captioning sponsored by ,newshour productioc >> woodruff: good evening,'m judy woodruff. on the newshour tonight, the brink of history. the u.s. house sets the stage president donald trump.enpea clipping the wings. boeing stops production of its 737 max passenger jets, following two deadly crashes and many questions about what went wrong. and, from conflict zones totr p country. how a small kentucky city became a haven for refugees, and why the president's policies now threaten that balance. >> we really need more refugees and more immigrants coming to bowling green. and for our economy to grow, we need to have people moving here to fill those jobs. >> woodruff: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshr.

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>> woodruff: it is the eve of impeachment. the united states house of representatives convenes tomorrow to consider the case against president trump. but first, lawmakers spent long hours working out the rules for those proceedings. once again, congressional correspondent lisa desjardins begins our coverage. >> desjardins: in a small room on the capitol's third floor today, the last step before impeachment goes to the house floor. here today.e we have to be >> desjardins: the house rules committee will decide thepr ess for the impeachment debate expected tomorrow. and it beganthith a first in process, bipartisan signs of respect from the democratican chairmanthe top republicanr. or ranking mem >> we take up a lot of co committee and often we are on different sides, but he leads with integrity and he cares deeply about this house.

>> let me begin by reciprocating a personal and professional respect for you and other well.rs of this committee as because i do think very highly of every person on this committee this and particularly of you mr. chairman is a day were going to disagree very strongly. >> desjardins: at the whitedi house,greeing strongly" would be an understatement. >> the whole impeachment thing is a hoax. president trump spoke at an appearance witthe president of guatemala. >> this has been a total sham from the beginning. but his real outrage was unleashed in a six-page letter the president sent to speaker nancy pelosi today, breathing fire in the first line, "i am writing to expre my strongest and most powerful protest against the partisan impeachment crusade." calling democrats' process - "disingenuous, meritless and a baseless invention of democrats' the letter raised previous

themes for the president-- he blasted the f.b.i.'s russia investigation, the mueller report and former vice president joe biden. also blasting democrats today, senate majority leader mitch mcconnell. >> this slash dash work product will be dumped on us over here in the senate. >> desjardins: the kentucky republican, now preparing for a trial, rejected democrats proposal and their leaders' request for four witnesses. >> he wants to volunteer the senate's time and energy on a fishing expedition. rdins: that leader - democratic senator chuck schumer of new york, fired back thatel mccois out of line, already working with the white house, and that senators should reserve judgment. >> mitch mcconell said, proudly, he is not an impartial juror. do the american people want mcconnell not to be impartial in this situation and i'd ask everyone are you impartial jurors?

>> desjardins: as the senate thinks weeks ahead, house democrats are thinking about tomorrow, and insisting this is not about potics.e >>n't know how this may or may not affect the 2020 election, but we know this: we are a ch o-equal bra government that is going to insist that no one is above the law. >> woodruff: and joining me now lisa desjardins. lisa, this is an historic day, as w ahave been saying ovd over again. what do we know about the lay of the land tomorrow? >> here's wat's going to happen. the house will convene at 9:00 a.m. eastern and 6:00 a.m. pacific time. we'lhave normal oening procedure, the pledge of allegiance, and they will immediately begin a two-part debate. first they will debate the rules, the pocedures ahead for the impeachment debate. and then after this they will t into the actual debate. really, though, judy, the entire day, and i thi we wil expect

an entire day of debate over this impeachment idea. i expect it to last until about least this time tomorrow night. it could go late. the question being how much dopu icans object to the process. how much do republicans try to use paraly -- parliamentary procedures to gum up the works? that could make it take longer. >> woodruff: that's an unnon-we can't predict this point. >> it is unknown. they only have a limited amount of prot they can use some. >> woodruff: what do we know about the president's plan and how the white house will respon> in. think we had a preview in that really remarkable letter today.e spent to the speake he has his fist raised and he's rally tomorrow niht, 7:00 a eastern, roughly the time the house could be voting on impeachment articles in michigan, where else, battle creek, michigan. i think it's no mistake the white house is sending a lot of mequages here. mytion is: he actually has a very defensive posture here. he's being very aggressive on. is i wonder how the house

republicans, if they're going to take that tone tomorrow on the n floor . >> woodruff: and lisa, finally, i want to turn back to the spending bill that you have been reporting on.se it pastoday. democrats actually ended up having division over what's in it. >> right. as we reported st night, there were some big ben fits for democrats, things they were happy on,n, for example, and election security, other things. however, today, judy, therwas real dive in the democratic caucus over the president's money for the border wall. this is the main concession that democrats gaveaway in the spending bill. it was $138 billion, the key being unestricted for a bder wall. in the past this money has been restricted to fencing. this now s fewer restrictions. the president can do a little bit more with it than in te past. also, judy, in this money the president can use military fus. there are restrictions barring him from taking military construction money as he has attempted to do in the past year, and, judy, there is no hard cap in these bills on detention beds.

there has been a suggested cap, but it's not enforcable. the hispanic caucus is furious they're worried this is the wrong direction in terms of thea immigration . it's the wrong concession. others say, hey, the president wanted $8 billion f, a wae only got $1.4 billion, but it's a very critical issue that this bill is dealing with. itras a concession democrats. >> woodruff: but it's now passed. >> it has passed today, thank you. it passed today. these things are all happening. so quick this did passes the house. 75 democrats voted against it even though itas their leadership proposing it. >> woodruff: all right, lisa desjardins, so much to follow. tomorr is a big day. >> it is. thank you. >> woodruff: thank you. >> woodruff: representative jason crow, from the suburbs of denver, colorado, is one of a number of democrats from competive districts that his party is fighting to hold on to in fact, prior to crow, the district had elected only republicans to coness since the 1980's when it was first drawn. representative crow annoced

over the weekend he supports both articles of impeachmentt agaiesident trump. and he joins us now from capitol hill. thank you veryuch for being with us, congressm. was this hard cision for you? >> hi. good to be with you, judy. yeah, you know, it was one that i spent time thinking about,e beca promised district that i would be deliberate about it, that i would take in all the information, that i would spend my time looking at all the evidence. at's what i did. but at the end of the day, i came back to my oath. i'm somebody who has taken ny oaths throughout my life. i am a former army ranger and spent a lot of time in irq and afghanistan. i took an oath again on january 3rd en i joined th congress. at the end of the day, it became abundantly clear to me that the evidence overwhelminsuy orted the allegations against the president and that impeachment was the way forward for us. >> woodruff: was there one piece of evidence th convinced you, or what? >> no, it was the body of

evidence. over several weeks, over a dozen witnesses. you had ambassador sondland, a supporter of president trump, say unequivocally that there was a quid pro quo. and you had the president's words himself saying, "do us a favor," and the president and his enablers and the folks in the white house actually have stopped trying to actually defend the actions. 's pretty irrefutable at this point what happened. it's wrong. it unprecedent it's a violation of the president's constitutional oath. and it's now time fr contogress tep up and say, it's not okay. >> woodruff: i'm asking because the constitutional law professor who testified fore the house judiciary committee on behalf of the republicans wrote today that this is the first impeachment process to go forward without, in his words, a recognized crime having been committed. >> well, you know, there are certainly some folks that i think could have that debate, t but e end of the day, let's not be distracted by what whi ulley happened, what we know happened and what we know are

facts.ct the are the president of the united states withhead critical security funding from an ally that's at waro benefit his personal political campaign. it's unprecedented. it's never happened before. on top of that, when congress has tried to full-length mirror its -- congress tried to fulfill its duty of oversig and accountability, congress has non-cooperation, which in theof history of the united states has never happened before. what we have to do is make sur we're not citing a precedent that future presidents can do the same thing, whether it be an republr democrat. we cannot allow this to become rmal. we can't send a message that presidents can use taxpayer money, withld foreign aito advance his or her own political interests and political campaign and obstruct coress in the process. that's why we're doing what we're going to do tomorrow. >> woodruff: what do you say to republicans who say this process is notlegitimate because it is just one party. ublican not a single rep who is joining with democrats

that we know of at this point to support impeachment. they also say democrats have been trying to get rid of president trump ever since he was ele >> well, we use the process and reused the rules put in place by the republicans several congresses ago. inurts have overwhey and constitutional and lawful process. just because folks have decided they will not abide by their oath, they're not going to do what i think the country needs them to do, that does not absolve us of our responsibility to fulfill our oath. we can't control the senate. i can't controly colleagues. the only thing i can control is what i doan whether or not i honor the oath i took on january 3rd. for me honoring that oath requires me to step up and vote for the articles of impeachme tomorrow. >> woodruff: does it concern you, congressman, that less than half of the american peopl say in public opinion polls that they support impeaching the president? >> new york it doesn't, because i have never concerned myself

with the politics of this issue. you know, i decided very early separate politics from the discussion of impeachment. this is one of the mos important consequential things that a member of congress can . we're being called to do a very somber, gave thing. you know, i am not happy about it. this is not an exciting time for me. this is not what i came to congress to do. t i do have the duty to do it. so i'm not going to think about h e politics of it in mue same way i didn't think about the politics of my time in iraq and afghanistan. i took an oath to serve the country, and i had to ffill that oath. the consequences will be what they wilbe. t at the end of the day, the people that i remember, they bound by my oath.ebody at's they know that i'm somebody who appreciates honesty, integrity, and good government. that's what i'm about, and that's ultimately what this is about. erswoodruff: to oth questions, one is what are you hearing from your constituents >> yeah, so generally people?

support the action that i'mta ng. i have not shied away from having conversations about this. i held twoe large evnts on sunday or i announced my support for the articles of impeachment. i took questions. i think people are just wanting to know that the process was fair and transparent. but i represent a community that is fed up with corruption inis governmented up with dishonesty. they want good government. they want people to do the right themg. they want o tell the truth, and that's what we're doing. so i'm out in the district alle me. i have held over 200 events in my first year in congress, and every corner of my district answering questions, having tough conversations, being civil in the process. and ultimately i think people understand that i'm somebody who does what i say i'm going to do and fulfills the oath, and, you know, we have mutual respect between me and my constituentse beca that. >> woodruff: last thing, do you expect -- assuming the house

does vote to impeach, do you expect there will be a fair trial in theenate? i ask because today the majority leader, mitch mcconnell, e saying that es not plan the call any of the witnesses that the democrats are asking be called. >> well, one thing i have learned, judy, in my first years in congress hat my crystal ball is broken. i have stopped trying to predict the future and what people are i ca control mitch mcconnell. i can't control the senate. u know, i will continue to call for fair trial. i wadaasked yestduring an interview what my advice would be foar corey grdner, one of our senators from colorado. and my advice is simple: go back and read the oath. you know, it's the same oath that i took earlier in the year. it's our north star. it calls on us to put the couny first and to put t well-being of our fellow citizens above your own personal well-being. >> woodruff: congressman jason crow of colorado, thank you very much. >> thanks, judy.

>> woodruff: and we will have >> woodruff: we will have full live coverage of the house floor dette and votes on impeachm starting tomorrow at 9:00 a.m. eastern, online, and checkour local stations listings for broadcast. in the day's other news, the senate gave final approval to ae pentagoning blueprint worth nearly $740 billion. p it includes a raise for military personnel, the most in more than a decade lawmakeralso added 12 weeks of workers.ental leave for federal president trump has said he will sign t bill. the president's former deputy campaign manag rick gates now faces 45 days in jail, and 36 nths of probation. he was sentenced today in federal court in washington, 22 months after pleading guilty to lying to investigators and conspiracy. gates could have gotten five to six years in jail, but the judge cited his cooperation with the special counsel's russia investigation.

pakistan's former military ruler pervez musharraf was sentenced to death, in absentia, today. he had been charged with treason for declaring an emergency in 2007, and suspending all civil liberties. a special anti-terunrism court and the verdict, and the death sentence. >> for t first time a military dictator has been punished by the court under the constitution and the law. and it was overdue. >> woodruff: musharraf seized power in 1999, and ruled until 2008. he is now living in dubai. his lawyer said he will appeal the court's decision.gh in nring india, an outcry against a new citizenship law spread across more of the country. some of the demonstrations in new delhi turn violent as angry protesters clashed with officers fired teato push back the crowds. protests also oke out in west ngal and other states.

the focus is a new law that grants citizenship to non-muslim migrants whore in india illegally. unions in france called new protntts today against preside emanuel macron's plans to structure pensions. scuffles with police erupted in somebut the protests were largey peaceful, with thousands lighting red flares and marching through french cities. union members insisted crippling transit strikes will continue, right through the holidays. ( translated ): if we accept a christmas break, then we're stopping the strike. if we don't strike, then macron is passing his reform, since he said he's passing it in january. so, we have le stop him. peidn't strike for about 15 days just to stop and say, 'no, let's gsee santa claus.' >> woodruff: workers from the paris opera and the eiffel tower joined the protests. activists also cut electricity to 100,000 homes and businesses in paris. at the vatican, pope francis

abolished the so-called "pontifical secrecy" rule in cases of sexual abuse by clergy. levictims had charged the as used to protect pedophiles and block police investigations. they welcomed today's announcement, but said they want to see it backed up with action. china commissioned its second airraft carrier today, furt expanding its military power in asia. president xi jinping attended a ceremony on hainan island in the disputed south china sea. it was part of his wide-ranging military buildup. this is the first aircraft carrier built in china. beijing bought a soviet-era carrier from ukraine, in 1998. back in this country, ford announced it is adding 3,000 jobs over the next three years at two factories near detroit. the automaker said it will invest nearly $1.5 billion to build new pick-up trucks, s.u.v.'s, and electric vehicles.

hiring begins next year. ajand, on wall street, the indexes edged higher into record terrory. the dow jones industrial average gained 31 points to close at 28,267. the nasdaq rosnine points, and, the s&p 500 added one point. still to come onhe newshour: after fatal crashes and controversy, boeing halts production on the 737 max jet. the family at the center of the opioid crisis and the ten billion dollars they took for themselves the white house's policies threaten a haven for refugees in the heart of trump country. plus much more.

ago, boeing said icted itsmonth 737 max jets to return to theth skies next m that's clearly not happening and now the rospace giant, and its suppliers, are preparing forim harder this winter. production of the jet will shut down for now, beginning in january. as our aviation correspondent miles o'brien tells us, there's concern over tse ripple effects and whether the safety concerns are being adequately addressed. >> reporter: this is what it looks ke at a boeing airfield in seattle: dozens of new 737 "max" jets sitting idle. thousands of others that have been ordered are on indefinite isld as the aerospace gianyi still to get clearance om the government to fly those planes again. analysts like joe schwieterman say boeing is feeling more pain. pa>> this has shaken the c to its core. >> reporter: today, the biggest

max customer in the u.s., southwest airlines, announced it is canceling thousands of flights until mid-april and will find alternate flights seats for affected passengers. >> the airlines themselves are in just a terrible spot because they're selling spring break, they're selling summer without knowledge of what their fleet is. >> repter: since march, all 737 "max" jets have been grounded worldwide following a pair of crashes indonesia and ethiopia that killed 346 people. yesterday's decision came just days after the head of the federal aviation administration testified on capitol hill. >>he situation with the 73 max is unprecedented in many respects. >> reporter: unlike boeing's optimistic estimates, he gave no timelineor when the plane would be back in the sky. >> we need to make sure the public has confidence in that airplane and i'm confident that i would my own family and those boeing employees would put theii own fa on the airplane >> reporter: lawmakers also released a report alleging

federal authorits and boeing knew about problems with an in- flight control system after the first crash happened in indonesia, and ill didn't ground the plane. a whistleblower from boeing's factory said he tried to sound the alarm. >> the 737 factory was in chs. ery single factory health metric was getting record low marks. each one was trending in the wrong direction. >> reporter: boeing says it is working to get the 737 "max" flying again. in the meantime, the company says it has no plans to layoff the 12,000 workers at the main 737 "max" plant. >> woodruff: and miles joins me now to elore some of the gger questions for boeing and the f.a.a. hello to you, miles. so we heard in your piece analysts talking aboaut wha risk this represents for boeing. boeing is now sayi layoffs. but the 737 max is big ece of their bids, isn't it. >> it's a big pease of their bids, and it's a pretty big

piece of the economyeneral. while boeing can keep those employees on the line in ynticipation of spooling things back up relativuickly, when you start looking down the supply chain at some of their various widgets, pieces, and parts for the aircraft, they don't have the deep pockets to be able to withstand this. so look for layoffs sooner in the larger ecosystem, if you will. >> woodruff: miles, weave learned more in the last week or so about what was going on enternally at the f.a.a. in period after the first crash what have we learned about what was happening there? >> ater the indonesian crash, there was an analysis of what the real risks werehis particular sysm that was at the root cause of that crash. it was determined that the 77 macas -- max as it i could result in a fatal accident every two or three years, which in this day and age is way

unacceptable rate of accident. the f.a.a. made the decision not to ground the aircraft, however, although a lot of experts wo say there would be good rason to do so. they said they wouldloive the a thorough briefing about the root of thoblem, and putat the airplanes back into service. unfortunately, of course, there was a second crash, and the grounding occurred after that. >> woodruff: and miles, this plays into the larger concer that have been out there about whether the f.a.a. has frankly abdicated too much of the oversight, the certificaons to the iustry. >> well, you know, the basic theory, judy, is that no one in the industry wants an unsafe aircraft. that is true. when you talkeo pople, and the f.a.a. over the years, however, has reduced the number of boots on the ground in these the inspection process to the of industry itself. this is a wayeyo save monand the idea is that there's a

mutual goal toward safety. but when things getompetitive, there are a lot of temptations to cut corners, and being was in a very heated competition with airbus to out e door. >> woodruff: finally, les, what about the speculation abou3 whether th max is ever going to come back? >> wl,lhere's a lot of speculation on this front, and understandably so.nk i mean, i thuite frankly the traveling public has a faly short memory of these sorts of things. frankly, the traveling public is looking for the lowest fare when they book a flight. the real question i think is has the industry, have the pilots, have the insurance industry, has it lost faith in the 73 max. if that is the case, this is an >> woodruff: miles o'brienfly reporting on today's developments around the 737 max and boeing. thank you, miles. >> you're welcome, judy.

>> woodruff: newly rel court documents reveal tt the family behind purdue earmaceuticals, maker of highly addictive painkiller oxyconn, withdrew over ten billion dollars from the company as the opioid epidemic got worse and worse. as william brangham reports, this will only increase the scrutiny of the sackler family >> brangham: that's right, judyb as part ofkruptcy filing in new york, an internal audit done by the company was releasec rt last night. that audit revealed that in the first 12 years of oxycontin sales, from 1995 to 2007, purdue distributed just over a billion dollars to the sackler family but in the decade after 2007, after purdue pled guilty to federal charges of misleading doctors and regulators aut the addictiveness of oxycontin, purdue's distributions to the sacklers skyrocketed to $10.7

billion. this money was beingransferred while the opioid addiction crisis worsened, and as legal and public scrutiny of the ramping up.mily, was maura healey is the attorney general for massachusetts d is e of the many attorneys general suing purdue and the sackler family. attorney general, welcome back to the newshour. this audit that was done by purdue showed, as i just described, that from 2007 to 2017 $10 billion is moved from the company to thsackler family. i get that there is an obve us outrctor to that. what is the legal case that that transfer of money is a problem? >> well, the isn outrage factor because as the sacklers are looking to pump as much oxy into the market as possible, they're also sucki all of those profits and sales out of the company and putting thoses profto their own pockets. because our state was the first

state to sue not only purdue, but the sacklers individually for their direct role in the illegal, unlawful marketing and sale of ox and the problem legally with vhat the sacklers have done and the reason we he sued them and the reason we're fighting them in court is because the saklers undelaw should not be able to shield themselves from liability, hide that money essentially that they've stolen essentially through thisss bankruptcy pro so purdue has filed bankruptcy. the sacklers are trying the use that proceeding to say, heywe don't need to pay any of that money back, and in the legal wod, william, we talk about when a company or individuals do somethinbad and they make a whole will the of money off of it, we call those ill gotten gains. this is the very definition of an ill got ingain, and why the sacklers need to be held accountable and need to pay up. that's what justice demand, and that's what families all over this country, william, are looking for. >> brangham: do you have a

sense of where that money is right now? ll, this is part of the problem. the sacklers have played games with their moy for deades now. a lot of it has been proved off shore, and they have useall sorts of legal arrangements to shield those assets. c we're going tinue to pursue them. i know my colleagues will also pursue them. but hoefully what this report shows is ess tially what wed alleged at the time we filed our very complaint, that thers sackoperated through greed, they exploited vulnerable peoplethey made btloads of money off of it, and they took all of that money for emselves out ofhe company. that's why we'll continue to fight them in the bant,kruptcy cond that's why we'll continue to pursue them. >> brangham: we reached out the a lawyer for some of the sackler, and they gaves a statement today. i would like to read you part of that. this lawyer said, "these distribution numbers were known at the time the proposed settlement was aged to by two dozen attorneys general and thousands of local governments. months, and this filing reflects the fact that more than half was paid in taxes and reinvested in

businesses that will be sold as part of the proposed settlement. the sackler family hopeso reach a productive resolution for the publicn beefit." so they're saying everybody knew about this, most of the money went to tax and reinvestment, and as you know, they have also put forward this idea that thatl will pay $3 lion as part of this big national settlement. but take it from wat you're saying that's not enough. >> oh, it's outrageous. t's be cle, william, right, $1billion, first of all, we didn't kow the extent of everything they had taken out of e company and wstill don't know the full extent. more work needs to be done. sex, we don't know the net worth, the central you, how much monethe sacklers actually have, because that is important. they are gng to be he legally accountable, and they will mead to pay up. so they have not ben forthcoming with their financial information. this is a family that thry ough hists sought to hide their financial assets. th continue to fight us a every turn.

remember, here, william, theea onlyn that we know this information is because purdue now in bankruptcy controllell essentby another entity has produced this information. the sacklers themselves ha not been forthcoming. so this is what we've seen from them and exactly wy they need to pay up. as for the proposed deal, it stinks. okay. and that's what yesterday's audit report revealed. you're talking aboil a fam that is offering to pay $3 billion, not by the way, from their own pocket, they want that $3 billion to come from future oxy sales overseas by their foreign company. they havnot offered a dime of thr own personal money, not t say the least of any of the profits, the $10 billion plheus thattook from the company in the last few years. so thiis where we are wi things. it's why the majority of a.g.s opposed the proposed setlement. we continue to fight this in court. and ultimately we're going to go wherever we need to go so th there is justice and justice

will take the form of holding purdue accountable, but also holding the sacklers accountable. >> brangham: all right, attorney geeral maura healey of massachusetts, thank you very much. >> great to be with you, william. >> woodruff: stay with us, coming up on the newshour:. the effect that toxic stress and poverty has on the development of babies' brains. d behind the scenes with the author of the children's classic "don't let the pigeon drive th bus!," as the book takes the president trump has limited the tomber of refugees who may enter the united statehe lowest level in decades. as john yang reports, that policy is having an effect in what may seem like an unlikely place.ep thist is part of our look at poverty and economic opportunity, "chasing the dream." >> yang: it's fourth period at the geo international high

school in bowling green, kentucky. for 19-year-old rehema twizere, this math class is just a smalle part of a ng routine. hee's been up since 5:30. when school endsushes tiross town to trace die cast, where she works almost midnight. >>t's hard, but i have to it anyway. >> yang:ard, but much easier than the life she left behind three years ago in her native uganda. afr school there, she ent hours trekking long distances to gather water and firewood. >> here is not bad. you would do all those but you would not get paid. i don't make much. >> yang: but it's yours. >> uh-huh it's mine--doesn't belong to anyone. >> yang: twizere's story is surprisingly common here. while kentucky's total population ranks in the middle of the 50 states, in the 12 months ending september 30th, it

resettled the 5th most refugees. an outsized nuer of them eed up here in the small but growing city of bowling green. their first stop is usually the international center of kentucky, which has helped resettle refugees since 1981. albert mbanfu is the executive director. >> when i moved to bowling green, my thought was, 'well, i'm coming to this little small city and i don't thinke'll have up to 10 refugees.' >> yang: between october 2018 and this september alone, more than 460 refugees came to bowling green. now, though, president trump's migration policies are creating uncertainty for those seeking refuge here. this fall, the administration set the cap on refugees at 18,000 for the year that began in october. that's the lowest level since the official u.s. resettlement program began in 1980.

and bowling green, the seat of warren county, which the president won with almt 60 percent of the vote in 2016, felt the change immediately. in october, mbanfu's agency didn't resettle a single refugee, the first time that's happened in his six years as director. what would you say if you had the opportunity to sit down with president trump?n >> our heart. search your soul. the united states is theio greatest nin the world. and with that, they should have that moral responsibility to say we will give back a little to save mankind. >>ang: more concerning to mbanfu? another trump announcement. >> i issued an executive action, making clear that no refugees will be resettled in any city or any state without the express written consent th that city or state. >> yang: refug advocatese feared the muld mean big

their doors to resent.y shutting the state department told refugee agencies to get written consom governors and county executives. more than a dozen state and local governments answered by saying they would continue to welcome regees. warren county's executive didn't respond to requests for comment. but bowling green mayor bruce wilkerson said he'd welcome the chance to have a say. >> if they just give me a number and y we're gonna give you a thousand refugees today-- where are they from? do they have any skills, do they have any family members here? if we bring in somebody with no skills, no education, and just simply a new individual, that'sk going toa lot more of our resources to try to work with. >> yang: researcrs say that, in 2016, immigrants contributed more than $560 million to the county's economy. at trace die cast, the auto parts maker where rehema twizere

works, refugees and immigrants make up more than 60% of the workforce. what's more, trace has about 40 job openings right now that could be filled by refugees. chris guthrie is c.e.o. of the family owned company. >> we really need more refugees and more immigrantcoming into bowling green and not that's not just a trace die cast problem. t that's a businesses here, there's a really lack of employees. and for our onomy to grow, we need to have people moving here to help to fill those jobs. if that pipeline is cut off, then, then the whole community here will suffer from that. >> yang: but for local schools, the refugee population presents challenges. the warren county school district's per-pupil funding has been among the lowest in the state. superintendent rob clayt: >> enrolling students day after day coming from refugee resettlement situations does impact our schools in terms of the available resources that are necessary to enroll these

students. it's not as simple as walking in schedule and saying go to class. >> yang: geo international is kentucky's only four-year high school designed for international and refugee students. dean of students taylor nash, finds himself trying to countern the ess rhetoric. >> our children have come to me before and have asked me, you know, ¡why is our president saying this? he doesn't know what it's like in my country. as teachers, we're the ones that are sometimes the best examples that they have of what americans are.s and that plot of responsibility on us as educators to tryato show them you know, just because doesn't mean that we're all like that.g: >> ydayiragije isack owns an international grocery store in bowling green. he came to the united states 10 years ago from a refugee camp in tanzania, where he remembers seeing bags of flour donated by americans. >> so we'd be like, ¡these people are nice. they are giving this.

when i get there, i need to give back.' >> yang: so seven years ago, isack joined the army national guard. he says his dream is to serve overseas. >> when i'm hearing this comment that ware a drain, what can we do better? my question would be. what can ap do better for you to be with us? >> yang: so that others" yearning to breathe free" can have the same chance at a better life. for the pbs newshour, i'm john yang in bowling green, kentucky. >> woodruff: researchers are trying to better understand the biology of stress, and the many ways toxic stress can affect a child's health. stephanie sy has a report produced by yahoo news abor how frequentolonged adversity

for a mother could affect the velopment of the baby. r orter: when i met lisa thompson, like me, she was five months pregnant. so you're due?r >> decemh. >> reporter: which is the same exact day thattu'm due, congtions. >> thank you. >> reporter: lisa is 1 syears old, a months earlier, had been homeless. how have you been doing as far as the stress of pregnancy? >> i have had a lot of depression a lot. happy about it, he says he iss going to be there but i'm worried that he is not going to be there. reporter: did you think you would be doing it on your own? >> no. i mean i know my mom did it on her own when she was pregnant with me but it's kind of scary because i don't want my baby to have a life like that. i'm sorry.

my dad wasn't there when i was born and basically that's all i know. >> reporter: researchers now believe poverty can begin in the womb if a mother is exposed to" toxic stress." >> when we are stressed, our heart rate goes up, our blood pressure goes up, stress hormones get released in our bloodstream. xic stress is when those systems are activated most of the time. >> reporter: dr. jack shonkoff, nowned expert on early childhood development, heads the center on the developing child at hvard university. >> toxic stress is not about ths cause of tess, it's the roological response to the stress and an enent that is fraught with stresses affects gene expression. it affects how some genes turn on or turn off. reporter: in utero? >> from the moment of conception until the moment you die. a, reporter: in west virgiev i've met seral moms in an effort to understand how the

stresses of poverty might affect them, their children and even their unborn babies. at a food pantry held monthly at hope united methodist church, i meet kristen. she asked that we not use her last name, but shares a life story seemingly fraught with stre. >> this is my daughter skyler, one of three. i have a 10-year-old and a 13- year-old.nt i got pregt 16. my mother and father were both addicts and alcoholics and i had a rough childhood. ok this is him. heo i'm at a church thing. >> reporter: so where are you now? >> trying to get away from an usive guy. if you don't believe me you can talk, am i at the church right now?

>> yes, she is. me about the stresu weret tell going through when you were pregnant? >> i was on subutex when i was pregnant with her. >> what is that? >> to get off opiates. this is her dad calling. i'm really sorry, but i've got to go pick him up from work, but she had had withdrawals, and ihr wentgh postpartum depression. i was alone. i didn't have any support. my mom lives in tennessee. i don't have a lot of faly, and my mom was not the greatest mom, srive to be what she wasn't. >> we have studied resilience in the face of poverty, there one feature that comes out from which is one of the most importanpredictors of good adversity is the presence of at least one reliable, responsive, protective relationship with an

enportant person. it can be very os a parent, can be another family member, a grandparent, older sibling it could be a neighbor. >> reporter: shonkoff says this new biological understanding suggests breaking the poverty cycle begins with pregnant moms and the right kind of support. we're already increasing the t likelihoodhat that next generation will do better as ar: >> reporhe science may be new but the national organization nurse family partnership has been putti it to practice for nearly four decades. nurses like lori rogers in montgomery alabama pay home rsvisits to first time mot, providing medical check-ups, and helping them set goals. >> one of the things n.f.p.ur does, is to mae that hey we're asking what do you want to do with your lif what's important to you, you know? >> hey, good morning!

>> we're going to sit over here? >> yes ma'am. look, here's a butterfly. typically our visit consists of how they have been since i was last there, i try to weigh aubrii, i might get some measurements on her. we typically talk about latereta how her job is going. okay, well this is a dated job list so si you've kind of still looking, i thought i'd give you this and something there.ght be >> reporter: the new science says doing the type of thinking -volved in goal setting - actually changes the brain, which is a key to societalon" success.rk >> when the s done well, it helps to change brain wiring so that the inviduals can basically become the navigatorsr of twn lives. >> reporr: beth babcock is head of a program based in boston called empath, which uses the latest neuroscience to coach families toward better outcomes.

>> we're seeing families that, when we work with them for three years or more, are almost doubling their incomes. the real process of helping people move out of poverty is the process of standing beside and helping them see themselves and their future in a different way. >> reporter: in a sense it comes down to love--providing love m counter the toxic effects of poverty-related stress. a surprisingly low-tech way to address what advanced brain science has revealed. for the pbs newshouri'm stephanie sy. >> woodruff: to watch the complete documentary, go toco yahobabybrain. >> woodruff: author and

illurator mo willems has created belovecharacters and sold millions of children's books.in now he's tthe stage and making new kinds of work for both kids and grownups. cosespondent paul solman ha the story. it's part of our ongoing series on arts and culture, "canvas." >> reporter: now playing at the kennedy center in washington, d.c., a musical about a pigeon who really, really, wants to drive a bus, based on a book by one of america's best-selling authors. >> my name is mo willems. ( cheers and applause ) >> reporter:his latter-day dr. seuss even spruced up the time- honored tv walkingr hot to cover rration introducing him,ge letting his pion do the walking. mo willems has created over 50 books about characters from the boisterous bird to anxious" elephant" and upbeat "pigg," to abandoned ka-nuffle bunny, nanette's baguette. willems is now the kennedy

center's first education-artist- in-residence, making music, art with the pigeon musical. >> they're grown adults playing with puppets, yelling andru screaming aning around. hopefully that's going to engender not just laughs on stage, but when the kids go home the grown ups will pick up a tstuffed animal and pretet it's a puppet and start to be silly again. i'm more intested in sparking some sort of creativity, some type of joy. h thpens after the show, after the performance. >> reporter: is that why the drawings are so simple? >> absolutely. designed so that a five year old can reproduce it. i want my books to be played, not just read. the most important part of thet book, the he the book, is the audience reacting to what

>> reporter: and by audience you don't just mean the kid. you mean the parent or grandparent who's reading it. >> absolutely. >> reporter: acting it out. the voices. >> i need you. you are my orchestra, rit? and if i write a book called happy bunny had a happy time ino happy landre going to read it. everybody had a happy time. and you skip a couple pages. >> reporter: oh, god. >> and the end. >> reporter: ie been there. >> we've all been there. but if i write something that the shame-ecmy, to starto get yelling and screaming and jumping up and down and maybeck ng or what not, now, suddenly these books are magic. >> reporter: willems' s silly, for sure, but it also explores questions central to kids. >> you're just dealing with fundamental things. why are we here? or why are peoplnice? why aren't people nice? what can i do? can i drive a bus? pigeon drive the bus" was willems' first book in 2003. >> so the pigeon was rejected by and i te to exaggerate so

we'll just cut that number in half, 23 billion publishers. and they said the exact same thing as the pubsher that took the book. they said it's unusual. they were all right. i the question iunusual pejorative or is it positive? >> reporter: so why did they all say no? >> well, because it's terrifying doing something at hasn't been done before, right? i mean, it's a book all in dialog with sort of a chicken scratch awing. the audience is told it has to yell no back athe book. also, it's a pigeon. it's a rat with wings. like a children's book is supposed to be an adorable bear or a wonderful bunny.ou something thatant to hug. nobody wants to hug and squeeze a pigeon, but now they do. reporter: that first bo earned willems the first of three caldecotts, the highest prize in kid lit. >> the pigeon just arrived one day in a sketchbook and literally the first drawing i made of the pigeon, the pigeon things?hy are you drawing other as a jerk from day one.

>> reporter: you didn't hear him say that you. >> we communicate through doodle so part of the exploration forla thiswas for me to ask who is this pigeon? which is also me asking, who am i? which is why i need to be with very close friends who can tell me the honest truth. >>heeporter: willems cowrote script with tom warburton, a friend since the two were animators 25 years ago and an admirer of willems' first film"" the man who yell."oo >> mo was veryat branding. he was already mo willems even before he was doing doing his picture books. >> reporter: well he in that in that film. >> yeah. >> reporter:e must mention his name. i don't know how many times. >> not just in that film and everythi he does, he mentions his name over and over and over again. yes, yeah. that was that was just the start. >> oh my goodness! a sheep!

th reporter: over the year two collaborated on the cartoon network's short-lived "sheep in the big city." >> when we would look at the ratings, you would get a five. that was the number ple watching it. it was an unpopular show >> reporter: but their show codename kids next door was a hit. willems went on to write for sesame street, for which he won six emmys. the musical poses a different problem. >> how do you take a 40 pageut book a pigeon not beg able to drive a bus and turn it into an hour long musical. >> reporter: stick to a good story for kids, says deborah wicks la puma, who wrote the music. a>> so you can't linger i moment for the sake of lingering in a moment or sounding beautiful. anu know, the kids want to know what the story iwhat's happening. >> reporter: willems' work has always kept the child's point of view front and centehi >>hood is inherently unpleasant.

nothing is to your scale. right.e the chairs, thairs are saying. they're giant. they're saying you don't belong here. you really shodn't even be sitting here. right. and everything is big because you don't know you're new. right. and the grownups, they take you out of situations like if you're having fun, some giant pair of hands grabs you and picks you up and puts you in another room and u get in trouble for complaining? >> reporter: from beethoven to bird. a >> like , do you know how the swim? i know nothing about. this i am painting on a scale i've never painted before, but

there is no wrong way to eress yourself. >> reporter: for the pbs newshour, this is paman, a new friend of willems, an old friend of his books, in washington, d.c. and my homets e boston. >> woodruff: and that's the newshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff. remember the pbs newshour/ politico democratic debate tak place thursday night at 8:00 p.m. eastern. i'm heading out to los angeles tomorrow. for all of us at the pbs newshour, thank you d see you soon. >> major funding forurhe pbs newshoas been provided by: >> the ford foundation. working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change

worldwide. >> carnegie corporation of new york. supporting innovioions in educ democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and at carnegie.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and individuals. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting.io and contrib to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc ca ptioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

to "amanpour & co." here's what's coming up. >> if no one starts, then there is no chance. >> action stalls at this year's climate summit. former u.s.at secretary of john kerry tells mow how he's joining the fight to get the world moving on thisrisis. plus -- >> there will be no difference between the president's position and our position. >> republicans circle the wagons ahead of a potentiale sen impeachment trial. the former republican governor of louisiana bobby jindal joins me. s then -- >> t not a normal state. our special report, china lels some of the cemeteries of its moslem minority. i'm joined by a uighur american activist whose mother is still