captioning sponsored by newshour productions, llc >> woodruff: good evening, i'm judy woodruff. on the newshour tonight, moving cler to a deal-- a ngressional aid package appears within reach as leaders bridge the divide on lcog- awaited relief.tt then, ng the pandemic-- despite a surge in infections and deaths, local officials face some backlash against vaccinations from politicianspu and thic.pl , invisible scars-- we visit oricago to examine why communities of cuffer disproportionate rates of childhood trauma in the u.s. >> when we disinvest in communities, then we are increasing the risk ofhildhood trauma and that is happening predominantly in black and brown

neighborhoods. >> woodruff: all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: ♪ ♪ moving our economy for 160 years. bnsf, the engine that connects us.

>> supporting social entrepreneurs and their msolutions to the world'st pressing problems-- skollfoundation.org. >> the lemelson foundation. committed to improving lives through inventann, in the u.s. developing countries. on the web at lemelson.org. >> supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation. committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. more information at macfound.org >> and with the ongoing supptit of these itutions: >> this program was dele possy the corporation for public broadcasting. and by contributions to yo pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. dr

>> wf: closing in on a deal-- lawmakers are ever closee sive economic relief to the pandemic.es both sre making concessions, and there is a lot on the line. t here to unpa latest, our lisa desjardins. so, hello, lisa. you have been reporting on this for days. we've. r a whole day now that they are getting coronavirus. what do we know about what could be in this agreement? >> reporter: it's frustrating that we don't have the agreement yet. but, jy, in high-stakes negotiations like this, silence is golden. the fact that leas are saying so little means that there are eaest and really good negotiations happening behind the scenes. let's look at where things stand right now. this is coming from sources to me close to negotiations. first of all, the direct paymena checks thay americans have said they want, those are back in this deal.ik it looksit could be about

$600 or $700, maybe a lite more. that's being negotiated now. that's for each individual. re money for children. hundreds of billions of dollars, hundreds of dollars in aed money for those unemployed, hundreds of dollars per week. we, again, don't know the exact amount yet. that's still being negotiated. billions of dollars to help for vaccine distribution. that would help state, thpecially. an billions of dollars, - ns of billions of dollars for schoolain, something that would indirectly help state and local governments. also in thisl, dens of billions of dollars for day-to-day needs of people, things like food, rent, helping everyone from kids to the elderly meet those demands. and, also, theise checks have to say, it's a tradeoff. there is a decision made not to give direct aid to state and local governments.om that'shing democrats have wanted. instead, that money is going to dict checks for americans, and that's something that's a win for progressive democrats, like

bernieanders, who i know you talked, to judy, as well as some conservatives, like josh hawley e republican who pushed for it. the question is, some think $600 per person is too little. ouothers think it's not egh. right now it's in the deal. >> woodruff: we are getting ever closer and we are incredibly anxious to know what's in there. so this reporting so important. but, lisa, take now outside of washington. what do we know about where the need is? who is it out there who needs this-- who needs this assistance the most? >> reporter: i want to underscore this urgency. first, just a ick note on rent, for example. one of our producers, jeffrey guret, looked at the national housing conference today. they estimate some six million to 16 million americans feel that they may not be able to make their rent. and let's look at ome footage of the food ptry that we went to last month, another example, judy, the need for food. food insecurity has dbled in

last year, and in some places more than tripled, so there isal urgency. >> woodruff: and, finally, lisa, we know the federal boovernment is once again to run out of funding. what do we knoe about whee negotiations stand on that with regard to keeping the government going? >> reporter: judy, i'll just give you a quick summary of at. that spending deal is linked to the covid reli bill. it does look likehe spending bill is done and signed off on. we do expect it to pass. as you say, spending runs out friday night at midnight. and the question is can the covid relief bill move quickly enough to get that spending bill throu at the same time? it's something we're going to talk a lot about. there's a lot in that spending bill. but for now, it looks like we will not have a government shutdown. it's just a question of when will all this pass--tomoow, friday, maybe this weekend? we'll watch. >> woodruf seems like it. thank you, lisa desjardins. seems like every year it's down

to the wire. thank you. >> reporter: yes. >> woodruff: in the day's other officials confirmed they are negotiating to buy more of pfizer's covid-19 vaccine. it follows reports that they passed up earlier chances to bue han the 100 million dosesr now unntract. today, health and human services secretary alex azar defended the to the expected approval of moderna's vaccine. >> within days we hope to have another 94% plus safe and effective vaccine added to ouren arsenal withof millions of doses, hundreds of millions doses coming in the months ahead, it is truly something historic.

>> woodruff: the democratic governor of illinois, j.b. pritzker, said today that federal officials have c initial vaccine allotments for states and cities by half, to 3 million doses. there've been reports that pfizer scaled back production due to supply problems. ds vaccine allocation has not changed but depn supply. meanwhile, a major snowstorm across the northeast raised concerns today that vaccine distribution might be delayed. secretary of state mike mpeo is self-quarantining after coming in contact with someone infected with covid-19. tested negative so far.ys pompeo the secretary has drawn criticism for hosting in-person holiday parties amid the pandemic. esident-elect biden today formally introduced pete buttigieg as his choice for secretary of transportation.

the former mayor of south bend, indiana is openly gay, and mr. biden said his selection shows the cabinet will be the most diverse ever, despite calls for snre, by some progressives. >> our cabinet d have just one first or just two of these first but eight precedent busting appotments. and today a 9th. the first openly g nominee to lead the a cabinet department and one of the youngest cabinet members ever. >> woodruff: meanwhile, presidt trump voic frustration with senate majority leader mitch mcconnell for acknowledging mr. biden as president-elect. in a tweet overnight, he said, "too soon to give up. republican party must finally learn to fight." republican senators again pushed unfounded claims of election ldaud today, at a hearing over democrats' protests.

the government's former cybersecurity chief, christopher krebs, said the claims a undermining confidence in democracy. krebs was fired by president trump after the election. in france, a court convicted 14 people linked to attacks on the "charlie hebdo" satirical magazine and a kosher supermarket in 201 the attacks killed 17 people. raids.ree gunmen died in police the widow of one of them was tried in absentia and given a 30-year prison sentence. a chine lunar probe has returned to earth, bringing back the first moon samples in more than 40 years. state tv tonight showed radar video of the unmanned capsule descending over inner mongolia. it contains about 4.5 pounds of rocks and debris. this is the latest success for china's ambitious space prram. back in this country, the

federal reserve offered a brighter projection for economic growth next year. policymars promised again to maintain stimulus measures, and th said a key interest rat will stay near zero, through a least 2023. >> the economy will be growing in expectation, should be growing at a fairly healthy clip by the second half of next year. but it's going to be awhile before we're really back to the levels of labor market, sort of conditions in the labor market that we had early this year and for much of the last couple of years. >> woodruff: the fed now estimates that unemployment will decline from its current 6.7%, to five percent by the end of next year. that's half a point better than the last estimate. the u.s. supreme court agreed compensating student athletes. a lower court has barred the college sports governing body, the n.c.a., from curbing pay

and benefits for division one a footba basketball players. a number of states have already passed laws against any limits. the statof florida is halting commercial oyster fishing in a region that on produced 10% of the nation's supply. wildlife officials ved today to close apalachicola bay to 5.ster harvests, through 2 the shellfish have declined as water is drained off upstream, for human use.ee and, on wall s stocks mostly marked time, waiting for congress to act on economic relido. thjones industrial average lost 44 points to close at 30,154. the nasdaq rose 63 points, to another record close. and, the s&p 500 added six points. still to come on the newshour: local officials face backlash against vaccinations from politicians and the public. rising covid infections complicate the push to re-open

schools for in-person classes. france reaches a tipping point over its relationship with islam. plus much more. >> woodruff: let's turn back to the pandemic. while cases and deaths are at all time highsand hospitals in ny states are nearing capacity, a newly approved vaccine is bng distributed nationwide. but will people take the vaccine? and is politics hampering our response? william brangham talks with two voices on the frontlines. >> brangham: jud millions of doses of two covid vaccines are expected to be distributed beginning next week. but while polls show more americans are willing to take a

vaccine, there are still large numbers who y they won't. hampering that effort is the burnout and harassment of public health workers. a recent investigation by kaiser health news and the associated press found 49 state and local officials resigned, quit or were fired since the spring, citing those types of pressures. dr. gianfranco pezzino just quit as the public health officer of shawnee county, kansas, citing political interference. doctor at the virginia garciay memorial health center in northwest oregon. doctors great to have you both on the newshour. dr. pezzino, to you first. you resigned your position recently after countyfficials apparently started tampering with your public health guidant. can you jxplain why that, as you say, was what you called the lastraw? >> sure. it was the last straw because it was not the first time at it

happened. the state law in kansas gives the board of county commissioners the authority to accept, reject, orodify the public health emergency orders from the loc health officers. so in the past, they had already made modificationagainst my advice. a couple of wegy ago, theso set up a technical advisory group, which i strongly supported, with prominent physicians and other experts from the community to also chim in and wei those decisions. and despite that, when themet on monday, they decided to modify my most-recent order against the opinion of the toup. so iught it was important to send a message that public health containment measures and prevention measures should be left to public health trained to do that and that can base those decisions on data and

facts, and not to locally dlected policy makers who are not traind have no ibackgroundpublic health. >> brangham: dr. galvez, to you, wis have t obviously very good news about a safe and effective vaccine that i starting to e distributed. you work primarily with the hispanic and latino community in oreg i. we know tha community disproportionately hurt by this virus. what is your sense fro talking to patients there? how willing are people to take a vaccine is offered? >> what i am hearing from my patients is that this a lot vaccine.about the safety of the many of my patients have many questions about whether or not it is safe, whether or not there are long-term risks and side effects. so i'm really hearing a lot of hesitancy from the patients that i serve and the entire community. >> brangham: where does t st-- nds like some type of misinformation they're getting. i mean we know, again, it's

early days, but this seems to be a well-tested, safe, and effective vaccine. so where are they getting tha information from? >> well, i think it's important for people to understand that there is not a lot of information that my patients have access to that is reliable and accurate. and the information we see about the vaccine is platform and i a language many of my patients just don't have access to oran theyt read or it's not at a literacy level they can derstand. so when you have lack of information, what happens is people tend to turn to social media platforms or word of mouts and often, tsources are not reliable. so what ends up happening is you end up cultivating much of myths, often rumors, misinformation, and thatue contto be spread among the community. and it just increases the amount dof anxiety fear. and you add that to a community that's already fearful,

oftentimes, of recommendins that are c from the federal government. in the last few years, we have seen anti-immigrant rhetoric, anti-immigrant policy and actions, and this has really stoked ar and mistrust. >> you're, obviously, working in a different community, in to peek'skansas, than dr. galvez is it youse once then to you. vaccine becomes readily available, that people kansas, around topeka, will be scplg open to take it? >> you know, i think it would be a very intere ting phenomenon watch and see how it goes. my anticipation, my predicti is that once people start seeing that the vaccine is there, is around, and is available, and that their leaders are going to take it, and it's safe enough, i think there will be a high demand for that vaccine. but the problem of misinformation is absolutely-- it's a tragedhewithin tragedy that we are all living in the pandemic.l the le misinformation and

the damage that that misinformation has done in the last 9-12 months, it's somethin that we will probably only fully understand years down the road. and i think the most important thinatin my mind his point is that leaders get together, and they all speak with one unified voice. that's very important. people cannot beombarded with conflicting messages, telling them to do diffent things. i think we all need to speak with a unified voice. if there are disagreements, let's talk about that before we go public. but once we talk to the public, the public must hear one unified voice and a consistent message. >> brangham: dr. galvez, to you, as well, how do you suggest we ought to combat this to both get better messaging out, but also to touch-- to reach communities that are often difficult to reach? >> well, i agree with what mr. pezzino has said about a unified message coming from our public health officialnd officir leaders. i believe that those messages

need to be comweng, r, from trusted community members. so people who look and spea like them. i think it's really important that leaders from the latino community and marginalized communities are actuprally iding the message. i think that the message, when it comes from people that they trust, is going to beuch more effective. but i also think that m asage needs to also be coming along with some action. as i said earlier, as you mentioneearlier, many of the disparities that we are seeing inhe community are being driv by policies and by systemic inequities. and those need to be addressed, alongsidwith the campaign and so we really need to work hard and begin to gain the trust of the latino community by showing them that we care about their families and realln to put in place some policies that really will protect our famili

in future. >> brangham: dr. pezzino, lastly to you, y toucd on this issue. you're seeming to work right at this juncture, this uncomfortable marriage politics and public health. what is your sense of-- why is it that things got so politicized in this pandemic? >> i wish i knew. i think it really started from the top leadership at the when wearing a mask was turned from very simple, century-old public health-prevention measure into a poli bticage, that was a breaking point, i think, for ma people. and then everything else followed from there. i think the fact that there was a message of vision instead of unity coming from washington didn't help. itidn't help when the message reached the states, and within the states, individual localities, like thosin oregon, and those in topeka, and other rural communities in

kansas.el unfortun things now are seen just along division line, and almost party li in many cases. and, again, that's absolutely tragic. we've got to derstand tha what public health is recommending to do is askingo people tos proven andef ctive and evidence-based. it has nothing to do with politics. it has nothing to do with wanting to curtail people's leeedoms. public health haned how to do it over centuries and centuries of pra>>tice. rangham: all right dr. gianfranco pezzino, and dr. eva galvez, thank you both very muchor being here. >> thank you for having us. >> thank you. >> woodruff: even though many scol districts were more prepared, this fall has been a tough road for students, parents

and educators. most used some form of hybrid arning, but many have not yet felt it is safe enough to bring kids b class. some cities changed ose plans. and for some students, virtualng leareans they are falling further behind.aw amna reports on this dilemma. >> nawaz: for millions of students, the past nine months like this:have looked something lla, do you like remote learning? >> nawaz: this is nine-year-old bella. and that's her mom mhele canty. >> let me think about it. >> nawaz: okay, let me ask youfe this, do you plearning at home or would you rather be in school? >> both. >> nawaz: bella, in fourth grade, has been attending virtual school from her newport news, virginia home. when do u remember the day when they said, everybody go home?us this vs too much. >> it was march 13. i was at my office and we got this message that schools re going to close and... >> nawaz: and what did you think

of that moment? >> i panicked. i completely panicked. >> nawaz: michele's en juggling working full time with overseeing bella's school work. months into the remote-learning experiment, she says she's worried... >> i think that she is right on the cusp of kind of coming out t younger, you know, learning how to read, learning how to write and thingto really understand reading comprehension, looking for clues, learng more complicated math. and i feel like those are really in a classroom for>> nawaz: eve. continues to break new covid records, state and local to re-open schools.der pressure and earlier this month, centers for disease control and prevention director iebert re endorsed that idea. >> we now have substantial data that shows that schools' face-ar to-face ng can be conducted in k-12, and particularly in the elementary and midd schools in a safe and responsible way.

>> nawaz: the c.d.c. released guidelines to help officials decide when to reopen. weighing the number of new cases per 100,0 people or the percent of positive tests in 14 days. the c.d.c. also suggests schools employ masks, social distancing, disinfection, contact tracing, and hand hygiene. but politics has come into play, with red and blue areas adopting contrasting approaches.ee in tenne shelby county, for example, schools can open as long as the coronavirus testing positivity rate stays below 25%. in iowa, counties set that limit at 15%. and in new york city, a three percent limit forced schools to re-adjust plans thugh the fall. further upstate, superintendent roberto padilla oversees a district of 12,000 students. >> a significant frustration for us is that we're being asked to do more with less >> nawaz: in september, they began the school year fullyre te. in octob, they went to a

brid model: two days remote, two days in school. in november, as cases began to rise, padilla consulted with moved back to fully remote learning. >> it's you know sometimes laling with messages from the federal, state aal levels that's been a real challenge for us. i mean, wee absolutely doing the best we can, but it changes frequently. it's been the art of pivoting. >> nawaz: r some tachers, ke shana white in atlanta georgia, it's ju not working... >> i have 18n the classroom and i have 14 on zoom. so you come in my assroom and try to do that at the exact same time and teach a subject that's pretty cplex, computer science, successfully and tell me how it turns out for you. >> nawaz: third generation her path, after themic.inking >> i have very strong intent to leave the educational field within the next year or two because it's bome too much. >> nawaz: and she's not alone-- a september survey revealed one in three teachers said they're now more likely to leave teaching earlier than planned. in rural districts, like

covington, tennessee, limited resources to support remote learning mean schools have stayed open. and teachers like kathryn vaughn do their best to stay safe. >> we had a mandate in place for a couple of months for august and september, but as of october 1st, it went away. >> nawaz: vaughn chooses to wear a mask because she says it'sss imle to keep kids distanced in her elementary classroom. s >> over 100 children a day, i clean tables in between every class.p i've setfan in my window to blow in fresh air ding the clas and then i turn it around for my five minutes in between classesp l the air out of the classroom as i disinfect the tablesnd wash my hands. teaching in a pandemic is a lot. >> nawaz: anwhile children can transmit covid-19 in a classroom setting, less is known about the long term health impacts for children who get the virus according tohe covid monitor,

which tracks covid-19 cases, there have been 363,791 confirmed positives reported in k-12 schools. according to "educatn week," four states-- florida, arkansas, iowa and texas-- all with republican governors, require that an in-person learning option is available to all students. 11 states have ordered regional closures or have hybrid-only learning, while d.c. and puerto rico remain fully closed. but the bulk of states have left decisions entirely to schools or districts. for parents, many of whom rely on schools re-opening to return falling behind arewing. kids are seven famili are now suing the state of california, alleging it failed to provide "basicat ednal quality" to minority and low income students. >> i'm very concerned about the long term impacts. >> nawaz: dean of haard's graduate school of education, bridget terry long, has been watching the growing calls for schools to re-open. what's your reaction to that? >> the difficulty is this is not oone size fits all solution.

it depends so muthe particular context of the school, not only what's happening with public , but school buildings themselves and what they're able to do in tes of circulation. you really have to take into account l of those different factors, the age of the child, learning difficulties in school and students with disabilities. but given the high stakes of these decisions, not or the students, but also for the teachers and the administrators, we have balance these multiple factors. >> nawaz: recent studies show students in remote learning are already falling behind. according to n.w.e.a., a research non-profit, students scored an average of five to 10% lower in math compared to last year, with students in gradesth ree four and five experiencing the largest drops. in virginia one of theargest school districts in the nation, fairfax county, has seen failing grades nearly double. mewhile, for students, like bella, what they miss most are the other students.ll you want to send a message to your friends if you

have to say something to them right now, what would you say? >> don't cry. >> nawaz: oh, honey. >> don't cry. >> nawaz: oh, babe, i'm so sorry. sorry. >> it's okay, it's okay. it's all right, we're going toem see oon. >> nawaz: the question of how soon is one michele can't answer just yet.so until then, she says staying home to stay safe and staying as optimistic as ssible. >> i would say i miss you guys, i love you guys forever and ever and ever.r >> nawaz: the pbs newshour, i'm amna nawaz. >> woodruff: in the wake of two bloody terrorist attacks, the

french government is planning new legislation to crack down on radical islam.sp from parisial correspondent malcolm brabant reports. >> reporter: paris and its landmarks are eerily quiet because of the coronavirus lockdown. but the tranquility is a mirage, because a battle is taking place for the soul of france, and its core principle of secularism, where religion should never interfere with citizens' rights. the beheading in october of parisian teacher samuel paty by a chechen islamist was the catalyst for change. muslim pupils cartf the showing prophet mohammed published by the satirical magazine charlie hebdo.pa was trying to explain the concept of free expression as fourteen people went on trial for the 2015 attack in which eleven charlie hebdo journalists were murdered. >> (anslated ): samuel paty, on friday, became the face of

the republic, br our desire to k terrorism, to diminish islamists, to live as a community free citizens in our country. >> reporter: two ds after macron's speech, three worshippers at nice's notre dame balica were butchered by a tunisian extremist brahim aouiss inspired by the slaughter of samuel paty. >> you have to fight an atmosphere of jihadism, which is being widespread by ose entrepreneurs of wrath of hatred on the internet and that will lead others to take a butcher'sb knife and ou. >> reporter: professor gilles kepel is one of europe's most prominent experts on jihadism. >> it's not at all impossible to win the battle and that is why the support among others, the vast majority of our muslim compatriots is so important so crucial because they are the first ones who are targeted and they are the ones who want to get rid of those guys and this is why this is not at all an

anti muslim law. >> reporter: the new law will ban foreign imams from training clerics in france.in finaof mosques will be more tightly controlled, restricted to prevligious indoctrination. paris' great mosque, with its north african design, is the spiritual home of france's six million muslims. >> ( translated ): we need to be veryareful, i think we are i a very sensitive situation, very difficult situation. >> reporter: chems-eddine hafiz is rector of paris's great mosque. >> ( translated ): the musrams ofe are peaceful people that want to live peacefully an authentic islam, a religious prtice, not an ideological one, and that's extremely important. >>eporter: in the current climate, devout muslim naouelle garnoussi feels increasingly alienated in her own country. >> ( translated ): i am french, my grandmother is frmy grandmother's name is annick, my great-grandmother's name was antoinette, it can't be more french than at. but sometimes, i feel like i am

not french anymore, only a muslim. and that's not easy to live with. >> ( translated ): i've told the president, whatever happens, i will be your partner when you decide to go against islamist separatism, but i will remain extremely vigilant about any attempt to take freh muslims hostage in this matter. promise of cooperation is opposed by many muslims around the world. this protest in bangladesh was one of the more vigorous. international opposition to president macron's support for the mohammed cartoons and also his crack down on islam is being led by turkey's presidenter gan. erdogan has even gone so far as 's question the state of president macronental health. erdogan has warned europe that no good will come from hostility towards islam and muslims andd he's calr a widespread boycott of all french products. >> ( translated ): it is a matter of honor r us to stand sincerely against attacks on our prophet.

they want to relauh a crusade. these are the signs of europe's return to the barbaric era. >> reporter: erdogan's's rhetoric has also laid down a chalnge to marine le pen, leader of the anti immigration, right wing natnal rally party. she was soundly beaten in the 2017 presidential election by emmanuel macron. but the latest opinion polls show them nick and neck. le pen is going to run again in 18 mons time and is confident of winning. >> ( translated ): it is within parallel societies that fundamentalists have come to recruit within our country. islamism is at war against us and so i want to see a willingness to take action. >> reporter: le pen believes the new law doesn't go far enough because itoesn't limit mass immigration. >> ( translated ): this islamic fundamentalism is a fundamentalism that is imported, it wasn't born in france's as we refuse to see that, weg refuse to put in place the right

solutions. >> reporter: clementine autain is a lawmaker with the left wing insubordinate france party and accuses the president of adopting right wing policies to try to neutralize the threat om le pen. >> ( translated ): the new law is a war machine against all muslims and i think it's a ngerous strategy. it's a strategy that could antagonise them, letm fall i into certainologies, not necessarily jihadist, but at least a radical islam that, evheently, turns its back on republic. >> reporter: patrick pelux worked for the freh satirical publication charlie hebdo until 2015 when two islamists murdered 11 of his colleagues and he couldn't bear continue. >> ( translated ): we are at a ossroads. it's now or it's over. meaning that t concept of enlightenment, the philosophy ¡' living together', the law, the defense of laws, french societs emancipation, the continuity of its history, ali its zing conquests, would stop.ep

>>orter: these images underscore the disconnect between france a some of the muslim world.al it's the fun in chechnya of killed by french police after beheading the teacher samuel paty. the young chechen was given a hero's send off. back in paris, troops on thee streets pposed to make the french feel more secure. but their very presence meansis another terroutrage is expected soon. for the pbs newshour, i'm malcolm brabant in paris.>> oodruff: we return now to our in-depth look at the issue of childhood trauma. we know every child in this country has a chance of experiencing something traumatic. but many sources of trauma happen more often in communities

of color. tonight, special correspondent cat wise and producer sam lane explore that inequality in chicago, part of our series, "invisible scars: america's childhood trauma crisis." >> reporter: the near constant wail of sirens. colorless, boarded up buildings. vacant lots littered with trash. in parts of america's third- largest city, a simple walk down the street can be unnerving. it's difficult to fully capture the scope of trauma in a city like chicago, where gun violence, poverty and other factors create a toxic living environment for many families. one area disproportionately impacted by the sources of that trau is in the austin neighborhood on the city's west side.ed the inantly black neighborhood is one of chicago's biggest and most violent. >> a three-year-old boy is dead after a shooting in south oraustin. >> rr: it saw 53 homicides last year, more than any other

community in the city. tens of thousands of young pele grow up in and around austin, including tia ford, jawonn nix and omarion james. each has had at least one family member die from gun violence. omarion's 13-year-old sister was killed in june when a bullet entered his family's hom >> when that happened i just didn't feel safe at all no more in my neighborhood.ng i'm always loover my shoulders >> people are just getting killed in my community. i know it could be m certain time. >> people get traumatized after seeing what they see going on in the neighborhood. >> reporter: austin exemplifies childhood trauma's uneven impact in the u.s. it's one of countless communities wherert exsay disinvestment and systemic racism are at the root of many ¡adverse childhood experiences,' or aces, those events durinchildhood that are potentially traumatic.ac ss america, black children are nearly twice as likely to have three or more ¡aces' than

white children. >> we had more activities burying babies and children than we had taking them to the zoo. >> reporter: cynthia williams leads the austin peoples action center, which, among other services, finds jobs for teens like omarion, tia and jawonn.p they hound the center's office and with youth programming,nd work at local williams says the jobs can keep them off the street and away from sources of trauma like gun violence. a the violence that's going on in a community, i believe is because of lack of jobs, the lackf resources. adequate housing, adequate food. so, you kn, a lot just don't feel that they get their fair share. >> reporter: austin's mean household income is less than $34,000. but literally blocks away, in the chicago suburb of oak park, thgsre different. it's mostly white, has a median household income over $90,000, and didn't see a single murder last year. tia goes to high school in oak

park. >> when me and my friends go >> reporter: how does that make you feel? the differens between the two mmunities? because i want chio be in the same situation oak park is in. >> this a very different environmental experience growing arup in chago versus oak >> reporter: donald dew spent part of his childhood in austin. his most vivid memories include a bullet flying near his head and a police officer forcing him to the ground. dew is now the head of habilitative systems, a west- side nonprof that works with disadvantaged residents. >> our children are experiencing victimizatioon multiple levels. and then they have to deal with they have to deal it physically. they have to deal with it emotionally. what do you do with all these emotions? what do you do with this anger? what do you do with thisth confusion an conflict? you know, fundamentally, our children are experiencing another level of pain. little to close the inequality gap.

chicago w a disproportionate spike this year in suicide deaths among its young, black residents. and following monthsacf unrest overm in the u.s., the teens we met in austin say it's a painful issue they often confront. is rism one of the traumas that young people can go through this community? >> yes, especially in my school. we go through racism all the time. >> yeah the police. they be-- i got dreads, ey be stereotyping me. they don't even be k jwing. tht go based off of how i look. >> reporter: in chicago, like the rest of the country, people of color are vastly overrepresented in the criminal justice system, which means there are a lot of black and brown kids with a parent in jail. it can be a devastating adverse childhood experience that clinical psychologist nneka jones tapia knows all too well. she was justwhight years old her father was arrested.

>> i just remember t searching our whole house and patting my dad down in front of me and him turning around as het was being down and looking at me as i was sitting on the couch and and just telling me everything was gonna be ok. >> reporter: looking back yw, view that as a as a traumatic event in your childhood? >> of course, you know, i'm tearing up now, 42 years old,. talking about >> reporter: in 2015, tapi became the warden of the cook county jail, one of the largest in the country. >> when you look at the men ande women who are ng into correctional facilities, you also see the overwhelming impact of trauma. >> reporter: now, tapia works for chicago beyond, whicfunds youth-centered programs and research in the city. she's an expert on the inequality of childhood trauma. >> we are all at risk of expo--

being exposed to trauma. we all are. but when we disinvest in communities, when ther inadequate educational systems in communities, when there are health disparities in communities, when we know that there is a problem with violence in communities-- and it's not medical facilities-- then we are increasing the risk of childhood trauma and that is happeningy predominan black and brown neighborhoods. >> reporter: samantha nieto is a chicago public school counselor. she says the city's scare like "triage centers" for trauma and estimates 80% of her students have faced a traumatic event or have a relative who has. talk to these studbout why to they walked out of the classroom tfor why they were disresp to their teacher. you know, why they got into a fighwith another student. and when i have those conversations, it turns out, you know, theye stressed out because they witness their parents fightingn the home or

they witnessed, you know, a sibling in gun violence or they ven't had a real meal in several days. >> reporter: nieto is the only counselor for 600 students, more than double the recommended ratio. >> the way that i can kind of try to reach these children is by going into their classrooms and trying to do more preventative and proactive approaches by teaching them how to deal with these life stressors as opposed to being more reactionary and trying to put a band-aid over the issue after they happen. >> reporter: so, for example, when students face situations that can trigger anger, she teaches them to remain calm by focusing on their five senses-- naming specific things they can see, touch, hear, smell and taste in that moment. for students who feel insecure or who tend to magnify their own miakes, she tells them toit down their perceived shortcomings-- before crumpling up the paper and throwing it away.or but, intly, nieto tries to

speak honestlyith her students, saying their feeling" are "rmal"-- often acknowledging some of the injustice in their lives. and for many chicago kids, part of that injustice is a lack of accesso mental health care. in october, the city did announce8 million in grants for organizations on the south and west sidese money will go, in part, to hireore mental health professionals. matt richards is a deputy commissioner at the chicago departmentf public health. >> there are particular parts of the country where the soal safety net being frayed impacts people's health more than others. urd that's where, you know, as a city, we can useesources to the best that we can to invest. but we really need a national strategy that recoizes that when the conditions in people's lives make them feel unsafe, make them worried, on edge, it has all these downstream impacts. >> reporter: ...impacts at young people like the ones we met in austin feel daily.s since ster's death,

omarion james has sought new ways to cope with his trauma... >> the pson i am, usually i don't en up. try to open up because i know i there's other people out there that's going through the same thing. so i try to open up and let people know my pain and i know they probably feeling the same thing. >> reporter: but each day can bring new pain.we after et omarion, his 18 year old brother was also shot and killed. on facebook, he wrote that his" whole soul" had been taken. for the pbs newshour, i'm cat wise in chicago. >> woodruff: online tomorrow at 1:00 p.m. eastern, join william branghamor a live chat with an expert on child development, who will take your questions about childhood trauma, the pandemic a resilience. find that on our website, pbs.org/newshour.

>>oodruff: encyclopedic knowledge of records tnd stats is te sign of a die-hard baseball fan. as john yang reports, major league baseball today announced what it calls a "a long overdue" rewrite of its record books-- for the die hards and for regular fans too. >> yang: judy, from 1920 to 1948, black players, banned from the major leagues, were relegated to what were called the negro leagues. as a result, accomplishments l wegely forgotten, while but today commissioner rob manfred said m.l.b. was elevating the seven ne leagues to major league status, adding the 3400 players' names and their stats to the bfficial recoks. howard bryant is a sriter and commentator for espn.

ac's written about sports, and baseball. his most recent is "full dissidence: notes from an uneven playing field." mr. bryant, thanks for joining us. from your perspective, what's th commission manfred announced today? >> well, i think the attempt at redress, especially we've had in the country.that i think that the significance also is the legtimacy of the league, at least in the eyes of major league baseball. i'm very troued by it, if i'm being completely candid. don't think it's the right move for major league baseball because of the statistics and such, but i do understand that the year that we're in, major league baseball has tried to deal with this and wrestle with the idea of what to do with the statistics and what to do with the careers of the people that they essentially destroyed in the early part of the 20th ntury. >> yang: what are your reservations? >> my reservations are the statistics. i think if there's one thing we know about baseball, is that the don't think that you can-- ind

you're not looking at a mirror, john.in you're not loofrom 1920-1948, there was the american league and the national league on the white side and there was the negro league one the other s. that's not what took place. what segregation did to black players is it destroyed them.d it crea permanent inferiority that you cannotea retrofit 100s later. you had inferior conditions. you had tattered record books. when jackie robinson payed, he hated the nieg row leagues for two reasons. one was it offnded his sensibility and unfairness. but the other was ee gams were so scattered shot, you didn't know what was an exhibition, you didn't know what games were ofdncial. he co calculate his batting average. i think while well intentioned, you cannot retrofit everything. i think that baseball has to carry this histy. i think a smarter move would have been for them to

acknowledge that theer play were major league level and to classify them as major leaguev level but you to leave the record books alone. that got destroyed byse egation. that got decide by your racism during those years, and you can't fix that part. >> yang: but, i mean, is this an opportunity to sort of-- to take-- to reassess the players had and what they contributed to the game? >> well, you can do that and not mess with the recork. you can absolutely-- the reason why the negro leagues are so steeped in legend is because nobody knows what happened because of the record, the lack of the record books, the lack of the great recordkeeping that you had on the white side of theor people talk about josh gibson maybe having hit 800 home runs in the negro legue. at is part of legend. the official negro league record ok shows he hit 113 home runs. so what is fair? i think when you're dng this, you're-- you're trying to fix somethg that history is

telling you, you cannot fix. and i think there are plenty of ways for baseball to celebrate negro leagues. i think there are plenty of ways for major league baseball to acknowledge negro leagrs andpe ally elevating their status. one of the things they could do is elevate their pension, but althe players are dd. i'm starting to wonder how much of this is performave and how much is actually dn the road a little bit more destructive. one of the things that we think about when you think about records is well, okay, jackie robinson of the worlds, but before jackie robinson, never hit to play against thete players. but we already have a built-inch asterisk, w947. you know that those players that came before-- the josh gib sons-- we know you didn't play-- that theaz guys didn't play is that magic nue we know 1947 but messing with these numbers now is looks very distorted. and it looks like good intentioi but poor exe to me. >> yang: you know, bob kendrickthe president of the negro league's baseball museum,

said while he welcomed this, he said that the negro league players "never looked to major league baseball to validate them." i mean, who do you think this is being done for? o do you thinanfred is doing this for? >> i think they're doing it to makehemselves feel better. and i think this is a-- it's an approach, an attempt to try and recty a ti period that cannot be rectified. i think that-- we're not very good at telling the truth. his.n't think you can fix the truth of the matter is those black players, those generationf lack players were destroyed by segregation. and i ink the smatter move isto acknof trying to do some 100-year retrofit that cannot be done. when you look at the numbers, so, are we really going to say now some of these other great players in the major leagues, that they start to fall down further on the record books for themselves because we're adding-- we're adding games in that, you know, that cover ted for 100 years? it's just-- i don't think that

his satisfies the black players, but i think it makes people feel good about a period that nobody fees good about. >> yang: howard bryant of espn, thank you very much. >> my pleasure, thank you. >> woodruff: a lot to think about there. and finally tonight, just how dm you coate this unique year? finally tonight, just how do you commemorate the year 2020? well our digal team come up with the unique idea and asked many of the artists we have profiled over the year what jects they used to help them survive this trying year. in the mementos post online read about gloria estefan's hazmat su planner and for writer elizabeth acevedo, it was all about the yeast.>> learned how to make french bread, i made rye, i learned how i could make foccaa.d. i got really good at bread and then my husband developed a glueten allergy. >> woodruff: somehow that's very 2020. you can find all of thiee memento stonline and you

can submit your own on our webse, pbs.org/newshour. please share with us what objects helped carry you through 2020? anthat's the newshour for tonight. i'm judy woodruff. join us online and again here tomorrow evening. newshour, thank you, please stay safe, and see you soon. >> maj funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by: >> consumer cellularelieves that wireless plans should reflt the amount of talk, text and data that you are. we offer aty of no- contract wireless plans for tween.a lot, or anything ina to learn more, go to consumercellular.tv >> we'd be closer to the twins. >> change in plans. at fidelity, changing plans is always part of the plan.

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to "amanpour &hecompany." re's what's coming up. >> i get o of this bus and go poer to the flight attendant and said that i was ison. i'm going to die. >> russia's main opposition figure says putin wants him dead. we talk one-on-one with alexey navalny after the poison plot that nearly killed him. plus -- >> you have to have consistency of principle. >> longtime peace negotiator hannan ashwari resigns from the political revamp of their entire system. and -- >> no reason he won'en