newshour productions, llc judy woodruff.ood evening, i'm >> will all senators now stand or remain standing, and raise their right hand? >> wtdruff: ...the impeachmen trial begins. for the third time in u.s. jurors in the tria a u.s.rn as president. then, after nafta. a sweepingrade agreement between the u.s., mexico, and canada passes the senate and is sent to the white house.d, irginia becomes the final state needed to add the equal rights amendment to the constitution, but legal questions loom. and, outbreak.

in theemocratic republic of congo a powerful vaccine is stemming the spread of ebola. >> there is no doubt in anybody's mind that the outbreak would have been much, much worse and much, much more extensive had it not been for the use of the vaccine. >> woodruff: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> on a cruise with american cruise lines, you can experienci historic desnations along the ssissippi riverriver and across the united states. american cruise lines fleet of small ships explore american landmarks, local cultures and calm waterways. american cruise lines, pud sponsor of pbs newshour.

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public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. or >> woodruff: senusan collins of maine has become the first republican to say she luld "likely" support a c for witnesses in the impeachment trial ofresident trump. that news came late today as the trial officially got underway in solemn opening ceremonies. proceeding in the nation's history. seven democratic house members, named managers, formally delivered the articles of impeachment to the senate chamber. >> house resolution 755: impeaching donald j. trump, president of the united states for high crimes and misdemeanors. am woodruff: house intelligence committee chair chiff, who led the impeachment investigation, read aloud the

two charges: abuse of power... >> president trump solicited the interference of a forgn government, ukraine, in the 2020 united states presidential election. >> woodruff: and obstruction of coress: >> donald j. trump has directed the unprecedented, categorical and indiscriminant defiance of ussubpoenas issued by the of representatives pursuent to its sole power of impeachment. >> woodruff: two hours later, john roberts, the chief justice of the united states, arrived at the capitol and was sworn in to >> senator, i attend the senate in conformity of your notice foi joining with ythe trial of the present of the united states. i am now prepared to take the oath. >> will you place your left the capitol and was sworn in to oversee th chuck grassley of iowa, the president pro tem of the senate. >> woodruff: roberts, in turn, swore in 99 senators, who said "i do" in unison, ag to

deliver impartial justicin their service as jurors in the trial. at the other end of pennsylvan avenue, president trump offered his own view of the day's events. >> i think the trial should go quickly. its a complete hoax, the whole thing with ukraine. >> woodruff: meanwhilethe government accountability office concluded today that the trump white house decision to withhold congressionally approved military aid from ukraine for a time was illegal. it said, "faithful execution of the law does not permit the president to substitute his own policy priorities for those that congress has enacted into law." the white ho fired back, saying the decision to withhold the funds was onsistent withhe president's priorities and with the law." back at the capitol, house speaker nancy pelosi said the finding fits a broader pattern

of abuse by the trump. administrati >> the o.m.b., the white house, the administration bi'm saying this, broke the l r. >> woodrufublicans, like senator lindsey graham, downpled the g.a.o. opinion. >> i don't know why it would, i mean, they got the money. they got the money on september 11. >> woodruff: the senate now begins a four-day holiday weekend. the impeachment trial resumes on tuesday, with par leaders still sparring over whether to call witnesses. here with me now with more on what is going on behind the scenes our capitol hill correspondent lisa desjardins, and our white house correspondent yamichalcindor. hello to both of you on this thursday. so, lisa, let me start with you. give us a sense of what the senators were saying as they began this solemn procedure. and then we have the news just literally a few minutes ago that senator susan collins is calling ntr witnesses. >> it is signifi

i also talked to another republican, senator ted cruz, who is trying toker a deal over witnesses and he seemed to witnesses as well, without going asar as susan collins. there is a change of momentum on that today, wohl see. t what it was like in that chamber, it was extraordinary. thut was not a dramatic room it was an incredibly focused roomns there was a of the profound, a goose bump moment raising their handthat.tor and, judy, something people might not realize from tv, no one in that room had any kind of device, no form of communication th the outside world. everyone was focused on what was i have never seen before.n a way one other note: security is at the most tight i have ever seen in the u.s. senate. there were very few protesodrs relatively, but they are taking the threat of anything very seriously right now. >> woodruff: so when they go into that chamber they can't

bring a smartphone, they bring anhing else. >> and we received extra credentials to get into that part of the capitol for thel. impeachment tr >> woodruff: yamiche, you you soces at the white house all day long. how are they processing this? >> president trump and the white house are processing all this by lashing out at democrats at the start of what the president-- what will be the historic trial, to see whether or not the president will be removed from office. many said the president will be acquitted. today reminded me that the whit house esident trump understand optics and understand his legacy is still at stake here. so now we have the president entering into this new phase of his presidency, where he will be es trial and have to defend himself against allegations in a way he hasn't done before.ia he has smedia and white house aides talking on the lawn. this is different. there was a sense today the ite house was taking thi very, very seriously.

a word on susan collins-- i have aybeen hearing for several now that the white house is gearing up for republican senators, enough republican senators to back the i having witnesss. so the white house thinks there will be witnses at this senate trial. >> woodruff: interesting. separately, yamich today other right on the eve of thisrial, you have the government accounting office coming out with this detailed statement saying what the president did in withholding aid to ukraine was illegal. what is the white house saying about that? >> well, we have to really explain to people the ideahat this government accountability office, it's a nonpartisan watchdog group is sayi president trump broke the law, and that's because $391 million the president and the white house chose to freeze was already appropriated by congress. so the white house now is pushing back on that. there was of course that

statement you had in your piece from the office of management i have also been talking to officials. and here is what one person told me: so what you have is the office of management and budgets saying that onpartisan watchdog group is actually wanting to insert itsethe impeachment fight. that person alsod old me it wo irorigin to listen to this government office and the governnt office's opinion shouldn't be taken into account. what you have is the white house really, really ponhing back hard his. >> woodruff: we hear you on that. meanwhile, separately from all this, there has been another development impeachment investigation over questions about how much president knew-- president trump knew about efforts to pressure ukraine'sid prt to open an investigation into former vice president joe biden. lisa looked at those claims today. >> his name, lev parnas, has long been in impeachment

stories. last night, in an interview with msnbc's rachel maddow we heard his explosive claims in his voice. >> it was never about corruption >> parnas worked in ukraine for and with presiden president to dig up dirt on iceas in part president joe biden and his sonn hunter's busess dealings. now parnas says president trump was directly involved. >> president trump knew exactly what was going on. movements.re of all of my i wouldn't do anythith without consent of rudy giuliani or the president. >> desjardins: those allegationt are center of president trump's upcoming impeachment trial in the senate.im the articles oachment charge the president abused power by trying to u that power to force ukraine to instigate the bidens. but the presidenous allies point that parnas' motives are b suspect-- he hn indicted campaign on finance violations. white house press secretary

stephanie grisham said in a statement today that parnas was "desperate to reduce his exposure to prisonand added "the president did nothing wrong." parnas is implicating more tha the president. he claims vice president mike pence, attorney general bill barr and republican congressn devin nunes knew about and had roles in the ukraine scheme.of all three cials havely repeatedenied that. house speaker nancy pelosi said parnas' claims should be investigated, but the trump justice department is ased andwo t act. >> under other circumstances, if somebody like parnas came forward and there was evidence-- there was reason to believe some ld that was factual, there be a special prosecutor >> desjardins: parnas handed over hundreds of pages of text messages, notes and letters to house officials in recent days, something senators sitting in the impeachment trial are just

seeing themselves as well. >> woodruff: so, lisa, yiewfd looked at this. y what wou say the most significant allegations for parnas? e and does he hadence to back it up? er>> those are two very dit questions. on some of the most significant allegations it's not clear what e evidence is, and that includes other sitting officials at the trump administration. let's take a looho he is implicating. the vice president, secretary of state, the attorney general, as wells the top republican, devin nunes, on this house intelligence committee. parnas says all of them were involved in the scheme. but he hasn't presented much evidence about that yet, just his word. however, there is evidence he's has that, for example, a trip that vice president pence was to take to visit president zelensky was canceled specifically to pressure ukraine to get these investigations. that is new information. and there are some notes he wrote to himself that might back that up.cr

that is ibly serious. one other thing i don't want overlooked in this, though, woe have a text message from rudy giuliani that bears on the philosophy of impeachment. giuliani wrote to parnas, "bribery is universally defined as offering something of value to effect official action." i want to hold that up for a second. in that case, giuliani was talking about whether joe biden hunter biden or someone in the obama administration had used bribery to try to help thei n family. but here, if you apply this t definitions is a definition democrats are using about president trump and rudy giuliani's own actions in trying ai, in democrats' words, extort something from u. know it's a very interesting notion of how rudy giuliani describes bribery in his own text. >> woodruff: yamiche, what does the white house see as the most potential damaging here. >> the most damaginghing lev

parnas is doing is implicating everyone around president ump. including himself opinion the president maintains and people around the president says lev parnas does not say directly that he told rudy giuliani, or he never heard the president tell rudy giuliani, "i need you to make sure ukrai does these investigations or we will not give that military aid." that said, there is a t of formation lev parnas is turning over to congress. there is oneage that really sticks out that can be problematic for the president, and that's a letter that rudy giuliani sent to the president of ukraine on may 10, 2019, and here's a part of that letter. he says: now, that's problematic because president trump and giuliani have always been saying they were doing this work because they were looking into corruption in ukraine andin lointo corruption in-- on ane part of possibly joe biden and hunter bidenas a result they had to be look at

nois stuff. when we're seeinis rudy giuliani saying, "actually, i'm acting in the private interest prof president trump as at citizen." i have been texting with rudy giuliani all day. he doubled down on that sayingis always acting as a private counsel. he is saying this leer is something he would back. letter, but ything rudy the giuliani wrote i would be back because he's a good lawyer and he's a good person. >> woodruff: so much to follow yamiche alcindor, lisa desjardins, thank you both. >> woodruff: in the day's other news, before taking up impeachment, the senate handed president trump a policy win: it overwhelmingly approved a wide-ranging new trade agreement among the u.s., mexico and canada, 89 to 10. the deal aims to boost auto

produced in the u.s. and to improve conditions for workerso. in mex we'll take a closer look, after the news summary. the president moved today to give religious groups easier access to federal programs, ando eaffirm the right to pray in public schools. nine cabinet departments proposed rules to ensure faith-a based orgaons are not anscriminated against, in the competition for funding. >> we have rules to roll back discriminatory regulations on religious service organizations and earlier this afternoon my white house released a new memo to make sure federal funding is never used to violate the first amenent. >> woodruff: the president also directed that ates provide ways to file complaints against schools that limit prayer. in syria, the united nations reports some 350,000 pple have fled a new government offensive in the northwest. the assault on idlib province,

backed by russia, has pushed families to the turkish border region. most are sheltering in tent the u.n. says abou% are women and children, and many are short of food and water. there's word that taliban negotiators have made a temporary cease-fire offer in afghanistan. the associated press reports it calls for a seven to 10-day truce, and was givenu.s. envoy last night. it remains unclear if the proposal is enough to revive stalled peace talks. the president of iran now says his government no longer faces y barriers to enriching uranium under the 2015 nuclear. de the u.s. quit the deal in 2018. iran withdrew this month, after general qassem soleimani wasu. killed in air strike. president hassan rouhani spoke today, to bank executis in tehran.

>> ( anslated ): today, as stand here in front of you, we have no limits about the nuclear engy, absolutely none. today our daily enrichment is more than before we signed the j.c.p.o.a., the 2015 nuclear deal. >> woodruff: iran is now enriching uranium to.5% purity. weapons-grade is 90%. back in this country, the f.b.i. today arrested three white supremacists who allegedly built an illegal machine gun and were headed to a gun rally in richmond, virginia. court documents say they ordered hundreds of rounds of ammunition. just yesterday, virginia's governor ralph northam banned for monday's rallytate capitol on wall street, stock indexes hit new his, partly on news of health holiday sales. the dow jones industrial average gained 267 points to close at 29,297. the nasdaq rose 98 points,nd, above 3,300 for the first time.

and, a cheating scandal has claimed another major league baseball manager. the new york mets parted ways with carlos beltran today, after hiring him last november. an investigation found he was involved in stealing signs whene he pfor the houston astros. houston and the boston red sox already fired their managers in the scdal. still to come on the newshour: after naft- a new trade agreement between the u.s., canada and mico. the umpire-- the role of chief impeachment trial sidentthe trump. reviving the e.r.a.-- over 40 years later,an the equal rights amendment become the law of the land? and much more.

>> woodruff: just before the senate opened the impeachment trial of president trump, it passed a new trade agreement between the u.s., mexico and canada. as amna nawaz tells us, the u.s.m.c.a. accord, as it's now called, is meant to replace nafta. and it does change or replace some important provisions. but many say it's hardly the overhaul thatas once vertised. awaz: the senate sent th u.s. mexico canada agreement to president trump's desk aftert voting for rare bipartisan fashion. >> the yays are 89, the nays are 10. the bill is passed. >> nawaz: the 1,800-palus agreement replaces nafta, first signed into law by president bill clinton. and it does keep much of nafta intact. but therare important differences as well, including: requiring automobiles to have 75% of their components

manufactured in north america. that'sp from roughly 63% under nafta. it also says 40 to 45% of automobile parts must be made by workers paid at least $16 an hour by 2023. and it strengthens labor laws, particularly in mexico, by allowing inspectors into facilities to investigate violations of worker rights. republican senator lindsay graham: >> it allows north america to be one of the mt progressive free trade zones in the world and to our friends in mexico and canada today and our economy will be stronger gng forward because of this new trade deal. >> nawaz: the u.s.m.c.a. also gives american farmers more access to canadian dairy markets. beforehe final agreement was reached with democrats, there were blows to some corporate interests. for example: one rule: providing ologic drugs with 10 years of patent exclusivity, was withdrawn. for his part, president trump had long pledged to overhaul nafta, blaming it for the loss of u.s. manufacturing jobs to

mexico. >> i'm going to renegotiate nafta, one of the worst trade deals ever signed in the history of ourountry, perhaps the worst ever signed in the >> nawaz: while the new deal includes money to address been criticized for not tackling emissions nor climate change. leading senators bernie sanders, chuck schumer and kirsten gillibrand all voted against it. >> we had a huge once in a lifetime opportunity to actually address global climate change,we anhose not to, so while the agreement did make progress, it didn't make enough, and it's e deal will not go into effect until canada approves the pact. lawmakers there are expected to vote on the deal in coming weeks. some perspective on what's significant about this deal, as well as itlimitations and drawbacks, from a longtime critic of nafta. lori wallach has been working to change the trade deal for more than 25 years. she is the director of public citizen's global trade watch. welcome back to the newshour.

>> thank you. >> nawaz: so overwhelming bipartisan support for this deal. slet's starts with what y as good in this deal. what are the improve especially when it comes to u.s. >> so the original deal that president trump signed in 2018, nafta 2.0, wasn'better than the original. but after fighting for a yearwi the democrats who made him reopen it and renegotiate it, the final deal that got passed improved labor standards and environmental standards, andng ends up whac variety of corporate protections that woofng bad for the consumers and the environment. >> nawaz: we saw one of the biggest criticisms the fact that it didn't address climate. the modest improvements are t bettn none. what do you say to that? >> there's a real difference between what you do to fix a really bad agreeme that's over a million u.s. jobs have

been government rtified lost to nafta with re being outsourced to mexico every week, because real wages, they are now 40% lower than manufacturing in. ch so what you do to stop that flow of job outsourcing or attacks on environmental policies is different than what you would do from scratch to write a good agreement. so stopping a bad agreement's ongoing damage is different than a real good agreement that you put climate standards and you fix all the things that didn't get fixed in nafta. >> nawaz: there's another specific, a mechanism under which corporations could sue countries if they felt like that would be at taxpayera expense. that went away in this new deal. i understa that you're happy about that. but are there other things that would fall under a similry catef things that the corporations would be happy to see in the deal that you thoughy should go r that were new in this deal? >> so one of the best things that happened in the last year is the democrats forced ump to

remove new goodies he had added for big farm aand those new monopolies would have locked in high medicine price prices and exported our high-price policies to mexico and canada. the things that didn't get fixed it's agreement still has limits on buy america, buy local, buy green policy. should why a trade agreement even tie the hands of congress or legislators vis-a-vis government procurement. the agreement stl requires to us import food that doesn't meet u.s. safety standard. and they added one bad, really bad new thing, which is limits of the regulations on the big online monopolists, consumer privacy. >> nawaz: it's worth noting en're in a week where pres trump signed the first phase of a trade deal with china. you have this new north americag

tradement m.s.p.c.a. moving forward. both have been fou when you take a step back and look at those how dratically s that landscape changed when it comes to the overall u.s. economy and also for t average u.s. consumer? >> these trade agreements that fre done this week aren't going to be a big chan consumers. in the long run, if the revised nafta works, given the rewrite of the democrats, make trump add new labor standards, hopefully wages will increase in mexico, and that will basically slow the outsourcing of jobs to the u.s. but it's not going to bring back hundreds of thousands of jobs the way the president has claimed. nothing makes that c than a lot of the u.s. auto companies have announced relocto mexico since the agreement was done. so the upse is that basically there could be less outsourcing. there will be less corporate attacks on environmental and labor laws.at a big improvement.

but it's a long-term proposition to see it enforced.: >> naw you think any trade deal could bring back all of those manufacturing jobs that were lost? i think that the right kind of trade agreement that takes into account the climate crisis, cothat takes into account inequality, would distribute production more bradrly around the avoid the long-distance shipping and the unified production that is threatening the climate. the rules of trade were being written. it's not about the tariffs anymore. generally, the tariffs are cut unless there's a penaltyut in place. investments will hand whoe the winners and losers are. moving forward, this nafta is in the the template for a new agreement. it's the new floor from where we'll fight that puts people on the world first. >> nawaz: thanks for b here

>> woodruff: 100 senators were sworn in as jurors in the president's impeachment trial today, by chief justice john berts. john yang examines the role roberts has in the proceedgs. >> the constitution mentions the supreme court chief justice onl onec filing that he-- and so far they've all been men--es shall e over impeachment trials of presidents. john roberts will be only the third person in history to be in that role. what exaly are his responsibilities and how is he like to carry them out? we're fortunate to have two observes, joan biskupic. and marcia coyle is chief washington correspondent for "the national law journal" and author of "the roberts court, the struggle for the

constitution." joan and marcia, thanks so much for being with us. marcia, what do we know about why the writers of the constitutionut impeachment trials in the senate and put the chief justice of the supremesi court as the png officer? >> well, john, it's sort of usual. initially, they would put the impeachment trial in the s reme there were a couple of plans that would do that. but alander hamilton in the federalist papers-- number 65-- made a very rong argument against keeping impeachment in the supreme court for a number of reasons. first of all, he said impeachment is inherently a political ocess, and the senate was confident enough and independent enough to take on this kind of a task. and because they were elected representatives, they were more likely to reconcile the public to any decision aat was made. o said that the impeacent process was going to require more flexibility and

discretion than a court of law and judges could give and should be decided by a much larger body than a small number of judges. and finally, and maybe most impoantly fa president were convicted in the impeachment trial and later faced criminal charges, was convicted, it would be just terribly unfair to make that former president face the same judges who convicd him in an impeachment trial. >> yang: joan, what's his role? is he like the judge, a trial judge at a crimi nl trial? >> n at all. it's a whole different animal.he the senatorsels sit as a court, juror/judges themselves. different role thaasdistinctly acrosshe street when he presides at the supreme court. he is a presing officer. he will not ve a vote. he will make the train run. he'll follow the lead of senate of senate majority leader can

the mitch but he is there in more of a ministerial role than a constitutional one. the senate has a set of rules, most recently revised in 1986, which says he could make determines on questions of witnessewitnesses and evidence,a majority of the senate would overrule him if it so desired.h >> yang: e you both know about john roberts very well. you've both written books about john roberts. marcia, what's your sense of how-- what his approach is going to be? how is he likely to be proaching this job? >> i say, first, he will be thoroughly prepared. and, second, he will be scrupulously fair. he is-- from what i've seen of him, he's very cautious. if there is anything controversial that is presented to him to rule upon, and if he has the option of sending it to on, he doll that.senate, to vote because, i think, he cares

tremendously about how the t public vie institution of the supreme court and that it not be viewed as a partisan prstitution. i say "thoroughlared" because that's how he has been siere he was an appellate la who would pore over his notess and argumehe would make to the supreme court. and "scrupulously fairuse of it's hohe rules or how he presides over the u.s. supreme court. >> the oth thing is he happens to be mentored by the man who presided over the bill clinton impeachment trial, williamhn ist. he was a law clerk to then-associate justice rehnquist in 1981. rehnquist famously took a page from gilbert & sullivan, "i did nothing in particular, and i did it very well." so the former chief had really tried to narrow his role. and i think current chief

justice john roberts would want to do the same. he does not want to get into a position of tipping things one way or another for or against president trump. because the other thing we need to remember is, ined, coming cog in march, just a few weeks after this trial, will be the supreme court looking at three dferent cases involving president donal trd his tax returns andre financiards that have been subpoenaed. so he has enough responsibility over the fate of predent trump that he does n want that to be his hands in the senate. >> yang: joan, you mentioned thgsupreme court cases pend involving the president, that he is a party in. justice have also in the past exchanged some rather pointed words. >> yes. they have a public relationship in terms of criticism thatidacy roberts cast the dg voteohn that upheld the affordable care

act. then-businessman donald trump took to twitter and said, "take a look at him ," you kno "he's just trying to favor the georgetown set," or something like that. a and heacked the court and chief justice roberts on twitter before. and most recently, though what, most people will remember is that back in november of 2018, president trump derided a judge who had ruled against him in a case as an "obama judge." and john roberts did something unusual. he issued a public statement that said,there are no obama judges. there are no trump j what we have are a group of men and women wearing roabz committed to impartial justice.c toup a line he used during his 2005 senate confirmation hearings, "we're just umpires calling balls and strikes," and that'shat he'll want to do at the senate trial. >> yang: and he'll be behind home plate at the senate trial.

joan biskupic and marcia coyle, thank you very much. >> pleasure, john. >> thank you, john. >> woouff: stay with us, coming up on the newshour: outbreak-- the race to develop a vaccine to stop ebola. and the woman who became a symbol of the vietnam war gives t spectacular take on pain and forgiveness. this year marks the 100th anniversary of women winning the right to vote in this country. people may not know it, but the fight to instill equal rights regardless of sex in our u.s. constitution is nearly as old. that fight became a big part of the national conversation inhe 1970s. yesterday, all these years later, virginia's legislature voted to ratify the equal rights amendment, making it the 38th state to do so. that means three-quarters of all states have ratified, as the constitution requires.

but there are legal challenges still ahead, including the to ratify the amendment by a 1982 deadline.el kate is an attorney for equality now and works on the e.r.a. she joins me from new york. kate kelly, welcome back to the so, as we said, the e.r.a., here we are, it was introduced in the 1920s, there was a big push in the 1970s, but it's 2020 before you get the 38th state to ratify. why has it taken so long? >> well, the equal r amendment had a lot of momentum, and it was supported by both political parties up until 1972. and there wered inly 30 states that ratified right as soon as congress passed it a it had is huge momentum. because of the culture wars and the grou"stop e.r.a." the

momentum slowed down towards the end and got to the harder states, the states with less infrastructure for women's rights. and the opposition ramped up and the 1982 deadline came, and we fell three states short. >> woodruff: so now finally have the 38th state-- that means three-fourth of the states legislatures have rated by.t u still can't be sure this is going to be part of the constitution. >> as susan b. anthony said "failure is impossible." so ieel comfort will get the equal rights amendment into the constitution.th e are still some procedural hurdles. the deadline i talker about earls put in by congress. in fact it was 1979, and then they extended it to 1982. congress can now remove the deadline. and there are two bills already pending in the current congress to remove that deadline-- one in the spouse, jackie spierses'

bill, and another bipartisan bill to integrate the three states we already have, nevada, illinois, and notice virginia. >> woodruff: you're calling is a procedural challenge here, procedural issues. but even if you can get the deadline issue clarified, there are still other potential problems out there, thrn i mean, there are still people making the political argument that the e.r.a. is going to be more harmful for women than helpful. >> a lot of those old arguments against thequal rights amendment have now gone away, have now died. the 1970s, for example, they used to say that women military.to serve in the well, now we know women serve in the military every level.ion at and in ft, a federal judge has already said if th draft reinstated that it could t be a gender-segregated draft. and the pentagon has also

recommended that women will eligibleigible for selective service. a lot of old arguments and scare tactics from the original might are now completely moot. really the only thing that f people ahting against the equal rights amendment really care about is keeping women away from legal equality and constitutional eqawment, and that's just no longer going to fly. >> woodruff: there is the argument, though, we're hearing out there, the concern that it will-- those who oppose ortion, people who are prolife-- that if this passes it will undo the state-by-state restrictions on abortion. >> all constitutional rights can have restrictions. there is no right that's completely unrestricted. the government just has to havet a remake that atstinction. there isn't any wi total, unadulterated access to abortion, and there are disi

2006 states that have state e.r.a.s already. really, the antichoice movement ayat they want is to take rights that we already have under the constitution so the abortion access already exists under our constant constitutional regime under the right of privacy. what they want is to take away that right and we already have that under the constitution. >> woodruff: so at this point, what's your expectation? because you still have se states out there that said they want to rescind their ratification. rescind back in ths, but to there's a real legal question as to whether or not states can even rescind. for example, with the 14th amendment, two states tried to reind, but they were never counted.io there is a que can states even rescind? will those be counted? that still haso be resolved in the courts. but i think the precent is clear, once a state is ratified

it is ratified and will be listed. so now we are at the 38th state. >> woodrf: still waiting and watching for court action. kate kelly with equality now. thank you. >> thank you so much. >> woodruff: last month, the food and drug administration formally approved the first vaccine to prevent ebola. it comes at a crucial an republic of congo fectedic more than 3,000 people since early last year. and yet, the situation could be much worse. what has preveed it from burning out of control is five years of incredible scientificog ss. with the second of our series, again in partnership with the global health reporting center, here's special correspondent monica villamizar. e >> reporter since ebola ios first discovered in 1976,

it's been myster,te ifyingly deadly. peter piot, a belgian doctor, was part of an interna team that was called to yambuku, in the heart of the democratic republic of congo. >> and what we found was that there re very few survivors. very few, d that indeed that what we call case fatality rate was over 90%. >> the patients fled the hospital. >> reporter: jean-jacque muyembe, then a young doctor and now the d.r.c.'s head of ebola response, was also part of that first investigation. flash forward to 1995. muyembe had to contain ebola in kikwit, a city of almost00 40 to stop the spread, traditional funeral rituals had to be discarded. >> ( translated ): we didn't have coffins. we'd put them in trus.an we'd dig a holthrow them in. that shocked people. >> reporter: in 2014, came the

worst ebola outbreak in history. >> the ebola outbreak that started in the west african country guinea has now spread. >> our people know nothing, there is no cure. >> reporter: witho a preventive vaccine or a treatment, the virus spread across six west african countries even jumping to europe and the u.s., soka mosa physician in beria, recalls the sense of desperation. >> the patients are vomiting, bleeding, meanwhile, there were still patients waitiga outside the . and they are begging. every time you go to the gate, they are begging to come in. this is a serious situation.or >> rr: in the end ebola infected over 28,000 people globally. more than 11,000 died. but that catastrophe also spawned a wave of scientific collaboration and discovery. today, as doctors stggle to contain the outbreak in d.r.c., they are using an unprecedented set of tools, from genomic diagnostic tests, from wildlife

biosurveillance to see-through plastic treatment bubbles specially designed to help prevent the spread of the disease. but the most dramatic change by far is a stunning development: ebola is n both preventable ead curable. >> the last five, scientific developments get an a-plus. no doubt about that. >> reporter: before heading to te outbreak zone, i went national institutes of health, where i enrolled in a clinical study to receive this experimental shot-- an ebola vaccine. not long ago, this would have been impossible. there was no vacci against ebola. but in a little over five years, two vaccines and two drugs have been developed. for no other disease has a treatment, a a vaccine, appeared in such a short period of time. in the hunt for an elusi treatment, muyembe's work, starting in kikwit, in 1995, was critical. >> ( translated performed

a blood transfusion from an ebola survivor to eight patients with ate ebola. out of the seven who were treated with this experiment, seven survived. >> reporter: that original survivor, who lost5 members of his faly, donated his blood to muyembe's team, and in 2006, gave samples to the n.i.h. researchers. those samples led to the creation of a treatment called a monoclonal antibody. its name right out of a spy novel: m.a.b.-11 y get infected with any kind of a virus or bacteria, your body starts to make proteins that are called antibodies that ultimately suppress the pathogen. we have been able to create antibodies that are very, very specific. >> reporter: the treatment is based on the original disease- fiting cells from a patien purified and modified to fight en more efficiently against the virus. >> and what it does, it blocks the ability of the ebola virus to attack its target cells.

>> reporter: four drugs were tested in the midst of t rrent outbreak. the trial was called off inst auwhen it became clear that two of these treatments were saving lives. the others didn't make an impabr. in prior oks, about two- thirds of the patients died. with m.a.b.-114, it was just 34%. a different drug, from regeneron, brought the death rate down to 29%. >> i was at the origin of the discovery of the virus. i have also development of a molecule that can treat ebola patients. >> reporter: the treatment was a breakthrough. but with a third of the patients pill dying, the vaccine was critical; a way tect millions from being infected in the first place.s the vaccine rn in a post- 9/11 world. research targeted viruses, like ebola, that could be used in bioterrorist attacks. early research was led by's canaealth agency.

but when ebola erupted in west africa, the vaccine sn't ready. the world health organization and government officials called on pharmaceutical maker merck. kennneth frazier is the c.e.o. >> it wasn't the typical situation where you're developing a vaccine from scratch. a lot of sentific work had gone on for a number of years and we were asd to come in and finish the research and the development and the formulation >> reporter: the merck vaccine was first tested at the very end of the west african outbreak. it was over 90% effective. in eastern congo, more than a quarter million people havehe gottenerck shot. these people say they it me them feel safe. friend and son diebola.ife's they called me a high-risk contact because i took part in the funeral. >> ( translated ): i saw people dying,nd as a nurse, i understood that i had to be vaccinated. >> reporte every health-care worker on the front lines gets

the protective st, allowing for much better patient care. it's a game-changer. >> there is no doubt in anybody's mind that the outbreak would have been much, much worse and much, much more extensive had it not been for the use of the vaccine. >> reporter: a second vaccine, e de by johnson & johnson is now being used in thrder region between d.r.c. and rwanda. to help build trust, jean- jacques muyembe got the shot himself. >> i am exposed to the disease, that is why i can receive these vaccines. now we have the vaccine, we have treatment. >> reporter: do you think this is a happy story, where science won the fight in this ca? >> yeah. yes, yes. >> i think t development of an effective vaccine and the development of sensitive, easy to useiagnostics is a resounding scientific success >> i think the key to this was

an unfprecedented amount partnership and collaboration, and it was the spirit of the out in tho placee thee ground disease was endemic. those are the real heroes. >> reporter: the crisi is decidedly not over, but there is reason to hope. focathe pbs newshour, i'm mo villamizar, in kinshasa, d.r.c. >> woodruff: tonight, we have a special episode of our brief but spectacular series produced in broadcasting corporation.an the iconic photo of phan thi kim phuc as a nine-year-old surviving a napalm attack becam fining image of the vietnam war. kim phght political asylum o canada nearly 30 years and now lives outside of toronto.

and a warning, some viewers may find graphic images in this segment unsettling. >> i remember the day june 8, 1972. i saw the airplanend it's so loud, so close to me, suddenly the fire everywhere around me. the fire burned off my clothes and i saw my arm got burned with the fire. i thought, oh my goodness, i get burned and people will see me different way. nine years old, i became a victim of war. i didn't like that picture at all.y i felt like took my picture? when i was agony, naked, so

ugly? i wished that picture wasn't taken. i went through 17 operations.i d to deal with the pain every single day. i used to compare my scars with buffalo skin. and because my skin wasn't have any pores i cannot sweat. make me feel so tired, s headache.e it built with hatred, bitterness, and anger.in i just lwith the question, why me? in 1982, i wanted to take my life, because i thought after i die, no more suffering, no more pain.nd eventually i fhe new

testament in the libn saigon. in christmas, 1982, i became a christian. that faith it helped me a lot. since i have faith, my enemies list became my prayer list. i realized myself, wow, kim, you pray for your enemies? it means you love. ivrgiveness set my heart free. i foeveryone who caused my suffering. even the pilot, commander, people controlling me. when i became mother, i have full time to take care of my baby. i just slowly, slowly to tell him why mommy has a scar.im i have to showy picture. he touched my arm and he say "mom hurt" and he kiss here, he kiss me right here. my work with the children who has trauma like me.

i know how they have pain and not only theain with physical, but nightmare and traumatized. most of them they just ask me "why you are naked? why you crying?", and i say yes because the bomb drop and i got burned. i also show them my scar on my back and they say "oh it's so painful, i don't want that you suffer that much," and they love me and they kiss my scar. all my journey i help children building school, building hospital, orphanage homeit's about relationship. now i'm working not because of my duty, not because of my mission, but because of love. >> what do you see when you look at that photo of the girl in the picture? >> now, i can see the picture.

c am so thankful. my name is kim pan thi. this is my brief but spectacular take on pain and forgiveness. >> woodruff: wow, what a remarkable story thank you. you can find all our brief but spectacular segments online at s.org/newshour/brief. and that's the nshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff. for all of us at the pbs newsur, thank you and see yo soon. >> major funng for the pbs newshour has been provided by:

working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change worldwide. >> and by the alfred p. sloan foundation. supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financial literacy in the 21st century. >> and with the ongoing support of these institutions and friends of the newshour. >> this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to your pbv station frwers like you. thank you. captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc captioned by media access group at wgbh access.wgbh.org

♪ ♪ - you know, americltis well known for iti-layer cakes. in fwas really an indication of what kind of cook you were. but around the world, there's lots of one-layer cakes-- there are pound cakes, there are ara cakes, and thertortes. and that's what we're going to cook today. weee to start with a chocol almond torte from capri, move on to a spanish almond cake.

it's really a dump-and-stir-- it's a great recipe from spain, of course. and, finally, we're gonna end up with a coconut tea cake