captioning sponsored by wnet >> sreenivasan: on this edition for sunday, february 16: the democratic candidates turn to nevada ahead of the upcomingus ca. in our signature segment: a look back at the historic baldwin and combating drourom farm to keg. next on "pbs ne weekend." >> pbs newshour weekend is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. r wachenheim iii. the cheryl and philip milstein erosalind p. wa barbara hope zuckerberg. charles rosenblum. we try to live in the nment, to miss what's right in front of us. at mutual of america, we believe king care of tomorrow

can help you make the most of today. mutual of america financial group, retirement services and investments. >> when it comes to wireless,um cons cellular gives its customers the choice. our no-contract plans give you as much or as little talk, text and data as you want. and our u.s.-based customer service team is on-hand to help. to learn more, go to www.consumercellular.tv. additional suppopr has been ided by: and by the corporation forbl broadcasting, a private corporation funded by the american people. and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like thank you. from the tisch wnet studios at lincoln center in new york, hari sreenivasan. >> sreenivasan: goodng and thanks for joining us. democrats in nevada are lining up for a second day of early voting in next saturday's caucuses. it's a first-ever try at early voting in the silver state's caucuses. yesterday there were some longli s and confusion about rules.

officials at some sitesne abana google sign in sheet process when it was taking too long, reverting to paper. p a democratty official said of the delays on tst ofd to some the four days of early voting. is working today and what's ahead, megan messerly, a reporter for the "nevada inpendent" joins us now fr las vegas. so, why the long lines yesterday? >> right.ppening today? so, early voting kicked off yesterday. more than 11,800 was the estimate that the party gave to us of fos that turned out as of 5:00 p.m. turnout was really high, so that contributed to the long lines as well. democrats were planning on using this google form-based check in sheet as part of the check in process. that was supposed to streamline the data collectioon the backend. that was taking a long time. so some of the sites that experienced the longest lines where folks were waiting 3-4 hours decided to actually forego that step of the process, and that ended up speeding things up a little bit yesterday.

>> sreenivasan: but what happens when they get in there? this is almost like the rankch ce system that maine is trying. what are they actually writing down? >> that's correct. so, essentllhat democrats do when they show up to an early vote site, they check in, their voter registration iked against county voter roll. have same day region, so they they can actually just register on site. once they do that, they receive a paper scannable ballot. it's kind of like a scantron form where you bubble in your answers. you have to choose at least three preferences, up to five.ys the party sat will be scanning in this information into a cloud-based system and ththen, yes, distributed tr home precinct so that their votes will be counted just as iy ad been there in person. and that's how they will obtain that data on the actual day of the caucus to bring in that early tenformation. >> sreenivasan: okay, everyone's becoming kind of a sideline geek here and trying to figure out what's the a they're using, what's happening, is the technology hacker proof, et cetera. what are the kind of steps that the local d.n.c. or the

democratic party is taking? >> right, so party officials here have told me that ty're working with security experts. you know, they brought in additional folks in the wake of what happened in iowa with their reporting day app. they also say that they're testing the system, the caucus day system that is, with volunteers that are both experienced, they've run a caucus before, and with volunteers who are first time volunteers. they want to make sure that this system is usable for everyone, sort of, regardless of their experience level s enivasan: one of the surprising stories is, well, a non-endorsement. the linary union, which is traditionally pretty powerful, has chosen to wait. how, how significant is that? >> that's right. it's a really big deal, actually, here in nevada. so, the culinary union, they represent about 60,000 hotel vegas strip and alss the las state. they are a politically powerful union.

they're known for turning the to get involved an want to want e.get their folks out to v this endorsement is generally-- or n-endorsement, rather, is thought toe, you know, more hurtful toward j biden, former vice president, in that he's had a longstanding relationsonp with the u in fact, the union secretary treasurer went so far as to describe him as a friendn their non-endorsent anuncement. he was the only candidate that they mentioned by name. at the samtime, they're decidingo really focus on their priorities. and one of those is making sure that a candidatehat supports medicare for all does not get past. that's because the union runs their own health trust and they don't want to see that go away under a medicare for all plan. >> sreivasan: and so, are there any other contenders that ?see that as an opportuni >> yes. so this is generally thought to be sort of leveling the playing field, especially among the candidates that are more derate. they prefer the creation of a government run public health

insurance option versus just a single medicare for all system. so this is generally thought to be, you know, a good thing for pete buttigieg, it's thought to be a good thing for amy klobuchar. it sorof does level the playing field and now allows all of these campaigns really to go out and urt union members, as opposed to knowingiohat the is hard at work, trying to get their folks out specifically to support one particular candidate. >> sreenivasan: all right, megan messly, thanks so ngch for joining us. >> thanks for hae on. >> sreenivasan: for continuing coverage the nevada caucuses ane the 2020 presintial race, visit pbs.org/newshour. >> sreenivasan: taiwan announcs rst death from the coronavirus today. the victim was a 61-year old man who had never traveled t. mainland chi japan announced 70 more infections on the quarantined ipiamond princess" cruise meaning they now have 355 confirmed cases. it is the largest cluster of the nacoronavirus outside of c a top u.s. official said today were infected withussengers who

will remain in japan for treatmen arher americans on the shi being evacuated to air force bases where they will spend another two weeks in quarantine. at a news conference today in laysia, the deputy prime minister said an american woman whewas on the westerdam cru ship now docked in cambodia has tested positive a second time for the coronavirus. malaysian authorities say they will not allow any more passengers from the ship to enter the country. winds gusting more than 90 miles per hour and record rainfall caused british authorities to issue more than 350 flood warnings as a storm named dennis intensified across the u.k. today. the weather alerts included whin's called a "red w" for south wales-- britain's highest level r weather- related dangers and the first issued since 2015. hundreds of flights were b cancelause of high winds and train service was repeatedly disrupted. dennis is the fourth named storm sis winter in europe and

been blamed for two deaths. floodwaters in missitoippi continueise today just one day after the governor declared a state of ergency. state officials are warning citizens to avoid the pearl river in and around the capital city of jackson. the river is expected to crest at 38 feet tomorrow eving, ten feet above flood stage. thousands of pple remain at risk and the rising waters are threatening more than 2,400 structures. the current flooding could be the worsin jackson since 1983, when the pearl river crested at almost 40 feet. re >>ivasan: tuesday will mark 55 years since two of america's most influential intellectuals faced off in a debate in england at cambridge iversity's debating society-- the cambridge union. it was a debate about race: one that still fascinates and resonates today and is the subject of a new book. newshour weekend's zachary green

has our story. >> the trouble in america where the negro community is concerned is a very complicated one. >> it comes as a great shock to discover that the country-- which is your birthplace and to which you owe your life and your identity-- has not in its whol o systreality evolved any place for you. >> reporter: on the evening of tufebruary 18, 1965, two cl william f. buckley squared off in-person for the first time.n more t years later, the debate still resonates. potical science professor nicholas buccola of linfield college in oregothwas so taken he skirmish that he wrote a book about it: "the fire is upon us. >> it just seemed to me just such a dramatic moment and such. an important o so these two movements that did so much to define 20th century political history-- to have

these two figures clashing was just-- just irresistible. >> reporter: though baldwin and buckley were about the same age, their lives could not have begun more differently. baldwin grew up in poverty in harlem, and went from waiting tables in new york's greenwich village to become a literary critic and, eventually, a renowned novelist and essayist. buckley, a scion of wealth, graduated from yale and became influential magazine editor and columnist. both wrote extensively about race in 1950s and 60s america--though from drastically different points of view. buckley made his position clear in a 1957 national review piece called "why the south must neevail," in which he contended that white south are entitled to "take such measures as are necessary to pr politically and culturally" over black btizens. >> akley says explicitly that they have this right and duty because theisare, and this quote, "for the time being the advanced race." and he calls on people in the h

south-- the an obligation to promote the cultural equality of black people, and that eventually they need to allow them in-- to, you know-- empower them with fullitizenship. >> reporter: what did baldwin think was at the heart of the racial divide in america? >> what baldwin said from, you know, some of his earliest-- earliest writings on this is that-- these people are scared. their identity is apped up in this idea that their whiteness is what gives them their only source of moral worth in the world, it's what gives them value in the world. baldwin says that is an extraordinarily sad moral life that that person is leading. that is the thing they are clinging to-- to give them a sense of meaning. >> reporter: buccola interviewed members of cambridge university's debating society-- the cambridge union-- who were present at the 1965 debate. they said the unn agreed to let baldwin apar as part of a books-- as long as another guest challenged him on one of the they ultimately invited buckley, who accepted.

the motion debated was this: "the american dream is at the expense of the american negro." >> good evening. with this idea thaan'tspeech even begin reflecting on the moral and political questions at hand without first addressing this-- this question of, "what is one's system of reality?" >> the mississippi, or the heabama, sheriff, who really does believe whe facing a negro, a boy or a girl, that this woman, this man child, must be insane to attack the system to which he owes his entire identity. of course, for such a person, the proposition of which, whh we are trying to discuss here tonight, does not exist. ki of remarkable in theis one shifts from speaking in thely second person to speaking in the first person. >> i am stating very seriously, and this is not an overstatement, that i picked the cotton, and i carried it to market, and i built the

railroads, under someone else's whip, for nothing. >> reporter: what do you think his purpose was in making this shift? >> baldwin wants to call on everyone watching that debate to recognize that white supremacy is not something in the past.it somethinghat's central to all of our lives, analthat we are in some sense complicit in it, and we all ha a responsibility to fight back against it. and he talks about the ways in which the moral lives of white people have been des by this plague called "color." >> no matter what disaster overtakes them, they have one enormous knowledge and consolation which is like a heavenly revelation: at least they are not bck. now i suggest that of all the terrible things that can happen to a human being, that is one of the wot. i suggest that what has happened

to white southerners is in some ways, after all, much worse than what has happened to negroes there. >> reporter: when baldwin ended his remarks, he received a standing ovation. then it was buckley's turn to take the floor. >> it is impossible, in my judgment, to deal with the indictment of mr. baldwin unless one is prepared to deal with him as a white man.>> his is a strange argument for many of us to hear, but here's what buckley had inind. for buckley, part of the experience of being treated as a black person was to not have one's ideas taken seriously. and so buckley's argument was that, "i will treat baldwin as a white man," that for buckley that meant, "i will take his eas seriously, and i will call him out for the ideas that i think are dangerous." >> reporter: buckley went on to describe what he saw as theca es of racial inequality in america. i >> othe dreadful efforts to perpetuate discrimination bl many individerican lack of that finalltimateheir

concern which some people areag truly trying tate. the other is as a result of the faile of the negro community itself to make certain exertions, which were made by other minority groups during the american experience. >> buckley is very careful to say, "there are individual white people. so it's not a collective prlem. there are some bad apples out there, and that need to be addressed."e but thenys really the central problem is that african americans aren't takingag advaof the opportunities that are available to them. >> reporter: at the time of the debate in early 1965, the voting rights act had not yet passe and black people in the south still ced enormous barriers at the ballot box. at one point during buckley's remarks,n american audience member interjected. >> one thing you might do, mr. buckley, is let them vote in mississippi. >> i think actually what is not that not enough negroes are voting but that too many white people are voting.

( laughter ) >> the audience laughs, but buckley is deadly serious about he's still supporting disenfranchisement of black people, but he's saying, "i'll also disenfranchise some white people and leave only a white elite to control the situation in the south." and he's using things like this idea of colorblind kind of hollow out the way to accomplishments of the civil rights movement. >> reporter: at the end of the debate, a te was taken to termine the "winner." ldwin received 544 votes buckley just 164. but buley was far from discouraged. >> he says, "i am so proud of my performance th nightecause i did not give them one ( bleep ) inch." that really captures his creed sin-- in-- you know, a vert slogan, right? >> reporter: in buccola's fina analysis, the divide between poldwin and buckley is reflective of thtical divide facing americans even today. >> to a patriot for buckley meant standing up for the

stitutions and ideas that you take to be central to the erican political experiment, and he viewed his role throughout his life as-- as being somebody who would be a guardian of those ideals against ideas, and-- and institutions, and groups that he thought were threatening to those ideals. baldwin says that patriotism requires a constant criticism, a constant reflection on the ways in which we're falling short of our-our ideals and-- and to love one's country means that we have to do that together. it's the foundation of morallywe how we sh-- hought to behave, how we ought to live together, and it's the foundation politically of what we need to do as a country to move closer to justice. >> sreenivasan: arhas been in a state of drought for some two decades. that has helped motivate a search for new ways torve water, particularly in agriculturnd newshour weeisited central

arizona to get a firsthand look at wt so organizations and farmers are doing to transition away from water-tensive crops. ivette feliciano has more. >> we pick up raw graiand we bring that raw barley in here and clean it.ur and that's oirst step. >> reporter: in this 3,200 rauare foot space in the town of camp verde in cearizona, chip norton is taking us through >> here's what the barley looks like right here. it's just like seeds. >> reporter: norton is the founder of sinagua malt. every week it converts 8,000 pounds of raw barley into malted barley. this process involves soaking the kernels in water to germinate and then drying them to encourage fermentation. this barley is a key ingredient in beer and this plant just might help save the lol water supply. to understand why that is, you first have to visit the largest

body of water in the- the verde river. the more than 150 mile river runs through censual arizona and orts irrigation of local farms-- which are among the heaviest users of watehe area. ts also provides water to downstream resid but effects from long term drought, climate change, and development along its threaten its ability to deliver wateto mlions of people an farms that depend on it. >> the ver river is a pretty amazing river and it's very resilient, and has flow in the river, but we have a few places where the flo really low and you know it's almost dry. >> reporter: kimberly schonek is the verde river program director for the non-profit environmental organization, the nature nservancy. >> so what the cservancy has really been working on is how do we keep this river looking the way it looks. and we want to restore flow in those plac where it is really low and we want to make sure that flow continues into the future. >> reporter: and that barley being processed at sinagua may be part of the solution.

>> you know, theirst year was 15 acres and now were up to 150 acres. >> reporter: in 2016 the nature conservancy partnered with zach hauser and his family on a pilot project. the hauser's converted some of the conservancy's alfalfa fields to barley with the hope ofwi eventually g barley on their family land. >> we've grown barley before so we know that barley works re. >> reporter: but repeating thats pacess was important. much of the hauser family's 700 acres were fillewith alfalfa and corn, very thirsty crops. if they grew barley on the other hand, they could use about 50% less water to irrigate per acre ere would be another benefit. >> barley uses water fromar jathrough may, but then no irrigation june, july and augusn september when the river gets to its lowest. >> reporter: this water-use cycle helps conserve water when river flow is reduced. alfalfa and corn, on the other hand, require water through the summer.

but none of that would matter to the hausers if they couldn't make a prot. barley is often grown for animal feed-- a lower profit venture. >> if we can do what we can to conserve water and use as little as possible but still you know, make a good crop and make a profit. you know, that's what we're after. >> reporter: but there was just one problem. >> there was no craft malthoe in arizona. so the farmer would ha to ship the barley all the way to who knows, idaho, saskatchewan, wherever, to get it malted and then ship it back. the local market is a much better setup for a local farmer. >> reporter: that's where sinagua malt came in... creating a local market for farmers to sell raw barley. >> if we could come up with a way to get t barley malted then we would have a market forh e farmer. lt reporter: barley for mag can make a farm about $200 a ton versus less than $150 for barlee grown for ed.

so in 2017, the natureve conservancy ed $200,000 to help open sinagua malt secured buy-in from a few local breweries to purchase the malt baey. it registered as a benefit corporation, meanings fits go towapublic or social good, like water conservation, and not just shareholders. the project is still iits infancy, but 150 acres of barley grown in camp verde now supplies 13 breweries in arizona. and according to theature conserncy, early results show it saved close to 50 million gallons of water in 2019. that's on top of the 100 million gallons from the previous two years. >> sinagua malt and this crop conversion aren't a silver bullet. but it's an important part of a menu of things that if they're done in a coordinated way will make a difference to keep the verde river flowing.

>> this is pbs newshour weekend, sunday. >> sreenivasan: for the last several weeks we've been bringing you a series of reports from pbs student reporting labs. today, they are exploring misconceptions of l.g.b.t.q. youth. it's part of their "no labels attached" series. >> the time i felt misunderstood is when i told my dad i was gay. that's when i felt tasunderstood, like, a lot. because he didn' it how i wanted him to take it. >> i was scared to come out, and i just hid myself,nd i fell ind like a huge depression couldn't trust anyone. >> i hadold someone that i was bisexual. and because of that, they thought that iiked everyone around me. i liked every boy and every girl d they made fun of me fo that. >> i identify male. >> the bigge stereotype that you get surrounding being gender

fluid, or having pronouns that are not necessarily set in stone, is the stereotype of the special snowfle or the person who is just doing it to get attention or faking it specifically. >> in my day to day life that's people being weirded out by me or being confused by me, or misgendering me all the time, and it's not somethi that i should be dealing with or that any transgender person should be dealing with because we want to just live our lives like everyone else. >>t hurt because i was being bullied for it. but it was also i tried to understand her because she didn't really understand me. >> all my friends were compassionate. like my old friend.differely and it was just finding theri t group of friends to ngpport you. >> being me is byself and that's whater comes with me. >> you are valid, because you are! umno matter who you are, n matter what you are, no matter what you identify as or what y el, you are valid, your feelings are valid, and that's the most important thing.

>> sreenivasan: we will have a look ahead to next saturday's nevadaocratic presidential test test that is all for this edition of pbs newshour weekend, i'm hari sreenivasan, thanks for watching, have a goods night captioning sponsor by wnet umedia access gt wgbh access.wgbh.org ne >> pbhour weekend is made possible by: bernard and irene schwartz. sue and edgar wachenheim iii.

the cheryl and philip milstein family. rosalind p. walter. barbara hope zuckerberg.ch les rosenblum. in the moment, to not miss what's right in front of us. at mutual of america, we believe taking care of tomorrow can help you make the most of today. mutual of america financial group, retirement services and investments. ee additional support has provided by: and by the corporation for public broadcasting, a private corporation funded by the american people. and by contribions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. yore watching pbs.

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in part by conutions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. - you know, the fundamental of the ide that the adult brain is set in stone is the common saying that you can't teach an old dog new tricks. bufact, you can. the adult brain, again, at the ripe old age, in their 40s, 50s, 60s, even beyond, can change its structure and function in a significant way. - everyone i know who's getting older and forgets things makes jokes about having senior moments. but i think deep dowinside,