's 2020 campaign, promises made, promises kept. this is something else t would say is a promise kept. he said he was going to pull out of the paris climate accord, get out of the iran nuclear deal, and he said he would get a new trade deal. the president is headingy,o hersennsylvania, today, that's a big manufacturing town some he's going to be taking hi victory lap in pennsylvania, which is a crucial 2020 state. this trade deal has been important for moderate democrats who have had trouble with .impeachment, some of th and they say they're going to go home to their districts and talk about this trade deal and not impeachment and just say, look, maybe the president has won. so the trade deal is very importanespolitically, cially in places like texas where democrats have been picking up cngressional seats.

they want toalk trade. >> woodruff: very, very separately from all, this lisa, there was this major defense authorization bill that came to an agreement on today. >> that's right. this is something that would other day.ined our newscast an want to talk about it quickly. this is a 3,500 page nationa policy about defense. d theyo this every year, but this aritical document, a must-pass bill, and this is special because it had some ecial things in it. first of ul, this will include a 3.1% payaise for our military. also inside this bill will be something new, a new ki of policy, which is 12 weeks of , id family leave for federal workers, mothethers that want to take off time with the birth of a child, and also some other family is. you will be paid if you're a special worker now. also in exchange for, that democrats want the miid fa leave. republicans wanted a u.s. space force. n thional defense authorization bill creates the space force. it says thipace force will be

our sixth military agency. it will be operated by the air force. it does not seem to get an extr budget, but it is within the president's budget request, it is something. it was a trade-off a space force for paid family leave. that's what's in this bill. woodruff: the president wanted a space force a lot. so two big things today. >> compromise. >> woodruff: on the day of articles ofmp ieachment. >> yeah. >> woodruff: lisa desjardins, yamiche nkcindor, tou. >> thanks. >> woodruff: let's break down this new trade deal further, and hese changes are aiming accomplish. amna nawaz has that part of the story for us. >> it's a victory for the american worker.da >> nawaz: s agreement would replace the 25-year-old north american free tradt agreement figned into law

and hailed by president bill clinton. >> nafta will tear down trade barriers between our three it will create the world's largest trade zone and create 200,000 jobs in this country by 1995 alone. >> nawaz: politicians and economists have long debated nafta's impact oeconomic growth and jobs in this country. but many workers, labor unions and political leaders say the deal made it too easy for mexicu to lure cturing jobs and factories out of the u.s.ha president trumlong pledged to either get rid of nafta or substantially rewrite it. it was a crucial prof his campaign. i'm going to renegotiat nafta, one of the worst trade deals er signed in the history of our country, perhaps the nawaz: nafta won't exactly be eliminated. many of its provisions governing trade between mexico, canada and the u.s. will still be intact. but the new deal has provisions aimed at increasing nufacturing here. specifically, a greater

percentage of a car and its components will have to be produced in north america, and with workers who get betters. wa the trump administration, llmocrats and labor unions say u.s.m.c.a. will provide tougher lar enforcement, including some inspections in mexican factories. it also includes a loss for the pharmaceutical industry by stripping out a rule that would have protected expensive biological drugs from generic meanwhile today ino city. u.s. trade representative robere lighthizer sthe deal with his mexican and canadian counterparts. >> the result i think is the best trade agreement in history. >> nawaz: mr. trump has indicated he will sign the u.s.m.c.a. once it ingpassed by ss.a let's geoser look at some of these changes with christopher wilson, who closelyn follows naftmexico for the non-partisan wilson center.

welcome to the news hour. >> nawaz: so lets a step back here. some of the provisions from the previous nafta deal do remain in this new deal. how substantially different this new u.s.m.c.a. from the old nafta? >> i would say the new u.m.c.a. is really 90% nafta. that's actually the most important thing here is thatpe what hd is that this cloud of uncertainty about the future of nafta, the possibility th the president might withdraw from nafta goes away with theen agrearound the completion of the u.s.m.c.a. that matters because companies have invested billions the creation of a north american system of manufacturing production. so we have now not just sort of regular trade of finished goods happening between the united states, mexico, and canada, we're actually buildg things together some all of those product, all of that $1 trillion of trade wasut at risk. now investors, companies involved in the trade, can continue doing busrelief and that said, there were some important changes. >> nawaz: important changes, important updates, too. why were those necessary? well, that's matter of huge

debate whether those wereor necessarot. in certain areas different people would have different opinions. so on labor, for example, the idea there was a need for changes to mexican labor law, mexico agreed to a major laborhr reformgh the u.s.m.c.a. that was absolutely necessary in my view. work masters meico were not well represented previously and are not curprrently well ented, but under the new labor reform, they'll have real unions that represent theof workers instea employer-dominated unions that have probably artifedially suppreages to a certain extent in mexico previously. so hopefully that will change for the better following this agreement.re >> nawaz: thas been a rebalancing. there was a big push to bringck hose manufacturing jobs to the u.s., protect the wages here. nificants deal have sig impact on that front? >> the reality is that most ofe thobs in manufacturing that have been lost if e united states were lost due to automation, technological change, robots on the factory floor, things like thasm so we shouldn't expecany major changes.

nafta wasn't the main problem there, so chamber of commerce to nafta can't solve that big problem. that said, there are some specific areas where there are important anges. the auto industry is one that was mentioned. so the will now be rules that y, a larger portion of what goes into an automobile needs to be made somewhere in north america. that's going to bring some auto jobs back to the united states, but it's going to come at a cost, because cars will be late built more thiss what the itc, the international trade commission u.s. government foun when they did a study on the change from nafta to the u.s.m.c.a. there will bjobs gained and production gained in the u.s. auto industry, but there is a larger ls in the are rest of must be and new investments to meet these nw rules. s >> nawaz we could see car price goss up. i want to ask you from the american farmers' perspective, mexico is a huge purchaser when it comes to american wheat and barley. farm. ers have had uncertainty with this deal and also under the trade tariffs. what does this deal give them?

>> this is back to that first message. it gives them back certainty about their market. canada and mexico arnecredibly important markets for our agricultural community in the united shtes. there arge challenges because of the trade war going an with china, as well. whenever there irade war, agriculture is the place in the chited states that gets hit first. a will respond with tariffs on agriculture in the united states. mexico and canada responded when ere were steel and aluminum tariffs being fought over. and at's because they're politically sensitive. people know other countries know that if they hitting a -- hitting a cultural in the united states, it is way of exerting political influence. so this deal gets us back to. having certain it also provides new access to the canadian dairy market. there are a few exra goodntc things in there for agriculture, but it gives them a platform on which they can continue to do business. >> we mentioned those stripping away from texts for drugin coanies ag ja naehring competitors. >> we'll have to see whatha

ens in the future. this is specifically biologic drugs, expensive, cuttg edge drugs generally. in the united states right now, there are 12 years of intellectual property protection for those drugs. under the u.s.m.c.a. before, tin years of protections or to them. democrats might like to lower that level from 12e yars to something lower than ten years possibly in the future. and now with the update to this, the agreement that they justey negotiated, ill be able to do that if they want to, but this will also depending on what happens in the 2020 elections in the united states. maybe some time in the future there will be change on that specific set of drugs. >> nawaz: like a lot of things, it will depend on what happens in the 2020 ction. >> absolutely.r >> nawaz: istopher wilson of thel wison center, thank you so much for being here. >> th >> woodruff: in the day's other news, u.s. attorney general william barr blasted thero

f.b.i.'s into links between russia and the 2016 trump campaign. the justice department's ternal watchdog reported yesterday that the investigation motivated by political bias. but barr told nbc news today that the whole thing was baseless. >> i think our nation was turned on its head r three years based on a completely bogus narrative that was largely fanned and hyped by a tely irresponsible ess. i think that leaves open the >> woodruff: earliesidentith. trump criticized f.b.i. director christopher wray, who ha f welcomed theindings. on twitter, the president called wray the "current director" and said, "he will never be able to fix the f.b.i." secretary of state mike pompeo issued a newarning to russia today, not to interfere in next

year's u.s. elections. pompeo hosted russian foreign minister sergei lavrov. later, he said he raised election meddling, in their wide-ranging talks. >> i was clear it is unacceptable, and i made our expectations of russia clear. the trump administrati will always work to protect the integrity of our elections. period. should russia or any foreignto take steps to undermine our democratic processes, we will take action in response. that moscow interfn thein denied 2016 u.s. election, and later, he met with president trump. six people were killed in a shootout today in jersey city, new jersey. swat teams swarmed to a kosher market when two men holed up there after killing a policeman elsewhere.th e civilians and the gunmen died in a gun battle that lasted hours. officials said there was no indication of terrorism.

e u.s. navy says it has grounded some 30military fliers from saudi arabia, after friday's shooting attack in pensacola, florida. a saudi lieutenant killed three people before he was killed in turn. the navy says the s ounding appl three installations in florida. there's no word on when it might end. the u.s. supreme court heard arguments today onhether insurance companies are owed $12 billion under obamacare. the law, officially, the affordable care act, incentivized insurers to sell plans on federal marketplaces by reimbursing them for losses. later, congress limited that provision, and the obama and trump administrations balked at paying.th united nations' top court has begun a hearing into myanmar's alleged genocide against rohingya muslims. the leader of the mainly buddhist nation, aung san suu kyi, faced protests as she

arrived at the court, in the netherlands. inside, lawyers from gambia, representing the organization of islamic cooperation, detailed. atrociti >> everyone was a target an no infants, pregnant women, the old d infirm all fell victim to the ruthless campaign. >> woodruff: the military-led assault in myanmar led to an exodus omore than 700,000 rohingya to neighboring bangladesh. a new wave of strikers in france joined traportation workers today in a six-day-old walkout. thousands rallied in paris, wherbus drivers chanted as teachers, airport workers, and others marched. they were protesting plans to standardize pensions. turnout was about half of last week's march by 800,000. in australia, wildfires turned the air toxic today in the country's largest city. smoke cloaked the iconic sydney

opera house this morning, and the skyline was all but erased under the haze. air samples registered 11 times the hazardous level. back in this country, exxon- mobil has won a legal victory linked to climate change. a state judge in manhattan ruled today there was no proof the company lied about the potencoal s of future climate new york state had charged the energy giant duped investors. a 23rd u.s. house republican is retiring, and will not seek re- election. representative ted yoho of florida announced his decision today, citing his pledge to serve only four terms. yoho is strongly aligned with the tea party faction and president trump. and, on wall sneeet, the dow industrial average lost 27 points to close at 27,881. the nasdaq fell five points, s and, the s&p 5pped three.e

still to comonhe newshour: a deep dive into confideveial documentaling distortions in the w in afghanistan. climate scientists release a dire warning about the arcti attempts to reform maryland's parole system, where those sentenced as minors to life have only a sliver of a chance at release. >> woodruff: we return to the ongoing story broken by the "washington post," of a trove of government documents that broadly condemn america'sio oper in afghanistan over nearly two decades of war there. nick schifrin speaks with one of the chief policymakers on the

afghan war effort during the bush and obama years. >> schifrin: afghanistan is the graveyard of empires. so goes the saying that describes why the u.s. faced an impossible task after overthrowing the taliban after 9/11. but the falo of the u.s.' est war was not preordained. the u.s. has made many tacticalt and strategic es. and we now know many u.s. officials knew about those mistakes as they were making thhe, thanks to reports by t "washington post's" craig whitlock, based on 2,000 previously unpublishedes of notes and interviews, part of the u.s. government's own lessons learned project. one of those officials interviewed was retired general douglas lute, former nato ambassador, and the senior official on the national security staff dedicated to the war in afghanistan from 2007 to 2013, for presidents george w. bush and barack obama dr. lute, weraome to the pr thanks for being with us.

>> good to be here. >> schifrin: you arrived at the end of the administration and described the strategy as loves. you gave an interview where you said, "we were devoid of a fundamental understanding in afghanistan. we didn't know what we were doing." there might have been a lot of tactics. was there any strategy? >> i think the key wos in that quote -- it's an accurate quote -- the key wordre is "no." what i mean we did not fully appreciate, we did not have sufficient expertise afghanistan, understanding the politics, the economics, the neighborhoods. afghanistan lives in a very tough neighborhood witpakistan to the south and the east. we didn't understand the ehnicity that made up t avenue gann people, the demographics well enough to craft a meaniful strategy. so it has to start with eore tease. we were short on that frthe outset. >> so you come in and you see very little expertise. fast forward a couple years. you're discussing with president obamand the administration makes a major decision. there is a surge in afghanistan and the new strategy is

counter-insurgency. and these interviews seem to suggest at that strategy tried to accomplish o much too quickly depended on corrupt and dysfunctional afghan government. looking back, do you think the obama administration did any better than what u saw at the end of the bush administration? >> i think obama administrat an tried a neproach. but in the course of the surge, which was approd in late 2009, in fact, about this time ten years ago, the resu of the surge was an americanization of the fight in afghanistan. we essentially took over theom reins he fledgling and emerging afghan security capacity, and we took that on a n. this of course is the natural outcome of dispatching 100,000 americans to any war zone, but in particular in afgnistan. and that americanization, that owning of the war in a way set us back on the sategic goal of ansferring this war and the responsibility of the war to the

afghan government and thesefghan rity forces. >> schifrin: how much personal responsibility looking you take in that decision that you see as so flawed today? >> look, i was very candid because i own some of. this it was on my watch that w made some of these strategic mistakes. it was on my watch that i learned ut afghanistan and tried to build personal expertise, but it took me ten years and on the last dayf ten years working on afghanistan, i was still learning something new about afghanistan. so these are very close and personal experiences that i carry with me myself.ri >> sch i think for a lot of us wo spent a lot of time there, we carry at with us, as well. one of the most major flaws of the strategy it seems to me over the last 17 years really cters on governance and corruption in afghanisern. and i remehen i was there from 008 to 2012, especially during the endthere was a lot of u.s. military officials who would describe the afghans as the problem, the afghans as

corrupt. but i want to read what ryan crocker toew inters as part of this project. "our biggest sgle prect sadly and inadvert btly may have been the developme of mass corruption." wasn't the corruption also our fault, because w spent so mh money so quickly and the country >> afghanistan was corrupt before 9/11 and before we went and overthrew the taliban and displaced al qaeda. corruption was a preexisting condition. by the way, it's one of those conditions that we did not appreciate sufficiently that could have aemllpowered or influenced, informed our strategy. but it was there beforwe got there. our pouring tens of billions ofh dollars, thinto that corrupt economy simply inflamed it and made it worse. and in a way we have created a war economy that is vey corrupt and which depends on our continued post-traciatic stress nts. >> schifrin: we help fuel the war. a lot of our money was going to

insurgents and corrupt officials ewho were entrusted by afghan people. >> that's right, and also corrupt officials who demonstred by way of their corruption that they could not be trusted and therefore compromised the link between the afghan people and their government. and at link, of course, is the center middle east ofú6 any efft to defeat an insncur >> schifrin: one of the major aspects that runs through these papers is frankly lack of truth. terviews suggest u.s. officials failed to ll the truth, made claims th knew were false, hid negative national security council staff official said this, "it was impossible to create good metrics. the metrics were always manipulated for the duration of the war." ?is that tr was the national security council manipulating metrics? >> nick, this is the part oe th reporting that i refute. i don't have any experience int an eff deceive the american public, obscure the facts, or actually de the lessons. in fact, the report itself,

isch is now largely publi an effort to do just the reverse, and this is to look in the mirror and try itone the lessons othat we don't have a repeat of this kind of performance in some other theater on some other day. >> schifrin: this project was titled "lessonsearned," can will be lessons learned? is the u.s. capable of it? >> as 35-year veteran of the u.s. army, i come at this with the idea of learning lessons. sowh of us, perhaps thoso come from that military experience, we're especially ming lessons seems veryt natural to us. i'm not sure that the rest of the u.s. government is prepared to look at itself so candidly and take on these lesso. >> schrin: so what's the implication of that? >> the implications are that we're subject to do this again. i think that should be deeply dissatisfying. >> schifrin: ambassador doug lute, coordinator of the war in afghanistan from 2007 to 2017.

thank you very much. >> thank you, nick. >> woodruff: there's yet another stark report out today detailing how the increased warming of our atmosphere is transforming the planet. as wliam brangham reports, t national oceanic and atmospheric administration's annual "arctic report card" has just been released, and the news for and global sea-level rise is not good. >> brangham: that's right judy, this report shows that warming in the arctic is having dramat impacts now, with worse yet to come. sea and nd ice is disappearing at unprecedented rates. permafrost is ntinuing to thaw, releasing more carbon and methane, which will only make warminworse. fish and bird species are suffering, and native communities are seeing their home transformed. joining me now is erich osterberg of dartmouth university, he's a scientist

who's studied ice loss on greenland. erich, thank you very much for being here. wonder if you could just give us a sense of what jumps out most at you from this report? >> yeah, i think the headline from this report is that the arctic is in real trouble.hi if were an annual health check-up, i think we would have to say thc t the arc chronically sick and getting worse. in 2019, it was a particularly bad year for the arctic. we saw the second warmest temperatures that we had ever seen orecord. and those warm temperatures led near record levels of melting of the sea ice on the arcn tic ocd also near recordve lels of melting of the glaciers on greenland, which raises the sea lev el. itreally sobering report, but i have to say, it's in the a very surprising repo because this is a continuation of the trends that we have been seeing happening in theitrctic for a few decades now as climate change has gotten worse. >> brangham: youparticular expertise is in ice. as you mentioned, the ice sheet

b greenland, which ielieve is the second largest structure of ice on earth, is losing ice at an accelerating rate. can you give us a sense of the scale of the loss happening there? >> yeah, it's enormous numbers so it's hard to comprehend. it's abol 250 bilion tons of ice that gets lost from greenld every year and goe into the ocean, and for your viewers to conceptualize, that i want them to think aboutertd of elephants charging into the nd, and inof green order the equal the amount of mass that gets loss fromnl grd every year, you need ocean every second.rges into the these are enormous amounts -- >> brangham: every second? >> every second. so this is going right into the levels around the world, which is affecting communities that live on the coastline.t >> branghaeally is an incredibly striking and dire imact u're painting. the warming as i mention in my introduction is also causing the perm frost to thaw. we know perma fro by its n

is land that is normally permanenisy frozen. whit such a concern to the mcientific community when perma forecast goes frbeing frozen to starting to thaw? >> so it's a concern because there's ralot of extarbon that's stored in the perma frost. when it's frozen, it's okay. it's not in the atmosphere. it's carbon in the atmosphere that causes the warminle the pris that as that perma frost melts, some of that carbon gets reed into the atmosphere as co2 and methane. this is a climate chge amplifier. we have been studying and trying to figu out on average, there s there nor carbon going up inte the atmo from the permafrost. this report is trying because it's really first time they've come out and said, yes, we believe that the permafrost is now contributing co2 into the enitronment. now become this climate change amplifier that we have feared. ani would say this is rlly sort of tip of the spear science

ahere. we neot more research to confirm these findings. nhis is something we've bee worried about in the scientific community for a while now. we're now starting to see reports that it's happening. >> brangham: this report also touches on down-stream impacts from this warmi on fish species and bird species and the humans that live there.us can you telbout howl warming is impacting them? >> yes, so the report does a o nice j talking about different species like thevory gull, which has seen a 70% decline in its population. and as t w oceans getarmer, we know the fish species are migrating. these fish need cold water. as the waters warm up with sea ice loss, they have to migrate away. that affects the whole ecosystea and fects the fishing industry there. this is a billion dollar fishing industry in the bering sea off alaska. so it affects that industry. and it affects the local nativ communities who live there on the coastline and depend on those fish for their sustenance. >>rangham: all right. erich osterberg of dartmouth

unh.ersity, thank you very m >> you're welcome. it's good to be with you. >> woodruff: nearly a year ago, president trump signed into law a bipartisan federal criminal justice reform that reduced mandatory sentences. many states followed suit, with a notable exception: the state of maryland. in this piece produced in collaboration with the university of maryland's howard center for investigative journalism, nationalhn correspondent ang reports on the uncertain fate of prisoners who are still serving life sentences for crimes theyco itted as minors. >> yang: in the 1990s fear and anger ovlent crime led to a sharp increase in that included sentencing large numbers of juveniles to life in adult prisons, without parole. in 2012, the supreme court

declared that cruel and unusual punishment, but in maryland, so called jenile lifers now in their 50s and 60s still wait for parole. earl young had been sentenced to life as a juvenile >> the system is broke. the system needs fixing. and one individual, mr. parris glendening was the heaioof this situ >> yang: parris glendening was maryland's liberal democratic governor. during his first camign in 1994 he sought to counter attacks that he was soft on crime. >> we must stop the slaughter that is going on in our communities. i support putting violent offenders in prison and giving what i call truth in sentencing. if you are sentenced to li in prison it ought to mean life in prison. and not 11 years the way it does today. >> yang: in 1994, earl young had served nine years for first degree murder, convicted at age

17. tell me what it was like as a 17 year old. to go into a maximum security prison. >> hard. i went into the marylandia penite with some of society's... supposedly some of society's worst of the worst. >> yang: were you scared? >> absolutely, absolutely >> yang: his hope: the >> i felt hopeful.ole. i felt optimistic. because i applied myself. i kept sady employment. i stayed out of trouble to the best of my abilities. my days were cplete from the beginning to the end with all constructive things. announced in 1995 ld nodening longer sign paroles, young would main in prison another 2 years. morehan 300 juvenile lifers, sit in maryland prison among them, 55-year-old calvin mcneil, convicted of first

degree murder at 17, we spoke to him by phone. >> i was sentenced to life, life with parole. that's been 38 years, three months and ten days ago. every time i go up, they always say, keep doing what you doing and such and such, but we can't what the governor is saying.e of and i've been stuck ever since. i made a mistake. it was a very bad mistake in the sense that it impacted lots of people, it impacted subsequent administrations, but it was ahi mistake, and i it is importt to acknowledge. >> yang: because of the governor's extraordinary power, that mistake had an outsized. impa >> maryland is fairly unique among ates in giving the authority to parole someone exclusively to thenor.e

in other states, it would be a parole board. >> yang: a.c.l.u. attoonia kumar is suing the state to rendore a full parole system allow these lifers a chance at release. >> maryland's system has been set up so that opportunities for release are almost like winning the lottery. it's unpredictle. it's rare. there are many more people who are arguably deserving of it that can ever get it. >> yang: the figures in the a.c.l.u. suit are striking: before glendening, fourrn gos issued 181 parole orders over 25 years. in the next 23 years, starting with glendening, just two paroles were issued, both by current governor larry hogan, both adult lifers. >> you are serving a sentence that is life with parole on paper, but in practice, parole is really unattainable. office walter lomax hasre

families as part oa.c.l.u. lawsuit. astute.ecame more politically individuals understoodwas a political issue, because the governor made that decision based on politics. >>ang: lomax had been imprisoned 38 years before it was establisd he had been wrongfully convicted. when glendening said he would no longer sign paroles, lomax's parole recommendation was sitting on the goverr's desk. >> i was one of those people. pretty demoralizing.it was yeah. >> yang: he understands the perspective of victim's families. >> i personally lost my younger brother s murdered in this city. and one of my grandsons was murdered in thisity. and so i personally know the pain and anguish that family memberfeel for that loss. some of these women and men h who've committrible crimes. and i look at them at this, made a point in their lives and i see

someone that's totally remorseful. that's totally different from the person that they were when >> i am 55 years o crime. i have to be a person that's crazy and out of his mind that has spent 30 something years in prison, to go back out into society and do sometrazy and come back to prison? >> yang: earl young's sentence t was commuts year by governorogan. he now works as a mentor in the baltimore school system, trying to discourage teens from repeating his mistakes. how have you changed in those 34 years? impulsive behavior? gone. immature thinking? gone. putting others before myself? absolutely. t yang: glendening now says the governor should en out of the process. >> of all the powers you want, to be involved in that kinnoof

decision ione of them. the issu are too emotional and too political to put it on the desk of someone o is going to turn around in a few months a year and run for election. and it almost asks for polical decisions on something that should not be political. >> yes individuals have committed some serious crimes. but, and i say, but for those who deserve a second opportunity, what's the process? it has to be better than wt we have. >> yang: times may bging. hogan is in the process of paroling the first three juvenile lifers in 24 years. young cherishes hogan's letter man.eeg him he would b during the course that i read

incarceration was the executive order with my name on it it says, "dear mr. young, i havc accepted themendation of maryland parole commission and ordered that your life sentence be conditionally commuted to life sentence with all but 49 years suspended. during most of yr incarceration, you have served your sentence in exemplary fashion. you have chosen to be positivea anoductive person. please make the most of this second chance." >> yang: a second chance hundreds of marynd's juvenile lifers may never get. for the pbs newshour, i'm john yang in baltimore. >> woodruff: and finally tonight, a budding movement that suggts changes in millennials' relationship with alcohol. hari sreenivasan hastory from new york.

>> sreenivasan: new york city, times square. sunrise.ty started just before for more than five years, daybreak has hosted these early morning events around the world. people come t for two hours of dancing, but alcohol is strictly off the table. >> drinking gets in the way of dancing a lot. people are always making tarps to the people have drinks on the dance floor. they're engaged with their drink instead of engaged with other people. >> sreenivasan: daybreaker's goal is to be healwhy and have fue staying substance free. , d it also it kind of changed the way i go outtoo. so i feel like i don't need to drink now. i don't need, you know, have anything in my body and just enjoy just enjoy dancing. >> sreenivasan: it growing idea called sober curious-- people who dab't misuse or e alcohol trying out alcohol sobriety. the movement, still in i infancy, recovering from substance abuse problems. >> for me, it describes a mindset, a questioning mindset that can be applied to any a >> sreenivasan: ruby warrington coined the term in her book"

sober curious." we caught up with her at getaway bar in brooklyn where cktails are the main event. >> for millennials and gen zs, , alcohol consumption is wy down. and i think there are a few things playing into it. one is that people are just much better educated about the different ways that what we consume influences our well- being, whether it's the food and drink we consume, whether 's the media we consume. >> sreenivasan: and although sober curiosity hasn't reached every corner of the country, booze-free bars like this one have popped up in illinois, maine and even the u.k. it gives people choosing sobriety from alcohol a chance to get out and socialize without the pressure of drinki people like wellness coach and yoga teacher emily nachazel. >> i am not an alcoholic. i am not totally sober. p but i go throuiods of my life where i'm not drinking or i go to ents and i choose not to drink. and yeah, really just questioning that relationship, is this something that i want to do right now versus kind of doing itll the time?

>> sreenivasan: nachazel says iaber curiosity makes sense for a lot of millenn. wanting more and nt in af really want more money, but we want to know ourselves bette we want to be the healthiest. we want to have pabs that we're ionate about. and so this is like another space wherwe are able to get to know ourselves. >> sreenivasan: new york university clinical psychologist belinda carrasco says although this generation is ls alcohol centric, millennials struggle with alcohol in their own wa >> we ink about millennials. it's the generion that mostly, they mostly relate to one another digitally. what happenshen you don't sort of devel those skills to navigate interpersonal, not only relationships, but also interpersonal conflict? then perhaps alcohol plays role not only as a social lubricant, but again, it's an attempt to self soothe, manage anxiety, self medicate. >> sreenivasan: carrasco says millennials certainly aren't the first to try out sobriety.

>> i mean i think, again,xi sobriety hased for the longest of time. it's more about the re-branding. >> we the jury find the defendant... >> sreenivasan: ev big alcohol is getting in on this booze-free companies like cooineken and even guinness now offer alcohol free beers. >> sreenivasan: ant brewers like brooklyn brewery who recently released its first non-alcoholic beer- special hefects. robin ottaway isrewery's president. >> what do we do when we drink? we get together withlyriends or fa we socialize. it's conviviality, right? and ose moments are pretty important to us as humans. if you can extend those moments negative effects, that's pretty good. >> sreenivasan: it's potentially risky for these smaller companies to ventureutside their normal products. but ottaway says thecouldn't pass up the opportunity to market to more people, including millennials. >> they're growing up in a

complely different world and have different spending and consumption habits and i think our timing has proven to be pretty, pretty good. >> sreenivasan: a survey fundedn by the nationaitutes of health confirms that thinking: has been on the decline sincee the mid-'90s. that is happening even as marijuana use is rising. the same survey found in 2018 nearly 40% of young adults used marijuana, compared to 25% in the mid-'90s. but the toll of alcohol addiction is far larger.al for millenwho are simply trying to test out sriety it's not always easy to forgo inking. it seems so embedded in our culture. >> yeah. try dating without alcohol. >> sreenivasan: how's that work? >> haha, it is interesting. to be fair. i've had a lot of men b totally fine with it. yeah. let's meet for coffee. meeting someone new one one is challenging enough. sreenivasan: and yes, there's an app for that.

>> there's sober dating, there's sober travel, sobeevts, sober groups. so think of it for lack of a better example is like a sober facebook. >> sreenivasan: m.j. gottlieb, who's been soberor seven years, created loosid to help connect people practicing sobriety, even the sober curious. >> one of the biest reasons why i didn't getober for so long is i found myself invariably at diners and coffee shops. and i was like, if this is all there is i'm going to continue to use, which i did. >> sreenivasan: for people like gottlieb, the sober curious movement is having a positive side effect: creating more safe spacescialize for those in recovery. ruby warrington believ because people now have more choices, the sober curious movement will stick around. >> i think once you've kind of d opened tr of sober curiosity, it's very hard to go back to just drinking blindly accepting hangovers as a part and parcel of life.>> reenivasan: emily nachazel has certainly latched on to the' idea and says now very intentional about her use of alcohol.>>

can have a good time without alcohol. >> sreenivasan: are you surprised by that? >> no, but i think we lean into it. and there are other ways that you can feel good. bthere's other ways you c social without having alcohol. >> sreenivasanwsfor the pbs ur, i'm hari sreenivasan in brooklyn, new york. >> woodruff: and on the newshour online, as the e of the year nears, you may be looking for books to give as gifts or read on vacation. senior correspondent jeffrey brown and the rest of the newshour staff have some ideas. explore a few dozen of the books we read this year, and maybe add them to your own bookshelf. that's on our web site, pbs.org/newshour. and that's the newshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff.in s online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank u and see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by:

>> mr. jewell, i have a few quesuons. >> i was doing pi job. >> you have no idea who might have put that package there in. >> morse. >> did you planted a bomb in ientennial park. >> richard, ths a capital >> my son is iocent. >> do you have any case against me? >> i report the facts.u >> y've ruined this man's life. "richard jewell," a clint eastwood film, rated r. >> the ford foundation. frontlines of social change worldwide. >> carnegie corporation of new york. supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement, and the advancementp of internationce and security. at carnegie.org.

>> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

♪ hello, everyone and welcome to "amanpour & co." here's what's coming up. >> i want to b absolutely ear. the integrity of our next election is at stake. >> another week and another move by congress towards impeaching the president former u.s. ambassador patrick gaspar, now working on democracy in ukraine, joins me. then -- ne of the sort of things i've been talking about in the usk is i'm so fed up wit being invisible in british literature. >> invisible no more. i talk to berndine everesto, the first black woman to win the prestigir s booize. >> plus -- >> we just saw empty houses everywhere. it's just such a struggle to keep that neighborhood going. >> what's killing the amecan dream? veteran journalist and author nicholas lehman