judy: good evening, i'm judy woodruff. on the "newshour" tonight, the tipping point. negotiations go down to the wire at the global climate summit but meaningful agreements remain elusive. then, ethiopia in crisis. the regional war in tigray spills over into the rest of the country and ensnares innocent civilians. >> it's the most alarming place in the world at the moment. and tigray is probably the worst place in the world to live right now. judy: the sharper divides in congress and the political implications of ongoing inflation. all that and more on tonight's

"pbs newshour." >> major funding for the "pbs newshour" has been provided by -- ♪ >> moving our economy for 160 years, bnsf, the engine that connects us. >> johnson & johnson. financial services firm, raymond

james. b.d.o., accountants and advisers. >> the john s. and james l. knight foundation fostering informed and erin -- engaged communities. >> with the ongoing support of these institutions. and friends of the "newshour." this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. judy: diplomats and negotiators from nearly 200 countries struggle to reach a global accord on reducing emissions to ease the impact of climate change. today was scheduled to be the last day of the so-called cop 26

summit in glasgow. but word came that deep disputes over fossil fuels and future commitments meant the talks would spill over into saturday. top officials said it was important to keep negotiations going. >> the whole of humanity is in danger and the ones who are in immediate danger are the ones living in small island states in the pacific and the ones in the caribbean suffering every year with the weather becoming more erratic. a lot of people are already suffering now but the whole of humanity will be suffering dearly if we don't change our behavior. judy: william brangham is covering the latest on these talks and files this report from glasgow on how the day has gone and the issues that divide countries. william: as the scheduled last day of the summit began, glasgow's weather matched the mood.

as attendees filed in, a few lone protestors stood watch. tom deacon came to encourage greater action but he isn't hopeful. >> i'm 40 years old and this has been going on since i was 8 years old, this process behind us. we're here at cop 26. this has a banner, how many cops to arrest climate change? one should be the answer. we should not be here at cop 26 and still it's failing. william: inside the halls, negotiators worked all morning wrangling over the worked for the final statement. a draft version of the document released early today includes language urging countries to phase out the use of coal and questions the need for billions of dollars in subsidies to fossil fuel companies. itas less clear about how much aid would be provided to the developing nations that are suffering the present-day imcts of climate change. a bangladeshi scientific and

researcher has been to every one of these conferences. >> in the last hours of the summit is when the final political horse trading takes place amongst the ministers here in glasgow and some issues will go to heads of government. mr. krry will call mr. biden and mr. biden will call president xi and they'll sort a few things out. william: many of the activists crowded inside today wanted negotiators thinking about the future but acknowledging the present. mariam is an activist from uganda. >> the solutions coming out of here should be reflective of two realities. that the effects and the damages and the losses resulting from the changing climate are here today and the future is unknown. william: an indigenous activist from minnesota -- >> so much at stake with the situations in minnesota with the

drought we had this summer, a historic drought. the heat dome, the closing of the boundary waters. all these things are coming to a head and coming to our communities. william: at noon, a planned walk-out began. hundreds of civil society groups, n.g.o.'s and activists from all over the world marched out of the conference hall en masse. all holding on to a long red ribbon. outside,they joined a large demonstration that formed on the perimeter of the conference. the speakers, protestors and signs all demanded action. at one point the protest was joined by the so-called red brigade, a group of climate minded street performers. as the day wore on inside, some ministers and negotiators acknowledged their work was far from finished. >> the effects, the minimum we need to walk away, we need to hold the line.

our children, our grandchildren. william: the first minister of scotland said the world was watching. >> if it doesn't get across the line, it's only going to be because of a lack of political will, political determination and leadership and this generation of young people are watching. let's not let them down. william: the day ended as it began, a small crowd o protestors outside, negotiators continuing their work inside. judy: and william brangham joins me now. it looks as if these negotiations are going past the deadline. william: that's right. on some level this is to be expected. this happens at many of these u.n. conferences. there are just so many details to get through. you mentioned some of them. the first and foremost is what's called the emissions gap and that is the chasm between what nations have pledged to cut with

emissions and what is needed to cut with emissions to get down to stopping the planet from warming an additional 1.5 degrees. that has been the whole goal. one minister today said that the target of 1.5 degrees is hanging on by its fingernails. other issue, of course, is the issue of subsidies and this is the somewhere around half a billion dollars that governments all over the world give every year to oil and gas companies to subsidize their work and keep gas prices low. john kerry today referred to those subsidies as the definition of insanity but the language in the draft report issued this morning is fuzzy on what we ought to be doing about the subsidies and as we have been talking about all week, there is the issue of aid to the developing world. wealthier nations promised $100 billion but have failed to deliver on that. according to their own reporting, they've failed by, say, $20 billion.

oxfam estimates that's almost $80 billion they're short. so lots of issues to work out. judy: williamwilliam, we're seet a consensus position on fossil fuels seems to be softening and we understand there's been difficult even getting this language in the agreements in the past. why? william: you're exactly right, judy. it is striking that we are at the 26th climate conference and there's still this intense debate about minuscule language changes with regards to fossil fuels. we know they're the principal driver of climate change. one of the drivers is that the oil and gas industry is very influential. one group did an analysis showing the oil and gas industry has more representatives here than compared to any other country so their interests are lobbied on behalf of. it's also important to remember that this process goes under concess. there are 200 nations here and

each have to agree. some nations that don't want to see progress made can hold up progress and they have been. we'll see what happens. the next draftocument comes out tomorrow morning at 8:00 a.m. judy: into the weekend, william brangham reporting from glasgow. thank you. william: you're welcome. ♪ stephanie: i'm stephanie sy with "newshour" west. we'll return to the full program after the latest headlines. long-time trump adviser steve bannon has been indicted on two counts of contempt of congress after he defied a subpoena from the congressional committee investigating the capitol insurrection. former white house chief of staff, mark meadows, failed to appear for his deposition before the panel today prompting calls to hold him in contempt. president biden has dominated

dr. robert califf to head the food and drug administration. the agency has been without a permanent leader since the president took office in january, amid the strain of fighting covid-19 and rolling out vaccines. if confirmed, it will be califf's second time leading the agency. a federal appeals court today ruled, again, to put on hold president biden's order requiring workers at companies with more than 100 employees to be cid vaccinated by early january. white house officials today estimate that more than 27 million americans have now received a covid-19 booster shot. in colorado, governor jared polis signed an executive order making every adult in his state eligible for a booster. the order goes beyond current federal guidelines and was triggered by the state's recent spike in covid cases. california and new mexico will also allow boosters for everyone. tensions are high on the border between belarus and poland as

thousands of migrants remain stranded trying to cross into the european union. russia sent paratroopers to join in military drills with belarus today while poland and neighboring countries ramped up their security forces. u.s. secretary of state antony blinken said belarus' actions, including those of its president, alexander lukashenko, were concerning. >> i'm not going to get ahead of any possible sanctions but we are looking at various tools that we have and this is broader than the effort to use migration as a political weapon. it goes to the conduct of the lukashenko regime in belarus, denying the citizens of belarus the democracy to which they're entitled. stephanie: the e.u. and u.s. are preparing to widen sanctions against belarus accusing president lukashenko of using illegal border crossings to

retaliate against e.u. sanctions over human rights abuses. the government of qatar agreed to represent u.s. interests in afghanistan, providing consular services for american citizens who remain there and others who want to flee taliban control. the u.s. closed the american embassy in kabul in august. the biden administration estimates several hundred americans are still in the country. a myanmar court today sentenced american journalist danny fenster to 11 years in prison with hard labor. the charges against him include incitement for spreading false and inflammatory information. he faces counts of terrorism and treason. human rights officials denounce the move and warn that the country's rulers aren't deterred by sanctions. >> it's cleared that danny is made an example of and it shows the military junta do not care what the international community

thinks and these targeted sanctions against senior officials in the military and junta are not enough and the international community needs to do more and act instead of just making these statements. stephanie: myanmar's ruling military has arrested about 100 journalists since taking power in february. a los angeles judge ended singer britney spears' conservatorship under her father. spears now has control over her own medical, personal and financial decisions for the first time in 14 years. hundreds of her fans celebrated the decision outside the courthouse, cheering and dancing to spears' songs. johnson & johnson announced today it is splitting into two publicly traded companies. the division that sells band-aids, listerine and over-the-counter medication will separate from its pharmaceutical and medical device business. johnson & johnson is a

"newshour" funder. signs of turmoil in the already tight job market. the labor department reported a record 4.4 million americans quit their job since september. several high-profile athletes' resistance to vaccines highlights the nationwide divide. and a new book details the approach of henry kissinger. announcer: this is the "pbs newshour" from weta studios in washington and in the west from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. judy: the conflict in ethiopia has beco one of the most brutal on earth, threatening the

existence of the state and lives of millions. a major weapon in that war, hunger. tonight, the united nations tells the "pbs newshour" that the ethiopian government promises to ease its de facto blockade on tigray where hundreds of thousands of facing famine. nick: the forces and allies advance south and as they get closer to addis adabout a, the country is at risk. while the government says the country is safe, residents decry fake news, the international community fears for the future. as tony blinken said today. >> i am very concerned about the potential for ethiopia to implode. nick: the crisis began last november when tigrayan forces who used to run the country attacked an outpost.

federal courses and allies from the neighbors region waged a scorched-earth campaign and and parts of tigray. in late june, forces pushed ethiopian soldiers out and spread into neighbors regions and to the capital, seized two key towns and are within close distance to addis adaba. >> the attack is likely and a dire prospect. nick: the humanitarian official returned from a trip to ethiopia and visited furious diplomatic efforts between the two sides. this week the former president addressed the u.n. security

council. >> the window of opportunity that we have is very little and time is short. >> he's trying to get an agreement of the simplest and most immediate kind. that's why he talks about a halt, not a cease fire, but a halt, to pause, so that humanitarian assistance can be assisted. nick: that humanitarian assistance is needed desperately. the u.s. says as many as 900,000 tigrains face famine and there are many victims of re. >> the women are so traumatized that it's difficult for them to speak. we said, what do you want for your children? the answer they gave us was, we want food. they have no horizon beyond survival, beyond tomorrow. they weren't even thinking about a future but thinking about today. that was the most shocking example of the depth of need in

tigray. nick: griffiths has been a humanitarian for decades and visited many of the world's worst crises but he says tigray is among the worst because of the war's expansion and de facto blockade by the ethiopian government. >> the distress is across the province and that's why the desperation for humanitarian agencies is to try to get food and medicine and supplies and therapy and counseling and safety to those people who have suffered far too much and who are, of course, utterly innocent. i think ethiopia is the most alarming place in the world at the moment and tigray is probably the worst place in the world to live in right now. nick: earlier this month the ethiopian government detained 70 truck drivers under u.n. contract who would have been delivering aid and 22 u.n. staff and families before releasing 12 of them.

the ethiopian foreign ministry accused of u.n. workers of participating in terror and disrespecting the country's laws. >> they are not in space. they are in ethiopia. they have to respect ethiopia's laws one by one. if they don't respect the law of the land, they will be legally held accountable. nick: the ethiopian government has said they are detained because of, quote, participation in terror. has the government provided any evidence of that? >> no. they've been doing their jobs, carrying out their responsibilities to the united nations. nick: this week amnesty international accused tigrain forces of gaining rape, looting and physical assault -- gang rape. >> the deputy prime minister and foreign policy of ethiopia gave us, me included, his decision to

allow trucks to move. let's see. let's hope that happens. the problem is this, the war is going on and the war is threatening adis. nick: tonight, there's no official agreement to stop the fighting or allow the aid in that millions of people so desperately need. for the "pbs newshour," i'm nick schifrin. judy: throughout the pandemic, many celebrities have encouraged people to get a covid vaccine, often showing themselves getting a shot. but there are others, such as singer nicki minaj, who have spoken out against vaccinations and spread misinformation. that's happening with high-profile athletes with a public platform.

john: speaking with reporters in august, green bay packers quarterback aaron rodgers implied he was inoculated against covid-19. >> are you vaccinated and what's your stance? >> i'm immunized. there are guys on the team that haven't been vaccinated. i think it's a personal decision. john: after testing positive, the reigning league m.v.p. was in required isolation for last sunday's game against the kansas city chiefs. on pat mcafee's satellite radio show last week, rodgers acknowledged he is not vaccinated. >> i believe strongly in bodily autonomy and the ability to make choices for your body. john: rodgers says he has concerns about all three federally approved vaccines and was denied league approval for an alternative treatment which he said he underwent in consultation with joe rogan. this week, rodgers was back on mcphee's show with a different

play. >> i made comments that people may have felt were misleading and to anybody who felt misled by those comments, i take full responsibilities. john: rodgers is one of a handful of high-profile professional athletes who have either declined to get vaccinated or be fully forthcoming about their status in spite of league rules and local vaine mandates. brooklyn nets point guard kyrie irving has yet to play a game because new york city requires anyone entering an arena to show proof of vaccination. his head coach, steve nash. >> i support the decision. we'd love to have chiry back. john: rodgers is paying a price. one of his partners ended their

relationship with him saying they are encouraging and helping all eligible populations to become vaccinated against covid-19. this week, the nfl fined rodgers $14,650or breaking league rules by not wearing a mask when talking with reporters and attending an event with other players outside team facilities. the packers were find $300,000 for not policing his behavior. rodgers could be cleared to play in this sunday's game against the seattle seahawks. will leach is a contributing editor for "new york magazine" and has been writing about this issue. thanks for joining us. so many people are talking about this rodgers case, not just football fans, but casual football fans. why do you think aaron rodgers' case i resonating so much? >> aaron rodgers? a lot of ways was a quarterback that a lot of people thought they knew. remember, he offered to take off

a year to play in the nfl to host "jeopardy!." he was very outgoing, very open on social media. he's actually been quite progressive on topics, eloquent during the racial protests talking about -- supporting social justice and for a lot of people i think there was a notion that rodgers was the smart quarterback and was the one that was somewhat ahead of the game, different from what people fairly or unfairly consider as a dumb jock stereotype. he's on the state farm ads, he's funny and was a good "jeopardy!" host. >> we mentioned fine, $14,000. he's in the second year of a four-year $134 million contract. the same week the nfl fined a cowboys player, ceedee lam, for

wearing an -- untucked uniform for $20,000. what do you make of that? >> it's not actually -- you don't have to be vaccinated to play in the nfl. i think that's been lost a little bit. and i also think the idea -- i think there are more unvaccinated players in the nfl than there are. rodgers didn't break any rules by not being vaccinated but by not wearing the mask, it was a minor thing and generally the way the packers run their program. but i think what was really the issue and i think why they didn't fine him too much is basically what he did was he deceived people and frankly deceived people in a press conference which i'll say if the nfl started fining people for that, there would be a lot of fines. i think the protocols -- the team is the one that is seen to have not adhered to protocols. the team surely knew he was not vaccinated. the nfl surely knew he was not vaccinated. >> talking about the instance

with kyrie irving. the nba commissioner adam silver has said he would prefer to have a vaccine mandate but the players' union objected. what does that say about the balance of power in professional sports? >> i think players' unions are wary of management having extra power over labor. i understand that in a macro sense. a lot of players' unions will argue and leagues will argue this, as well, in many ways the nba and nfl don't have vaccination problems. the nba has 96% of its players vaccinated. the nfl has 95% of its players vaccinated. we should feel so fortunate to walk around 95% of people vaccinated. the high-profile cases like rodgers and irving make people think it's a larger issue. i think the leagues would argue and i think fairly that they have not had mandates but have still had buy-in to a degree that's much higher than the

general population and i think when people like rodgers, people think that here's this nfl player, or irving, this nba player, what's wiser than vaccines in sports, there really isn't. >> in his response, aaron rodgers hit all the hot buttons -- talking about cancel culture, woke mobs, a media witch hunt. you talked about how he had been on racial justice and black lives matter and kyrie irving had been on black lives matter. is this in some sense could this be seen as a logical extension of players speaking out on social issues? >> certainly, i do think that -- this is the age of player empowerment in many ways and there are a lot of positives to that. i think we've really spent a lot of the last year and a half saying listen to athletes, they have stories to tell, they're from communities that have been overlooked for a long time. this is certainly a downside to that in that there is influence

that they have. to be fair, they've always had this influence. charles barkley famously said years ago, i'm not aole model but we've encouraged athletes to speak their mind on things. sometimes they'll be eloquent and sometimes they'll talk wisely about issues and sometimes they'll quote joe rogan talking points. there is a downside to that. the reason rodgers resonates, it really feels like a surprise, like we've learned something about an athlete that we thought we knew and it's very different than the perception we had of that athlete. >> will leach of "new york magazine," thank you very much. >> my pleasure. thanks for having me. judy: as president biden prepares to sign the infrastructure bill into law on monday, and the first electoral

re-districting maps are being passed in states across the country, men americans have turned their focus to the rising cost of goods from food to gasoline. to discuss all this and more we are joined by jonathan capart and gary abernathy, columnists for "the washington post." it's very good to see both of you. at a time when we don't see a lot of bipartisanship in the city, there was a bipartisan vote after we finished our conversation last friday night, passing and it is heading to the president. but we have to point out most republicans ended up in the house voting against it and then you had president trump saying he was ashamed that the 13 republicans who voted for it should be ashamed of themselves. so how bipartisan was it? >> it was bipartisan in that you did have 13 republicans vote for

it and at a time when we don't see this sort of thing anymore, that should be applauded, especially now that those 13 are getting threats. they're getting threatened, their committee assignments are threatened, some are getting death threats. one of their colleagues called them traitors for voting for something that generations of republicans have supported, even donald trump. what was the big joke, infrastructure week was every week in the trump administration. he talked about it all the time but now that it's happening in the biden administration, it's something that's bad. this is a great thing for the country. judy: and how bipartisan was it truly? >> it should have been much more bipartisan, should have been many more republican votes. it was a great thing. long overdue. i don't like the price tag, a trillion dollars is an awful lot of money but we have to understand it's been years and years where we've neglected this and so this is money we should

have been spending all along. i think a lot of republicans were conditioned against it because for so long it was yolked to the other bill, the build back better bill so they felt a victory for one would lead to victory for the other and the build back better bill is an entirely different animal but when they uncoupled that, when nancy pelosi uncoupled that from the other bill, republicans should have really voted for this a lot more than they did. so i think it's very disappointing and jonathan's exactly right, president trump was an advocate for the infrastructure spending when he was in office and it's a bit hypocritical to be against it now. judy: speaking of lack of partisanship or lack of bipartisanship, this was a week for some pretty ugly rhetoric, jonathan. we had congressman paul gosar of arizona posting this video

cartoon of him killing another member of congress, congressman alexandria ocasio-cortez, and then you had -- he said it was all about her position on immigration. and then separately, we have this new audio recording of president trump defending the crowd back in january and the attack on the capitol saying hang mike pence, his own vice president. he said this is common sense, they were worked up. where are we with all this? is there any turning back? >> i don't know if there's any turning back, excuse me, judy. i say "i don't know if there's any turning back" because there is an incredible silence among republican leaders. no one's surprised to hear donald trump say what he said about hang mike pence. the problem is and the question is, where is house minority

leader kevin mccarthy? "leader" is in his title. he should have said something immediately about congressman gosar. he should have said something immediately about congressman marjorie taylor greene calling the 13 republicans who voted for the infrastructure bill "traitors." he should have been out there and should be continuously out there saying this is not who we are as republicans, this is not who we are as a party, this is not who we are as a caucus, because if the leader of the caucus doesn't set an example, rhetorically or even by his actions, then the paul gosars and marjorie taylor greens are given green lights to create an atmosphere of menace around the capitol that has been there since january 6. congressman cori bush moved her office from next door to marjorie taylor greene because of the menace. marjorie taylor greene has gotten into fights with

congresswoman alexandria ocasio-cortez, liz cheney, jamie raskin and she's able to do that because house minority leader kevin mccarthy hasn't said anything and the idea that he hasn't said anything about this paul gosar video that twitter had the good sense to finally take down tells me all i need to know about how fearful and concerned we should be about a speaker mccarthy if the republicans take control of the house next year's midterms. judy: gary, who is responsible for this and do you see a turning back from this kind of language? >> i hope there's a turning back and i think it needs to come from everybody in congress saying, wait a minute, i'm in the united states congress, i'm not a 12-year-old playing a video game here. i don't want to be accused of both-siderism here and i will be but i think back to a lot of the memes that members of the democratic party were retweeting about donald trump when he was

in office that are pretty disgusting. i think of nancy pelosi, after trump finishes a state-of-the-union address, ripping up the pages of his address. these are all things that we should be a little bit better than that in congress. these are members of the united states congress who should not be engaging in these kind of 12-year-old antics. >> there's a big difference between standing up at the end of the president's speech and ripping it up because -- i remember that speech. there was a lot in it to be angry about in terms of who we are as the american people -- there's a big difference between that and a member of congress putting out an animated video, super-imposing the face of someone from the opposing party where that person is killed. also, we didn't mention how there's also a figure with the president's face who was also attacked in that video. that's not the same thing. >> i'm condemning all of it, jonathan.

i agree with you. but if you think it's all one way, that's what i'll disagree with. judy: in turning back, you're saying you hope, you hope. totally changing the subject -- inflation. we got bad numbers this week about how fast it's rising in the country. jonathan, it's bad news for all americans and politically it's not good news for the president. what are his options when it comes to this? >> when it comes to inflation, i am not sure. one thing all of us here know and that most americans don't or understandably don't care, the president doesn't have any control over the economy. presidents can crow about great unemployment numbers and folks will give them credit, folks will complain about bad employment numbers and folks will be angry with him. people will be angry with the president because inflation is high. they're seeing it at the gas pump.

they're seeing it in the grocery aisle. they're seeing it with furniture stores and new and used cars. i don't know what the president can do that is going to squash this. this is the highest it's been year to year in 30 years and what actually makes this even more concerning is that while the president is saying, you know, oh, this is temporary, meaning, maybe six months or so, but this is not in isolation only in the united states. 24 hours after the u.s. announced its inflation number, so did japan and china. they also had spikes. japan, the highest in 40 years. so this is a problem for the president. it is. >> it is a problem and i'm going to disagree that there's nothing the president can do. i think one thing you can do immediately is not spend another $2 trillion that we don't have. it's kind of economics 101 that one thing that leads to inflation is devaluing the dollar and when you're spendg trillions of dollars -- le me

be fair, though. it wasn't just a democratic thing. the republicans did this last year, too. in the response to covid which many fee was an over-response and a lot of spending that didn't need to be down and the shut-downs should have been more targeted. but the republicans were all in on this, too, last year. i'm not giving them a pass but when you spend money that we don't have, when you say i want to spend another $2 trillion, that pushes inflation. that raises prices. that's going to make inflation even worse. >> let's also not forget that there are supply chain issues involved which have nothing to do -- judy: ships backed up in port. >> also because of the pandemic, shortages in labor, having people who can take things off the ships. judy: we reported today a record number of people quitting their jobs again last month, which may

have something to do. >> people are quitting because jobs are so plentiful so they have choices. i read a "post" story today about this, how people are quitting in part because they can get a better job somewhere else so they're doing it. >> yes and no. lots of people are quitting their jobs but there's a labor shortage. where the jobs are are where most people don't want to go it seems. judy: last thing i want to bring up, it is re-districting, infamously after there's a census, every state has to redraw lines for congressional and legislative districts. jonathan, it's been -- there's been a lot of parties -- partisan gerrymandering. is it going to get any better this year? >> no, it's not going to get better this year. this happens every 10 years. gerrymandering is a bipartisan effort. republicans, if they're in control, they draw lines that favor their candidates. if democrats are in the

majority. they draw lines that favor their candidates. what would help this isf congress would pass -- would have passed the original freedom to vote act which would have set up non-partisan district commissions but that went down in a ball of flames. >> i'm someone that always says, there's really no such thing as a non-partisan committee or commission. this happens every 10 years. i will say this, every 10 years -- if you look at every two years, yes, a 90% re-election rate in congress. but every 10 years there's a huge turnaround. we have the most diverse congress we've ever had and more women in congress than ever before so it does change despite everyone's best efforts to keep things the same. judy: in ohio, 54% of the vote republicans won over the last decade yet they occupy 75% of the congressional seats. >> they win the key seats that draw the districts. i remember back in the 1980's in

ohio when democrats controlled all those key seats and they drew the districts to gerrymander for democrats. to the winner goes the spoils and that's the ability to draw districts. judy: we're watching. thank you both. >> thank you. judy: appreciate it. former secretary of state henry kissinger was a central character in israel-arab peace negotiations during the nixon and ford administrations. a new book "master of the game, henry kissinger and the art of middle east diplomacy" chronicles the strategy behind the scenes. i spoke with author martin indyk. welcome to the "newshour." it's very good to have you with us. congratulations on the book. let me ask you aut what you've

written here. we know henry kissinger, enormously influential figure in american foreign policy, yet he's been out of office for, what, over 45 years. and people think of him, many do, in connection with china, vietnam. but you've chosen to focus on the middle east. why? >> two reasons -- and thank you so much for having me -- the first is that kissinger's time as secretary of state, his four years as secretary of state, was essentially consumed with middle east peace making and that's not commonly understood. the second reason was a personal one. you know i have been involved in peace making both in the clinton administration and then in the obama administration. in the clinton administration, it blew up in our face and in the obama administration, when i was a special envoy, it failed again. the parties were further apart

at the end of the negotiations than at the beginning and that was th last negotiations that's been held so i wanted to go back and try to learn from the master of game, as the title of the book, how to make peace and how not to make peace because he was so successful at laying the foundations of arab-israeli peace process in the 1970's. judy: you say he was successful at laying the foundation and yet peace still eludes the middle east. there have been a movement here, a movement there, but it still isn't reality. and you write about the art of diplomacy as much as the strategy that he pursued. why does that matter? >> well, first of all, significant progress has been made. it depends on how you look at the glass. the peace treaty between israel and egypt and the two agreements

he negotiated between israel and egypt laid the foundations for the peace treaty, took egypt out of the conflict with israel and kissinger negotiated a disengagement agreement between israel and syria which has lasted to this day and those agreements enabled the israeli-egypt peace treaty, eventually the israel-jordan peace treaty. the sticking points is with the israelis and palestinians and kissinger's approach is something we can learn. he was very cautious, incremental. he invented the concept of step-by-step clomsy -- diplomacy. he thought it required >> therefore he thought it required time and getting parties use to making

concessions for each other. and this man stood up to kissinger when he was secretary of state. and adopt did his approach. after ruben was assassinated, he jumped at that. every president since has been trying to end the conflict. that is something kissinger would never have done because he didn't believe the parties were ready. he was aware of american president seeking immortality and the holy grail of peace. the major approach was we need to take it more gradually, step by step, incrementally and rebuild the trust. >> is out what henry kissinger believes should be done today? you think the biden

administration needs to take this approach. like henry kissinger's. >> they have exhausted other possibilities. joe biden was vice president when i was a young boy working with john kerry. he's not enthusiastic to try to grasp the holy grail that he has other priorities in other parts of the world. china and climate change and so on. israeli government isn't prepared to move forward because it's a left/right position. they can't agree on what the outcome should be. palestinian authority from god is up. this is a moment in which kissinger's incremental one makes sense. >> one other element of kissinger's approach was essential nature of having the united states involved aired

having an american role in the peace process. can there be peace in the middle east in his view without a heavy american hand? >> united states was a critical player. the united states could persuade israel to give up territory which lubricated the peace process. that remains today. israel controls all the territory. there is not a country other than the united states that can persuade them. the book shows the way in which kissinger used his arguments. not to impose a solution but argue with the israelis with golda meir and --. use it like a battering ram until they convinced him that it was in their interest not to trade territory for peace but

territory for time. time to exhaust the arabs and get used for israel and strength themselves so they can make concessions with peace. he was immensely successful in that regard. the basic reality is still the case. the united states is the only country that can influence israel to make those kind of concessions. >> it is quite a book. master of the game. henry kissinger and the art of middle east diplomacy. thank you very much we appreciate it. >> thank you, judy. judy: while many areas across the u.s. have been upgraded >> many areas across the u.s. have been upgraded to high- speed internet, there are still pockets that are in a broad band desert aired that includes rural alaska communities. greg kim, alaska public media

reports on one town that is finally getting connected. >> shauna williams has a full- time job. she's also in school to get her bachelors degree in early childhood education. there is an added challenge, she attends her classes by phone. >> this is the most reliable way to join class. >> she's tried to used videos so she can see what the teachers are writing on the board but her connection kept freezing. >> the internet is too slow. every so often it will load and be unstable. >> reporter: broadband internet is not available in the delta aired it's made it increasingly difficult for people to participate in all aspects of modern life. williams is one of the few people that have internet.

it's far below broadband speed and has a data limit. for that she pays over $300 a month. >> i have a look at the city and we barely make it month-to-month . >> reporter: later this month, broadband internet will reach every home and her bill will be one quarter of what she plays pays now. a combination of factors have made broadband in rural alaska affordable. it has satellites to deliver broadband here. this person is one of the first customers. they are using coronavirus relief funds to pay for the project aired the effects of the pandemic motivated them quickly. >> we may be forced to do a lot down again. but we will be prepared this time. >> reporter: they've created a

nonprofit organization to show other tribes in western alaska to bring broadband to their community. 17 tribes have join. technicians install receivers in all the homes of the village to prepare for broadband internet aired having internet access at home will mean opening up a world of knowledge. once this woman has broadband, she will finish fixing her dryer and other broken things. >> this will probably be fixed by you, too. i will probably start with this to fix it all. >> reporter: she wants to be able to bank and file her taxes online like everyone else. she also wants to research online. >> i want to teach my younger children. when i pass, it will be their land and they need to know.

internet will open my eyes. i know it will. >> reporter: for decades much of rural alaska has been left behind as much of the world has become increasingly digital. this place is excited to get up to speed. don't forget to watch washington week tonight. this panel will analyze president biden's push to advance the build back better plan and other topics. tonight on pbs. tonight we are remembering our beloved colleague who we lost five years ago this sunday to complications to cancer. we miss her humor, fairness and integrity. her guidance and tough questions. we try to carry those things forward every day on air and

online. in that way her spirit is still very much part of this program. for many journalists across the country she mentored and inspired them. we miss you, gwen. we hope we are making you proud. >> that is newshour for tonight i'm judy woodruff. join us monday evening. thank you, please stay safe and we will see you soon. major funding for the cbs newshour has been provided by -- . being reinvented with a more flexible work force, by embracing innovation, by looking not only at current opportunities but ahead to future ones. resilience is the ability to pivot again and again for whatever happens next. >> people who know know b.d.o.

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