judy: good eveninwo i'm judy ruff. on the "newshour" tonight -- >> the house committee on the judiciary is introducing two articles of impeachment, charging the presidente united states, donald j. trump, with committing high cris and misdemeanors. judy: a day for the history books. democrats in the u.s. house ofpr entatives make the case the president has committed high crimes and misdeanors on the same day they announce a major trade deal with the white house. then, a failing grade. clime scientists release the annual arctic report card, and it is a dire warning for the health of the planet. and, broken justice. sentenced to life as teenagers, hundreds of maryland prisoners have only a sliver of a chanceat parole. >> maryland's system has beense

up so that opportunities for release are almost like winning the lottery. it's unpredictabl it's rare. there are many more people who are arguably deserving of it than can ever get it. judy: all that and more on tonight's "pbs newshour." ♪ >> major funneng for the pbs wshour has been provided by -- >> when it comes to wireless, consumer cellular gives customers a choice. no contract plans give you as much or as lile talk, text and data as you want and our customer service team is on hand to help. >> bnsf railway. warner bros. pictures. >> the john s and james l like

dafounon, fostering informed and engaged communities. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions. ♪ possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. u.thank yo judy: a new act in the impeachment of president trump has played out today. but this time, a rare agreement between two normally warring sides shared the spotlight. congressional correspondent lisa desjardins begins our coverage. lisa: two historic announcements, one accusing a president, the other embracing a major trade alliance, within an hour of each other, with starkly different tones. >> on this solemn day. lisa: first, the somber. house speaker pelosi and a few, key committee chairmen gathered to announce articles of

impeachment against the president. >> no one, not even the president, is above the law. lisa: judiciary chairman jerry a nadlounced two charges, abuse of power and obstruction of congress. the two articles of impeachment are nine pages in total, the first on abuse of power centers on ukraine, charging that president trump, quote, "conditioned" millinns of dollarid and a white house meeting on ukraine announcing an vestigation into the bid family. the article charges thatquote, "president trump abused the powers of the presidency by ignoring and injuring national security and other vital national interests to obtain an improper personal politil benefit. he haalso betrayed fe nation by abusing his high office to enlisteign power in corrupting democratic elections." the document alleges he "will remain a threat to national security if allowed to remain in office." article two, on obstruction of

congress, points to "indiscriminate defiance of subpoenas" in the ukraineve igation, and goes further, alleging that the president has a pattern of previous efforts to undermineon investigainto foreign interference, which is a clear reference to the russia investigation and mueller report. house intelligence chairman adam schiff helped lead the impeachment investigation. >> we stand here today because the president's continuing abuse of power left us no choice. to do nothing would make ourselves complicit in thees ent's abuse of his high office, the public trust, and our national security. lisa: the white house immediately rejected the charges, with press secretary stephanie grisham calling them baseless, and writing, quote, "the president will address these false charges in the senate and expects to ly exonerated, because he did >> this is not a day that america will be proud about. pusa: the president's ican allies in congress, like house republican leader kevin mccarthy, threw their own a

-- their own counterpunch,ng accusiemocrats of wasting time on politics. >> i just hope no congress, regaless of who is in the majority, will ever take us down this path again. we have such great potential in this nation, but to have wasted a majority on this is an embarrassment to this congress. limocrats answered that charge with their other major event. >> this is a day we'll been working to, and working for, in the path to yes. lisa: house eaker nancy pelosi with the white house over trade. the u.s.-mexico-canada agreement, known as the usmca, was crafted to replace the 25-year-old north american free trade agreement president trump opposes. this new deal represents the largest single trade agreement for the u., with trillions of dollars in goods flowing both ways. the deal still must be voted on by congress, and has been months in the making, and at this announcement, pelosi was

exuberanand surrounded b house members. >> there is no question, of course, that this trade agreement is much better than nafta. but in terms of our work here, it is infinitely betr than what was initially proposed by the administration. sa: republican congressman kevin brady of tas said the new trade pact was a "major win for america" >> this agreement means more jobs, more customers for made in america goods, and a stronger economy for the united states. i give president trump credit for creating a new bipartisan model for free and fair trade that levels the playing field used in future trade agreementse going forward. lisa: not all republicans agree. pennsylvania senator pat toomey but president trump disagreed.l. in a statement, the white house called the usmca a "huge win for erican workers."

overall, a divided day of compromise and constitutional clash, in a very dividedve ment. judy: and lisa joins me now,on th our yamiche alcindor, who's been tracking developments today from the white house. hello to both of you. on the same day within a few hours, you have the impeachment articles unveiled and you have this trade agreement. how do democrats explain how this happened on the same day? lisa: republicans were asking, is this a coincidence that nancy pelosi wants to show they are doing something of substance while doing something ey say is political, impeachment? the speaker said yes, it is no coincidence, it is a matter of fact that we l always have of legislation at the end of the session, and of the year like this. she rai, s a poiat is true. but i have never seen this much agreement, and movements like

impeachment, announced in 24 hours and we haven't judy: d oken of everything they the last day. judy: the president is facing an impeachment battle that only three presidents in american the white house obviously haven't presented their side of the argumt, theyaven't put lawyers forward. how do they plan to make their case? yamiche: the white house will launch a bigger risk defense. they wl make the case the democrats are doing this because they don'tcaave a viable idate in 2020, trying to make this a campaign issue frpa the trump cn and from the white house. the president talked about this on the lawn, saying these re verys of impeachment weak he made the case he thought he was actually asking for america ton have a favor w said to the president of ukraine am i need you to do us a favor. democrats say he was asking for talking about investigating joe biden. i spent a few hos at the whi

house today walking around talking toids. the mood was that this was an evitable day, and i had a lot of aides tell me, democrats want undo the 2016 election and get this over with the white house feels pretty solemn, ready for the fight but feelin like this is what we were going to end up doing. ighalked to lawmakers last and today about the articles of impeachment. they didn't include mueller in a direct way. they say that is because they didn't want to talk about mueller again and relitigate that iue the white house points out this is an extension of democrats ki the case that russia is part of the presint's calculations. as docrats want to talk about russia as being a pattern from the president doing things to benefit the country come of the white house saysso there is thing fishy and democrats still want to hit president trump it comes to russia. judy: they are bringing up

mueller and russia. lisa, what do we expect,hat should we expect in the days to come? lisa: we next thing to happen will be around this time tomorrow, eastern is when the south -- the house judiciary committee - judy: in the evening. lisa: there is speculation they wanted to hit primetime news cycles. one issue is, the markup takes a long time. tomorrow night we will have llopening statements from members of the 41 member committee. that will te 3.5 hours tomorrow night, just opening statements for the markup. thursday morning, 9:00 a.m. eastern, we will see that debate cinmittee, including any attempts at amending the articles of impeachment. bat could take all day, it could short, we don't know. this is in preparation for an expected post --ote on the house floor next week. judy: how is the white house balancing this? yamiche: they are making the case democrats announced the

deal on the usmca because they wanted to be able to sayhe are getting some work done although republicans and the president, they say they are wasting time. the white house said there is a silver lining on the impeachment, that is that they got the trade deal. 'here has been a theme of president trumps 2020 campaign, promises made, promises kept. they say this is a promise kept, he said he would pull the paris climate accord and the iran nuclear deal and ge a new trade deal. the president is heading to pennsylvania today, a big many fracturing town, hershey. he will take a victory lap in pennsylvania which is a crucial 2020 state. lisa: this has been important for moderate democrats. they will go home to their district and talk abouthe trade deal and not impeachment in districts that may bepr the ident has one. the trade deal is very important ralitically in places like texas where dem have been picking up congressional seats.

they want to talk trade. judy: separaty from all of this, there was a major defense authorization bill they came to an agreement on. lisa: ts would have headlined on news cast any other day. this was a 3500 page national policy about defense. iey do this every year b is a critical document. this one is special because it had special things in it. let's take a look. th will include a 3.1% pay raise for the military,nd inside the bill will be mething new, a new kind of policy which is 12 weeks of paid family leave for federal want to take time at the birth of the child, and other family issues. he will be paid if you are a federal worker now. in exchange for that, democrats nt paid family leave, republicans wanted a space force. the national defense thorization bill creates a space force. it says the 's will be our sixth

military agency, operated by the air force. it doesn't seem to get an extra budget but w it hin the president's budget request. it is something to watch. it was ade tff, a space force for pa family leave. yamiche: the president one of the 's a lot so he got two big things today. lisa: compromise. judy: on the day of articles of impeachment. thank you. ♪ ju: we wer just talking about the usmca as it is called. let's break down the trade agreement further and examine what was agreed to and what it means. amna nawaz has that part of the story for us. >> it is a victory for america's workers. amna: this would reple the 25ear-old nafta, first signed

into law and hailed by president clinton. >> nafta will her down trade barriers -- tear down trade barriers and create the world's largest trade zone and create 200,000 jobs in this country. amna: politicians and economists one debated nafta's impact economic growth and jobs in this country. many workers, labor unions and political lears say the deal de it too easy for mexico to here manufacturing jobs and factories out of u.s. president trump long pledged to eitherf get rid no doubt were rewrite it. it was a crucial promise of his >> i'm going renegotiate nafta. one of the worst trade deals ever signed in the history of our country. amna: nafta want exec with be many provisions governing trade between mexico, canada and the acs. will be ibut the new deal h provisions aimed at

increasing many fracturing here, specifically a greater percentagef a car and its components will have to be produced in north america and by workers who get better wages. the trump administration, democrats, and labor unions all say usmca wilrovide tupper -- tougher label -- labor enforcement, and it includeslo a for the pharmaceutical industry by stripping out a rule that would have prophetic- protected expensive drugs from generic competitors for 10 years . today in mexico city, u.s. trademark presented of robert lighthizer signed the deal with his mexican and canadian counterparts. >> the result i the best trade agreement in history. amna: trump indicated he will sign the usmca once it is past for a closer look at some of the provisions in this new deal, and what their impact will be, i'm joined by christopher , who closely follows nafta and mexico for the non-partisan wilsonenter.

welcome to the newshour. let's take a step back. some of the provisions from the previous nafta dealemain in the new deal. how substantially difrent is this new usmca from the old nafta? >> i would say the new usmcaa. s 90% na what happened is, the cloud of uncertainty about the future of nap -- of nafta goes away with the agreement around the tcompletion of usmca. that matters because companies have invested billions o dollars in t creation of a north american system of manufacturing production. have not just regular trade of finished goods hpening between tho u.s., mex and canada, we are building things together. all of those products, those trillions of dollars at trade, was put at risk. investors, companies involved in the trade, can breathe a sigh of relief and continue doing business. amna: there are important changes and updates. >> that is a huge debate whether

those were necessa. certain areas, different people would have different opinions. on labor, the idea that there was a need for changes to mexican labor law, mexico agreed to labor reform. that in my view was necessary. workers mico were not well representednd are not rrently well represented but under the new labor reform, they will have real unions reprenting workers instead of employer dominated unions that have probably artificially suppressed wages in mexico previously. thhopefull will change for the better following the agreement. amna: there was a big push to try to bring back those manufacturing jobs to the u.s., protect wages here. willve the deal ignificant impact on that front? waxedlihe r is, most of those jobs in manufacturing that have been lost were lost due to automation, technological change, robots on the factory floor. shouldn't expect manger changes.

nafta wasn't the problem there. that said, there are specific areas where there are important changes. the auto industry was mentioned. aythere will be rules that larger portion of what goes ieo an automob needs to be made somewhere in north america. that will bring some auto jobs back to the u.s., but it will come at a cost because cars wil. be more expens that is wh t international trade commission of the u.s. government found when they did a study on the change from nafta to the usmca, they said there will be jobs gained and production gained in the u.s. auto industry bu there is a larger loss in the rest of the economy because it takes money and new investments to these new rules. amna: i want to ask from the farmers perspective, the auto instry gets a lot of attention . mexico is a huge purchaser when it comes to american wheat and barley. farmers have had a lotun of rtainty under the trade tariffs. what does the deal do for them? >> this is back to the first

message, it gives them certainty about their market in canada and mexico. those are important markets for the u.s. ev cultural community. there are challenges because of the trade war with china. erwhenhere is a trade war, agriculture is the place in the u. that gets hits first. china will respond with tariffs on agr aulture. mexi canada responded when there were tariffs, with tariffs on u.s. agricultural exports because they are politically sensitive. other countries kw i they hit agriculture in the u.s., it is a way of exerting political influence on the u.s. congress so this deal gets us back to ving certainty. it provides a little bit of new access to the canadian dairy markre, there extra good things in there for agriculture continue to do busa platform to protection for drug companies. could drug prices come down? x we will have to see what happens.

this is a specific set ofg- expensive cuttge drugs. in the u.s. right now, there is 12 years of intellectual property protection for those drugs. under the usmca, before there had been a commitment to 10 democrats may want to lower the level from 12 years to something lower than 10 years am a possib in t future, and now with the update to this, the agreemen they just negotiated, they will be up to do that if they want to. this will dend on what happens in the 2020 elections in the u.s. some of that maybe sometime in the future there will be a ange on that set of drugs. amna: lots of things will depend on what happens in the election. christherilson, thank you so much for being here. ♪ stephanie: good evening, i'm stephanie sy. will return to judy woodruff and the full program after these

headlines. u.s. attorney general william barr blasted t fbi's probe into links between russia and the 2016 trump campaign. thjustice department' internal watchdog reported that there were mistakes in the way the fbi carried out the investigation, but said the agency was not motivated by political bias. barr told nbc news today that the fbi's actions were baseless. >> i think our nation was turnes onead for three years based on a completely bogus narrative that was largely fanned and hyped by a completely nkresponsible press. i thi that leaves open the possibility to infer bad faith. stephanie: earlier, president ump criticized fbi director christopher wray, who had welcomed the findings. on twitter, the president called wray the "current director," and said, quote, "he will never be able tfix the fbi."

secretary of state mike pompeo issued a new warning to russia today not to meddle in next elections area pompeo hosted russi foreign minister serdi wrote lavrov said he raised election interference in their talks. >> it is unacceptable and i made our expectations of russialear . the trump administration will always work to protect the integrity of our elections. should russia or any foreign actor take steps to undermine our democratic process, we will take action in response. stephanie: sergey lavrovlso met with trump. the white house said the president repeated that warning, but sergey lavrov said late today that elections were not discussed. a federal judge in texas has blocked the trump administration from using $3.6 billion in military construction funds for the border wall. a judge ruled the administration doesn't have the authoonty to

divert appropriated by congress for a different purpose. mexico's former top security chief was accused of taking millions of dollars of bribes and the powerful -- from the powerful sinaloa cartel. he was arrested in dallas. a court wants him moved to new york to face clerges. six peere killed in a shootout today in jersey city, new jersey. swat teams swarmed to a kosher market when 2 men holed up there after killing a policeman . three civilians and the perpetrators died in a gun battle that lasted hours. officials said there was no indication of terrorism. the pentagon announced it is suspendingperational training for hundreds of saudi military students in the united states following last week's shooting attack at a naval air base in florida. a saudi lieutenant speople to death before he was killed in pensacola last friday.

theaf so-calledy standdown was issued pending results of an fbi investigation into the shooting. the u.s. sreme court heard arguments today on whether insurance companies are owed $12 billion under obamacare. the affordable care act incentivized insurers to sell plans on federal marketplaces by reimbursing them for losses. atlater, congress limited provision, and the obama and trump administrations balked at paying. the united nations' top court has begun a hearing into myanmar's alleged genocide ainsrohingya muslims. the leader of the mainly buddhist nation, aung san suu kyi, faced protests as she arrived athe court in the netherlands. inside, lawyers speaking for gambia and other muslim states detailed atrocities. >> everyone was a target, and no one was spared. mothers, infants, pregnant women, the old and infirm all fell victim to the ruthless campaign.

stephanie: the milary led assault in myanmar led to an exodus of more than 700,000 rohingya to neighboring bangladesh. a new wave of strikers in frce joined transportation workers today in a 6-day-old walkout. thousands rallied in paris, others marched.rt workers, and they were protesting plans to standardize pensions. back in this country, exxon mobil s won a legal victory linked to climate change. a state judge in manhattan ruled company lied about the potential costs of future climate regulations. new york state had charged the energy giant duped investors. a 23rd u.s. house republican is retiring, and will not seek re-election. reesentative ted yoho of florida announced his decision today, citing his pledge toe sely 4 terms. yoho is strongly aligned with the tea party factn and president trump.

with judy woodruff, a deep dive into confidential documents revealing distortions by those leading the war in afghanistan. climate scientists release warnings about the arctic. attempts to reform maryland's parole system, where those sentenced as minors to life have only a sliver of a chance at release. and more. ♪ >> this is the pbs newshour from weta studios in washington and in the west,rothe walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. story, broken by the washingtong post, of a trove of government documents that broadly condem' america'operations in afghanistan over nearly two decades of war there. ea nick schifrin with one of the chief policymakers on the afghan war effort during the bush and obama years. nick: afghanistan is the

graveyard of empires. so goes the saying that describes why the u.s. faced an impossible task after overthrowing the taliban after 9/11. but the fate of the u.s.' longest war was not preordained. the u.s. has made many tactical and strategic mistakes. and we now know many u.s. ficials knew about those mistakes as they were making them, thanks to reports by the washington post's craig whitlock, based on 2,000 previously unpublished pages of the u.s. governme's ownart of lessons learned projec one of those offials interviewed was retired general douglas lute, former nato ambassador, and the senior official on the national security staff coordinated in afghanistan from 2007 to 2013 for presidents george w. bush and barack obama. >> good to be with you. nick: you a at the end of the bush administration and you describe the straty as lost. you gave an interview where you

said we were devoid of a fundamental understanding of afghanistan. we didn't know what we were doing. there might have been a lot of tech experience was there any strategy? >> the keyword in that quote is no. what i mean is, we didn't , lly apprecia didn't have sufficient expertise on afghanistan, understanding the politics, the economics, the neighborhood, afghanis in a very tough neighborhood with pakistan to the south east.the we didn't understand the ethnicities that made upgh the people, the demographics, well enough to craft a meaningful strategy.it has to se and we were short on that from the outset. nick: you come in and see little expertise, fast forw ad couple years and you discuss with president obama and the administration makes a major decision. isther a surge in afghanistan. the new strategy is counterinsurgency.

these intviews suggest that that strategy tried to accomplish too much, too kly, depended on a corru and dysfunctional afghan government. looking back, do you think the obama administration did any beer? >> think the obama administration tried a new approach but in the course of thechurge, was approved in 2009, about this time 10 years ago, the result of the surge was an americanization of the fight in afghanistan. we essentially took over the re inins from the eme afghan security caphaity. we tookon as our own. this is a natural outcome of dispatching 100,000 americans to any war zone, but in particular in afghanistan. that americanization, the owning of the war, set us back on the strategic goal orr transg this war and the responsibility of the war to the afghan government and the afghan security forces. nick: how much personal

responsibility do you take in that decision that you see as flawed? wrecks i was very candid in this interview because i own some of th. it was on my watch that we made the of these strategic stakes.it was on my watch that i learned about afghanistan and tried to build personal expertise, but it took me 10 years and on the last day of 10 years working on afghanistan, i was since -- ill learning something new about afghanistan. these are very close and peonal experiences that i carry withe myself. nick: and for a lot of us that spend time there, we cry that with us. one of the most major flaws of the strategy it seems over the last 17 years centers on governance and corruption. i remember when i was there from 2000 8-2012, especially towards the end of her lots of military ofcials who described the afghans as the prot.em, as corrup i want to read what ryantcrocker

toldviewers. "our biggest single project, say, may have been the development of mass corruption." wasn't the corruption also our fault because we spent so much money so quickly and the country couldn't absorb >> afghanistan was corru before 9/11. corruption was a pre-existing condition. it is one of those conditions we didn't preciate significant -- sufficiently that could have reempo and informed our strategy. it was there before we got there. that corrupt economy made itinto worse, and in a way we created, we have cread a war economy that is very corrupt and that depends on our continued presence. nick: a lot of our money was going to insurgents and corrupt

officials. >> that's right, and corrupt official who demonstrated by way of their corruption that they couldn't be trusted and therefore, compromis the link between the afghan people and their government. thatis link of courshe centerpiece of any effort to defeat a insurgency. nick: one major aspect running through these paperss a lack of truth. interviews suggest u.s. officials failed to tell the truth, make claims they knew were false, hid negative evidence, and one senior staff official said,it w impossible to create good metricsic. the me were always manipulated for the duration of the war is that true? >> this is the part of the reporting that i refute. i don't have any experience in an effort to deceive the american public, obscu facts or actually hide the lessons. e report itself which is

largely public is an effortseo do the revto look in the mirror and try to mind the lessons so we don't have a repeat of this performance in some other theater on some other day. nick: can there be leons learned? >> as a 35 year veteran of the u.s. army, i, at the notion of learning lessons from that military experience. you will see thathi in effort, some of us, perhaps those that come from military experience, are especially candid because the notion of mind in lessons sms natural to us. i'm not sure the government is prepared to look at itself so candidly and take on these lessons. nick: what isti the impli? >> we are subject to do this again. that should be deeply dissatisfyin nick: thank you very much. >> thank you. ♪

otjudy: there's yet r stark report out today detailing how the creased warming of the earth's atmosphere is transforming the planet. as william brangham reports, the national oceanic and atmospherii administ's annual arctic report card has just been releas, and the news for wildlife, native communities, and global sea-level rise is not good. william: that's right, judy. this report shows that warming in the arcc is having dramatic impacts now, with worse yet to come. sea and land ice is disappearing at unprecented rates. permafrost is continuing to thaw, releasing more carbon and methane, which will only make warming worse. fish and bird species are suffering, and nativee communities eing their home transformed. osterberg of dartmouthh university. he's a scientist who's studied ice loss on greenland.

thank you very much for being here. i wonder if you could gi w us a sense t jumps out most at you from this report. >> i think the headline from the report is that the arctic is in real trouble. if this were an annual health checkup, we would have to say the arctic is chrocally sick and getting worse. in 2019, that was a particularly bad year for the arctic. we saw the second warmest temperatures we had ever seen on record, anthose temperatures leadnear record levels of melting of the sea ice on the arctic ocean and also s ar record lev men -- melting of the glaciers on greenland. it is a sobering report but it is not surprising because this is a continuation of the trends we have been seeing happen in the arctic for quite a few decades as climate change has gotten worse. wiiam: your expertise is ice. the ice sheet on greenland, which is the second largest structure of ice on earth, is

losing i sat and accelerated rate. can you give us a sense of the scale of the loss? about 250 billion tons of ice that getsro lost greenland every year and goes into the ocean. for viewers to conceptualize, i want viewers to conceptualize a her developments charging into the ocean and to equal or the amount of mass thais lost from eenland, you need 2000 elephants charging into the oceanvery second. these are enormousun a of mass. every second. this is going rightn into the oc and it is raising sea levels around the world, which is affecting communities thaas live on the william: that is incredibly striking. the warming, as i mentioned, is also causing the permafrost to thaw. we kno permafrost is land tharm is normally ently frozen.

wyatt it -- why is it such a ncern to the scientific commity when permafrost goes from being frozen to starting to thaw? >> it is a concern because there stored in the permafrost.that is when it is frozen, that is ok because it mns it is not in e atmosphere. carbon in the atmosphere causes the warming. the problem is, as the permafrost melts, some of the carbon gets released into the atmosphere as co2 and methane. this is a climate change amplifier. for a long time, we have been trying to figure out on average, is there more carbon going up into the atmosphere from the permafrost? the report is the first time they have come out and said ye p we believe tmafrost is now contributing co2e into environment. it has become this climate change amplifier that we feared. i would say this is tr above the spience. i would say this is something we

have been worried about for a while now and we are starting to see indications it is happening. wiiam: the report touches on the downstream impacts of the warming on fish species, bird species, and on humans. you tell us about how warming is impacting them? >> the report does a nice job of talking about different species like the ivory gull which has seen a 70% decline in population. fishpe scies are migrating. these fish need cold water and as the water war up, they have to migrate away. that affects the whole ecosystem and it affects the fishing industry. this is a billion-nllar industry the bering sea off alaska and it that industry and the local native communities who n dependose fish for sustenance. william: thank you very much. >> you are welcome. it is good to be with you. ♪

judy: nearly a year ago, president trump signed into law a bipartisan federal criminal stice reform bill that reduced mandatory sentences. many states followed with a notable exception, the state of maryld. in this story, produced in collaboration with the university of maryland's howard center for investigative onalnalism, na correspondent john yang reports on the uncertain fate of prisoners who are still serving life sentences for crimes they committed as minors. john: in the 1990s, fear and anger over violent crime led to a sharp increase in incarceration. that included sentencing large numbers of juveniles to life in adult prisons without role. in 2012, the supreme court usdeclared that cruel and l punishment, but in maryland, so-called juvenile liferow

in their 50s and 60s, still wait for parole.rl oung had been sentenced tofe t age 17. >> the system is broke. the system needs fixing. d one individual, mr. parris glendening, was the head of this situation. john: parris glendening was maryland's liberal docratic governor. during his first campaign in 1994, he sought to counter attacks that he was soft on crime. >> we must stop the slaughter that is ing on in our communities. i support putting violent offenders in prison angiving what i call truth in sentencing. if you are sentenced to life ins , it ought to mean life in prison. and not eleven years, the way it does today. john: in 1994, earl young had served 9 years for 1st degree murder in a robbery gone wrong. tell me what it was like as a 17

year old, to go into a maximum security prison. >> hard. penitentiary with some of tciety's, supposedly some of society's worst worst. olhn: were you scared? >> absolutely. aely. john: his hope, the possibility of parole. >> i felt hopeful, i felt optimistic.i becausplied myself. i kept steady employment. i stayed out of trouble to the best omy abilities. my days were complete from the beginning to the end, with all constructive things. john: but after glendening announced in 1995 he would no longer sign parole young would remain in prison another 24 years. more than 300 juvenile lifers sit in maryland prisons, among them 55 year old calvin mcneil, convicted of first dmurder at 17.

we spokeo him byhone. >> i was sentenced to life, life with parole. that's been 38 years, three months, and ten days ago. every time i go up, they always say, "keep doing what're doing" and such and such, "but we can't do anything right now because of what the governor is saying." and i've been stuck ever since. john: now, glendening sees things differently. >> i made a mistake. it was a very bad mistake, in the sense th it impacted lots of people, it impacted subsequent administrations, but it was a mistake, and i think it is important to acknowledge. john: because of the governor's extraordinary power, that mistake had an outsized impact. >> maryland is fairly unique among states in giving authority to pare someone serving a life stence exclusively to the governor. in other states, it would be a parole board. john: aclu aorney sonia kumar

is suing the state to restore a full parole system and allow these lifers a chance at release. >> maryland's syst been set up so that opportunities for release are almost like winning the lottery. it'ras unpredictable. it'. there are many more people who are argu deserving of it that can ever get it. john: the figures in the aclu suit are striking. beforelendening, four governors issued 181 parole orders over years. in the next 23 years, starting with glendening, just two paroles were issued, both by current governor larry hogan, both adult lifers. >> you are serving a sentence that is life with parole on per, but in practice, parole is really unatinable. john: from his baltimore office, walter lomax has organizedir lifers and tamilies as part of the aclu lawsuit.

>> we became more politically astute. individuals understood this was a political issue, becausthe governor made that decision based on politics. john: lomax had been imprisoned established he had was wrongfully convicted. when glendening said he would no longer sign paroles, lomax parole recommendation wason sittinhe governor's desk. >> i was one of those people. so it was, it was, was it was pretty demoralizing, yeah. john: he understands the perspective of victim's families. >> my younger brother was murdered in this city. and one of my grandsons wasis murdered in ity. and so i personally know the pain and anguish that family members feel for thatoss. some of these women and men who've committed horribl crimes, and i look at them, at this later point in their limes, and i see e that is totally remorseful, that is

totalldifferent from the person that they were when they committed the crime. >> i am 55 years old. i have to be a person that's crazy and ouh of his min has spent 30-something years in prison, to go back t into society and do prison.ng crazy and come back to john: earl young's sentence was commuted this year by governor hogan. he now works as a mentort baltimore school system, trying to discourage teens from repeating his mistak. how have you changed in those 34 years? >> impulsive behavior? gone. immature thinking? gone. putting others before myself? absolutely. john: glendening now says the governor should be taken out of rse process. >> of all the poou want, to be involved in that kind of decision is not one of the the issues are too emotional and too political to put ion the

desk of someone who is going to tu around in a few months, year, and run for election. and it almost asks for political decisions on something that should not be political. >> yes, individuals have committed some serious crimes. but, and i say but, for those who deserve a second opportunity, what's the process? it has to be better an what we have. john: times may be changin r ent weeks, hogan paroled thsfirst three juvenile lif and 24 years. young cherishes hogan's letter telling him he would be a free >> the best thing read during the course of my incarceration was the executive order with my name on it.

it says, "dear mr. young, i have accepted the recommendation of maryland parole commission and ordered that youlife sentence be conditionally commuted to life sentence with all but 49 ars suspended. during most of your incarceration, you have served your sentence in exe fashion. you have chosen to be positive and a pductive person. please make the most of this second chance." john: a second chance hundreds m ofaryland's juvenile lifers may never get. for the pbs newshour, i'm john yang in baltimore. ♪ judy: and finally tonight, ave budding nt that suggests changes in millennials' relationship with alcohol. hari sreenivasan has our story from new york. ♪ hari: new york city, tes

square. this party started just before sunrn e. for more tfive years, daybreaker has hosted these early mornints around the rld. people come oufor two hours ofoh dancing, but aol is strictly off the table. >> drinking gets in the way of dancing a lot. people are always making trips to the bars. peopln have drinkhe dance floor. they're engaged with their drink instead of engaged with other people. hari: daybreaker's goal is to be healthy and have fun while staying substance free. >> it kind of changed the way i go out, too.li so i fee i don't need to drink now. i don't need, you t ow, have anything in my body and just enjoy jenjoy dancing. hari: it's part of a growing people who do't misuse or abuse alcohol trying out alcohol sobriety. the movement, still in its infancy, is not meant for those recovering from substance abuse problems. it describes a questioning mindset that can be applied to any and all drinking occasions.g hari: ruby warn coined the term in her book "sober curious." we caught up with her at getaway r in brooklyn, where "mocktails" are the main event.

>> for millennials and gen zs, alcohol consumption is way, way down. and i think there are ayi few things p into it. one is that people are just much better educated about the different ways that what we consume inflnces our well-being, whether it's the food and drink we consume, whether it's the media weum co hari: and although sober curiosity hasn't reached every corner of the untry, booze-free bars, like this one, have popped up in illinois, maine, and even the uk. it gives people oosing sobriety from alcohol a chance in get out and socialize without the pressure of ng. people like wellness coach and yoga teacher emily nachazel. >> i am noan alcoholic. i am not totally sober. but i go through periods of my life where i'm not drinking, or i go to events and choose not to drink. and yeah, really just questioning that relationship,hi issomething that i want to do right now vs. kind of doing it all theime? hari: nachazel says sober curiosity makes sense for a lot millenials.

>> we are a generation of real wanting more and not just in at "wre money," but we want to know ourselves better. we want to be the healthiest. we want to have jobs that we'repa ionate about. and so this is like another space where we are able to get to know ourselves. hari: nyu clinical psychologist belinda caasco says although this generation is less alcohol centric, millenials struggle with alcohol in their own way. >> we think about millennials. they mostly relate to one another digitally. what happens when you don't sort of develop those skills to navigate interpersonal, not only relationshs, but also interpersonal conflict? then, perhaps, alcohol plays a role not only as a social lubricant, but again, it's it's an attempt to self-soothe, manage anxiety, self medicate. hari: carrasco says ials certainly aren't the first to try out sobriety. >> sobriety has existed for the

longest time. rit's more about tranding. >> we the jury find the defendant -- >> oh, it's non-alcoholic. bri: even big alcohol is getting in on thze-free trend. companies like coors, heineken, and even guinness now offer alcohol-free beers. and craft brewers like brooklyn brewery, who recently released itfirst non-alcoholic beer special effects. robin ottaway is the brewery's president. >> what do we do when we drink? we get together with friends ori . we socialize. it's conviviality. right. and those moments are pretty important to us as humans. if you can extend those moments and not have some of the negative effes, that is pretty good. these smaller comps to risky for venture outside their normal products, but ottaway says they couldn't pass up the opportunity to market to more people, including millenials. >> they're growing up in a completely different world, and have dferent spending and consumption habits, and i think

our timing has proven to beet pretty, prty good. hari: a survey funded by the confirms that thins of health alcohol use among young people has been on the decline since the mid-1990's. that is happening even as marijuana use is rising. the same survey found in 2018, nearly 40% of young adults ud marijuana, compared to 25% in the mid-19's. but the toll of alcohol addiction is far larger. for millenials who are simply it's not always eaforgoiety, drinking, >> it seems so embeddeur culture. let's grab a drink.in >> yeah. try dwithout alcohol. to be fair, i have had a lot of men be totally fine with it, let's meet for coffee. meeting someone new one-on-one is challenging enough. hari: and yes, there's an app for that' >> theres sober dating, there's sober travel, sober events, sober groups. so think of it for lack of a better examp is

-- as like a sober facebook. hari: mj gottlieb, who's been sober for seven years, loosid to help connect people practicing sobriety, even the sober curious. >> one of the biggest reasons why i didn't get sober for so long is i found myself invariably at diners and coffeew shops. and like, if this is all there is, i'm going to continue to use, which i did. hari: for some, the sober curious movement is having a positive side effect, creating more safe spaces to socialize for those in recovery. ruby warrington believes because people now have more choices, the sober curious movement will stick around >> once you've kind of opened the door of sober curiosity' its very hard to go back to st drinking, blindly accepting hangovers as a part of life. hari: emily nachazel has certainly latched on to the idea and says she's now very intentional about her use of alcohol.

>> i can have a good time without alcohol. hari: are you surprised? but i think we lean into it. and there are other ways that you can el good. there's other ways youan be social without having alcohol. hari for the pbs newshour, i'm hari sreenivasan in brooklyn, judy: and on the newshour online, as the end of the year approaches, you may be looking for books to give as gifts or ntad on vacation. senior corresponeffrey brown and the rest of the newshour staff have some ideas. explore a few dozen of the books we read this year, and maybe a them to your own bookshelf. that's on pbs.org/newshour. and that's the newshour for tonight. i'dy woodruff. join us online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us at the pbs newshour,d thank you e you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been pr by -- we have a f questions. >> i was just doing my job.

>> you have my -- no idea who puhethat package? >> no, sir. >> did you plant the bomb in centennial park? >> this is a capital crime. >> my son is innocent. >>o you have a case against me? >> you rned this man's life. >> i didn't do this. eastwood film.well." a clint >> bnsf railway. the ford foundation, working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change rldwide. carnegie corporation of new york , supporting innovations in education, do -- demo aatic engageme international peace and security at carnegie.org. and with thepo ongoing s of these individuals and institutions.

♪ >> this proam was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from vthwers like yo k you. ♪ >> this is pbs newshour west from weta studios in washington d from our bureau at the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. ♪

>> pati narrates: there's something so romantic the sounds of the tracks,, the swaying cars,? watching the sounery change t the window. years ago, when my boys were really little boys, we ook one of our all-time- favori: a ride on the rails ss on the chepe expre a one week journey from the breathtaking copper canyon to the end of the line, . today i'm going to relive a part of that ride and i'm taking you with me. fa was the food on that train, especially the breakfast. from the fresh-squeezed orange juice to the pressedoffee, to the crispy chilaquiles. >> alan: this is so good! >> pati narrates: so in honor of the chepe, i'm making a minloblowing sina breakfast,