♪ judy: good evening. i am. the united states and its allies increases arms shipments to ukine. prompting worries about russia's reaction. then, wildfires search -- surge in the southwest forcing thousands to flee. the impact on enrollment, as colleges and universities drop admissions tests. >> unrepresentative students from lower income zip codes tended not to take the test or do well. if they took the test did not. -- it is a really big divide. judy: all of that and more on tonight's newshour.

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communities. more at kf.org. >> and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions. this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. judy: the war in raine is accelerating in the eastern dongas region, today is ministers from dozens of nations met in germany to coordinate efforts to send more arms to

ukraine, american leaders change their tone from one of just helping ukraine fend off russia to helping them defeat and weaken russia for the long-term. nick: in the open fields of ukraine's eastern donbas, ukrainian soldiers take aim at russian positions along the ridge. this train will determine the war's fate. as russian tanks try to take advantae of flat land outgunned ukrainian lines. >> that's what the u.s. and 40 countries it meeting in germany are trying to prevent. senior officials fear that time is not on ukraine's side. trying to increases arms shipments. and lloyd austin said the u.s. is targeting the russian military. >> we want to make sure they do not have the same type of capability to bully their

neighbors that we saw the outset of this conflict. >> fire! >> to target russians and the donbas, the u.s. is sending more american artillery to supplement the soviet era artillery. >> the fight in the east is open terrain, the first -- would be an artillery duel. >> the former undersecretary for defense and a cia officer helped design the 1980's afghan ---resistance. he says ukraine needs hdheld american drones that can identified and target russian soldiers and tanks. >> if this is a protracted conflict, we will need to continue to supply ukrainians. that's easier to do with u.s. weapons. >> so far, the biden administration has resisted calls to provide more advanced rocket system whose ranges long enough to reach inside russia. >> rocket systems give you a higher volume of flight. our

out ranging your opponent is a good thing. >> do you think that the u.s. is doing enough in order to allow ukraine victory, which is a word that ukrainian and increasingly u.s. officials are using? >> we're getting there. time is really of the essence in the eastern battle. i think we lost three weeks we might have started this supply in training earlier then we have, but we just need to put the pedal to the metal right now. >> ukraine also needs nor tanks. and today germany agreed for the first time to provide its tanks in what the defenseinister has called the generational sh ift. >> the support for ukraine shipper -- should be effective and coordinated with our allied partners. >> russia has made clear that arming ukraine carries risks including nuclear war as sergei

lavrov mentioned on state tv. >> the risks are really very significant. i would very much not like these risks to be artificially inflated. the danger is serious. it is real. it cannot be underestimated. >> b it was russia who nearly created a nuclear crisis in ukraine. today international atomic energy agency officials got their first look at sure noble -- at chernobyl. the director general paid respect to those who died when the reactor exploded 36 years ago and called the recent russian moves very dangerous. >> what we had was a nuclear safety situation that was not normal, that could have developed into an accident. >> in europe russian energy giant gas pro notifiedm

poland and bulgaria said it would cut off natural gas after it refused to pay for the gas and rubles. polish strategic energy infrastructure minister said warsaw was already transitioning away from russian energy. >> this is a turning point that has been accelerated by the russians today. the russians are speeding it up but we can handle it. >> meanwhile in moscow 20 feet apart, vladimir putin met with the u.n. secretary-general. the u.n. says putin agreed in principle to allow civilians to leave mariupol. as more civilians like this woman are still trapped by russians forcing the population to submit or starve. those tactics have pushed millions of ukrainians to flee their homes. today the u.n. predicted 8.3 million, 20% of the country, would become refugees. the victims of a war that even u.s. weapons cannot end.

judy: in the days of the news, selloff hit wall street as big tech stocks fell amid anticipation of higher interest rates. the dow jones lost 809 point, 2% to close at 33,240. the nasdaq fell 514 point, nearly 4%. it is down 20% since the year began. the s&p 500 slipped 121, almost 3%. the u.s. senate confirmed the vice chair of the federal reserve she was nominated in novemb and has been on the central bank's board since 2014, but efforts to wrap up debate on lisa cook's nomination failed. she would be the first black woman on the fed board, but

republicans have questions or experience. vice president harris has tested positive for covid-19 for at the white house said today she has no symptoms but will self isolate and continue working. aides also said she has not had close contact with president biden in recent days. the cdc now estimates that 3 of every 4 children in the u.s. have been infected by covid-19. that follows a dramatic jump in cases during the omicron variant spread. today's finding came as the white house moved to make pax lovid widely available. they can reduce serious illness and deaths from covid-19. >> we're opening up of federal pharmacy channel and what that means is pharmacies can order directly from the federal government. currently there are 20,000 sites that carry paxlovid. we expect we will get to 30000 and within the next couple weeks i expect us to get to 40,000

sites. >> in beijing, officials directed more barriers around lockdown sections of housing. mass testing also got underway in 11 of the capital city's 16 districts. we'll look at the pandemic in this country after the news summary. north korea's leader kim jong-un is vowing to speed development of nuclear weapons and to use them preemptively if provoked. kim spoke last night as powerful muscles rolled through pyong yang in a military parade. they fired a missile higher and farther than ever before. the u.s. supreme court today consider the trump era policy that makes asylum seeking migrants wait in mexico. president biden had suspended the program but lower courts reinstated it after texas and missouri filed suit. the high court's decision is expected by late june. anti semitic incidence in the

united states hit an all-time high in 2021 according to the anti-defamation league which says it counted more than 2700 cases of harassment, vandalism and assault up 34% from 2020. the adl says incidents -- d uring the israel-hamas war were spike. a russian court fined meta for lgbt propaganda. the equivalent of $54,000. the court acted under a law that bans the promotion of nontraditional sexual relations to minors. production of conventional lightbulbs in the u.s. will end january 1, in favor of led bulbs. the u.s. energy department will allow sales of less efficient bulbs till the summer of 2023.

president trump canceled a similar phase out in 2019. still to come, democracy in crisis. how powerful conservatives push 2020 presidential election fraud. streaming services battle over viewers and survival. a columbia university professor shares her spectacular take on black life and literature and much more. ♪ >> this is the pbs newshour. from weta studios in washington and om our bureau at the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. judy: let's look at the latest news on covid-19 and what is needed now. i spoke earlier today with president biden's chief medical advisor. dr fauci, as part of the cross cut festivalhere the pbs station in seattle, the full discussion can be seen during the festival which runs may 3

to 7. thank you very much for joining us. so much to talk about. but i want to start with new data that we are learning about how many americans have been infected with the virus. among all americans and this dates back to february, 60% almost have been infected and among children, 75%. had been infected. were you surprised by these numbers? and second of all, does this change the way there should be an official response to the virus? >> i wasn't terribly surprised usbee e acalm bost w 2.5 years. so, the idea that if you look the sirology, the antibody tests which determines whether you have been infected is not surprising that you have that proportion of the population.

i think it is important for people to realize that because, although immunity following infection and recovery does not last indefinitely, it does give variable degrees of protection against severe disease if you get re-infected. if you add up the people have been infected plus the people who have been vaccinated and hopefully boosted, you have a rather substantial proportion of the united states population that has some degree of immunity that is residual, either residual from prior infection or hopefully people who are getting vaccinated and boosted. we have 66% of the total population has been vaccinated and about half of them have been boosted. judy: in connection with all of this you live in the northeast. we are hearing about more cases here, including prominent members of the public, including

law makers, the vice president of the united states. many of them are having mild or no sptoms at all. what does that tell us about how many more americans raen't gett -- aren't getting tested as regulate who may be walking around with covid but not aware of it? >> i think you just hit the nail on the head. because i am virtually certain that we are under counting the number of infections. just for the same reason. e who i know myself, friends and others, who get infected, who do an antigen test, b don't reported to anyone. so the fact there are infections that are not getting centrally reported. i do believe there is an undercount. we should do better than that, we should probably be able to track them much better, but the good news is that the one you mentioned and you are absolutely correct. the relationship or ratio

between hospitalizations and infections is such that we're not seeing a comparable increase proportionately of hospitalizations. unlike what was happening with delta when, as the cases went way up, the hospitalizations also went up. judy: should we have stricter reporting requirements so that the country can just keep better track of how many cases there are? >> i would like to see a way where when you get an antigen test, you can put it in an app and get some way of recording it. it would give us a much better feel and a much better understanding of the scope of any rebound, even though it is mild, we would really like to know what the accurate counting of cases is. judy: for those who are having symptoms now, dr. fauci, there has been a fair amount of discussion lately about a treatment, a drug called paxlovi d.

a fair amount of confusion about who should be taking it, who shouldn't. there is a sense it is not available to many people who need it. it does require a doctor's prescription. we are told it is available but it is not reaching everyone who needs it. what should we know about this drug? >> we are under utilizing what is a highly effective therapy. in clinical trials, when you looked at the proportion of individuals who were protected from getting on and progressing to hospitalizations it was close to 90%> we need to do more. there are a lot of those doses available. we have sites where you can test to treat, which means you can come in to a ple, get tested in if you are testeimmediately be put on therapy if you are eligible. we ordered tens of thousands more of these drugs, namely

paxlovid. and we are having sites, where w e started out with 20,000 sites, we're increasing that to 30,000 with the aim of 40,000 doubling the number of sites. i mean pharmacies and clinics and places like that as well as something that is important that you alluded to is educating the public and the health care providers that this is something that is available and that should be much more widely used. judy: let me broadness out and ask you, here we are, the end of april, the spring of 2022. how close are we to the end of this pandemic? >> well, that is an un answerable question for the following recent and i do not want to be evasive the let me tell you why i'm giving you that answer. we are certainly right now in this country out of the pandemic phase, namely we don't have

900,000 new infections a day and tens and tens of thousands of hospitalizations and thousands of deaths. we are at a low level right now. if you're saying if we are out of the pandemic phase in this country, we are. what we he to do, i don't believe in i've spoken about this widely, we're not going to eradicate this virus. if we can keep that level very low and intermittently vaccinate. i don't know how often that would be. that might be every year, it might be longer in order to keep the level low. but right now we are not in the pandemic phase in this country. pandemic meets a wide spread throughout the world infection that spreads rapidly among people. so, ifou look at the global situation, there is no doubt this pandemic is still ongoing. judy: dr. fauci, thank you very much. >> good to be with you. ♪

judy: firefighters in the american west and the plains are battling a dozen large fires that burned 340 square miles in six states. more than 3500 firefighters and support personal are on the fire lines. stephanie sy has a report on the challenges the fires are posing in arizona, and nebraska. >> wind fueled fires continue to ravage part of the southwest and the ruskin in -- and nebraska in what experts s is an unusually early start to the season. 150,000 acres have been decimated and thousands of residents in arizona and new mexico and nebraska have had to evacuate in the past few weeks. in new mexico, 20 wildfires continue to burn, fueled by severe drought. the calf canyon fire ha charred

200 homes. the governor of new mexico has issued a state of emergency. >> there is no reason for us to lose anyone, because they made a decision to stay even in a mandatory evacuatn order. please leave. we want you to be safe. this is a state that cares about you. >> winds are picking up again today. fire evacuees are becoming weary. >> the main problem that you have, which is shelter, they don't have that. they can't stay here forever. i can't stay here forever. i got two cats in there. >> in northern arizona, evacuation orders were lifted but not before the massive tunnel fire destroyed hundreds of properties on the outskirts of flagstaff. one of the biggest casualties

-- the sunset crater volcano national monument which officials saidas burned in its entirety. the visitor center survived. >> the environment is not very friendly. it was blowing 70 mile an hour rocks. it was very smokin we were working directly in the heat. >> meanwhile in nebraska, a wildfire cim to the life of a retired fire chief on his way to help fight the f blaze near theh kansas has mostly consumed prairie and farmland. ranchers have reported losing hundreds of livestock. >> these are some of the same guys that donated in the past to go to the other fire relief deals. they are now the victims. you see someone who has been wiped out. i have friends that lost their ranch, and all of their feed. >> high winds in nebraska expect to gust up to 30 miles an hour and low humidity will challenge

firefighters today. typicay wildfire season begins in the late spring but dry conditions and rising temperatures, telltale symptoms of climate change, are fueling these conditions for longer stretches. for the pbs newshours, i'm stephanie sy. ♪ judy: the unfounded belief that the 2020 presidential election was rigged has become an important force in american politics, especially in this year's republican primary. john yang has more on what the nonprofit news organization pro publica and frontline found out about how the myth of a stolen election grew and spread. >> the joint investigation uncovered a trove of internal emails and documentation.

lawyers and political operators and other trump supporters spread a number of theories, even though they knew some of them had been discredited and even used them as a basis for lawsuits. pro publica reported that doug clark worked on the story. you write this is a case of little untruths adding up to the big lie and moving from the fringes to the mainstream of the republican party. how did this happen? >> it did not just magically appear. there had to be people who thought of the ideas that they would spread to republican legislatures, to the conservative public itself into the white house. and what we found in our reporting is that there was a small group of people who were very engaged with searching for what they called evidence for the big lie, but during our reporting's, we found that actually there was a pattern of them being told this evidence was not valid, it was not good. yet they kept on going,

promoting this stuff anyway. and that is had a huge impact on polls show that two thirds of republicans believe in the big lie. and even more, millions believe ideas like that voting machines were hacked by foreign governments. >> i think a lot of people are familiar with that. the allegation that voting machines in georgia and michigan were switching votes, were changing votes. how did that grow and spread despite the evidence that suggested it just wasn't true? >> one of the key things this small group of people worked on was a technical report called the -- ant farm report asserting in very tech savvy language that evidence had been found in voring machines-- voting machines and - in michigan that the election had been stolen.

it was widely spread including by president trump. we found the original version of this report didn't actually makes such strong assertions. one of the authors told us that it was, they could not find conclusive evidence of election fraud. they found things that were suspicious but then it was given to someone else and that person edited it. >> so many other people pushing these theories were told by their own investigators, people they hired, there was nothing to these theories. the companion documentary from frontline contains a question to the former ceo of overstock.com. >> out of all the people i met, you seem to be the person most personally responsible for motivang this election fraud movement and some would say for spreading disinformation. and do you think that is an accurate way, you are the kingpin? >> or that i'm the one who's

waking up americans to this deep problem in our election apparatus. >> let me ask you, if you agree to this simple binary. if you're right, you are saving the country. if you are wrong, you are destroying it. >> i can live with that. >> how typical was that response? >> these people very much defended their actions. they really believed some of the things they were saying, but our reporting found they were warned multiple times, including patrick burn, about some of t evidence they were championing. one of the things that we published in the article is in email inhich burn describes a woman who, he would champion as a reliable source on election fraud as being un trustworthy and un reliable and his own investigators told him this and -- he told us he had a change of heart. he became her friend and he found he believed her ideas but

time and time again we found that these people were warned about pieces of evidence or about the quality of their witnesses and yet they still promoted it. >> yet, two thirds of republicans doubt the legitimacy of the election. now we are in the midst of primary season for midterms. and whether or not the election was legitimate has become a litmus test for republican candidates. to get, to win support in republican primaries. what does this say about where we are right now? i was struck in the story when you ask michael flynn's brother who was acting as a spokesman to respond to some of these allegations or some of the denials and he said no one we care about is going to read this story. what does this say about where we are? >> it is extremely concerning that this would become such a basis for a political platform.

the idea the election had been stolen. to have good political outcomes, to have a legitimate and healthy political discourse we need to have agreement on what actually happened and we need to base that on facts. if so many people are pushing the idea that this election wasn't real and wasn't legitimate, that is unhealthy for the american politics. >> doug clark. thank you very much. >> thank you. judy: and thank you, john. to follow more of this collaborative programming from frontline and pro publica you can watch the film "tu thepl elt pbs.org/frontle.

standardized test scores in the u.s. use to all but make or break colle applications for heisel seniors. -- for high school seniors. but during the pandemic 80% of colleges went test optional. the result? some students got accepted. now many colleges are considering eliminating admission test permanently. our special correspondent reports from atlanta as part of our special series " rethinking college." >> along with his reputation as one of the nation's leading research universities, the campus emory university her number one choice. >> i toured it my junior year and i called my parents and told them that is where i wanted to go. >> the freshman from north carolina was a straight-a student but her test score was a dream crusher. >> i made an 18 on act, half of the perfect score being 36.

>> did you compared to what the average emory student gets? >> absolutely. i went -- what does an 18 test score mean? they told me i should look at community college. and didn't even consider my grades as a student. >> but when emory and hundreds of other institutions and nonstudents did not have to submit the scores due to the pandemic, she applied hoping to be the first in her family to go to college. >> she was not alone. according to the common app used by 900 schools, only 43% of the incoming class of freshman submitted their test scores along with their college applications. >> you could actually have brain activity -- >> that is down from 77%. selective universities or schools that admit less than half of applicants has seen the greatest surgeducaon

dropping during the pandemic. >> we went from 75% of colleges requiring the sat o almost none in a year. >> the dean of admission says dropping the scores -- change the composition of applicants. >> last year 31% of the students we admit it did not submit scores. but what was eye opening to us was how many students from lower income backroads o r whose parents did not go to college at all, or whose high schools are not feeders to world-famous universities, how much they said, wow. you mean, i can apply to emory or somewhere else? that is where applicant pool went. we didn't expects that. >> last year, emory saw 20% surge in applicants. this spring one third of

students are from underrepresented groups. >> this is voting with your feet. -- as an obstacle, you're just going to kinda put a number on it ended that is going to determine the future. i don't think it's serving every student. >> students who came from wealthier zip codes and school districts tended to not only take the test more often but they were the ones who submitted test scores. >> jeffrey is not surprised. for his book, a year inside college admissions, he spent two years sitting in on the process at three top universities including emory. he could see how testing favored the wealthy. >> underrepresented students who came from lower income zip codes tended not to take the test or if they took the test, did not submit test scores. it is a really big divide. >> tests were once seen as the

key way to compare students from different high schools on a level playing field. >> what you learned in your interview. >> but an assistant professor of sociology says that field is not level for all. >> white students were doing better on more heavily weighted, easier items with common words like golf and canoe. but black and latinx students did better on more academic and difficult subjects all those were weighted less heavily. >> it is part of why even before the pandemic some schools including the university of chicago and brandeis university had moved away from using the tests as part of the admissions process. >> teachers were really impressed with our school. they started to call her a powerhouse in the classroom. >> we were flies on the wall for conversations for the ones admissions counselors have at emory. each applicant gets reviewed by

a pair of officers and those that were too close to call the -- get discussed. >> i rate the letters of remmendations at the very top,. mark says emory's admissions progress took on -- process took on an urgency. what are the things that leap off the page? >> we spent a lot of time looking at the context of the student. what were your opportunities in your high school, what courses are offered at your high school? >> but accounting for those differences is hard. even the essays, activities and recommendations can be gamed. >> many wealthier parents hire essay coaches to help their kids write an essay. many high schools provide coaching on the essay, but they do the same thing with the activities, the recommendations tend to be better from counselors and teachers at suburban, well-resourced and

private high schools. >> then there is the money factor. an applicants need first is ability to pay. >> most colleges need money. so, many colleges look at the need of students in admissions or have other ways of assessing need when they are assessing applications. >> emory, like many other universities, will study how their students who enrolled without test scores have fared. and they have extended the test optional policy for another year. >> for the rest of this year we are going to study how our first year students are doing and of course we will start with the easy to measure things like retention. what's going on with transcripts, grades, course selection. emory serving as a catalyst for them to achieve their goals? >> a first college graduate or self says the impact on campus goes beyond the students entering without test scores. >> in a field like sociology

where we asked them to think critically about society, how the world works and apply that to their everyday experience, to have different voices at the table makes for a much richer conversation. >> for porsha, her gamble paid off when she found out she was accepted. >> i received congratulations and fell o. at the dinner table. the next day i received the full ride. yes. you completed the coursework in high school. you did extra curricular activities. stood out, you did things that were new to you, you may have done sports. why just be seen for a test score? >> she's majoring in neuroscience and behavior biology, a chance for her to fulfill her dream of helping her autistic sister. >> i grew up going to her appointments and watching her,

how she communicated and interacted. i remember asking the doctor questions -- like. autism is one of those things we have not tapped fully into and we are still researching. >> several states are considering laws to address the role that standardize admissions test play at their public colleges. ♪ judy: we are not even four months into this year and it is already been a deadly one fot -- for too many children and teens and 500 have lost their lives to gun violence. we look at a sobering new analysis of related data that underscores how big a problem we have. >> in 2016, researchers at the

university of michigan found fire arm related injuries where the second leading cause of death among american children, behind car crashes. that gap narrowed. in 2020 gun deaths soared past motor vehicles to become the leading cause of death for 1219-year-old -- one to 19-year-olds. joining me is dr. patrick carter, the codirector -- of the fire on prevention at the university of michigan and one of the authors of that analysis. thank you for joining us. so, let's just talk about these findings. as you are running these numbers that came through the cdc, what stood out? we surprised by the increase? >> i think we were expecting to see increase because we have seen a trend in increase since 2013 and the number of firearm deaths occurring among children and teenagers. what stuck out to me was the

magnitude of the increase. among the general population we saw a 14% increase in firearm deaths nationwide but among children and teenagers between one and 19 that rate doubled at 30%. that is a significant increase from the prior year. >> what should we understand about it? because obviously a lot of people pay attention to -- the news that get attention, for example a little league game in south carolina were kids were ducking for cover. luckily no one was injured. are those the incidents driving that increase? >> those incidents are horri fic and they should garner attentn and -- we should work on trying to prevent those incidents but they do not represent the majority of these types of deaths. 65% of the deaths we see among children and teenagers are homicide and about 30% are suicide. those are daily deaths that are

occurring, not due to the mass shooter or active shooter events. >> i hear you're saying teens. are we mostly talking about the older end of that one to 19 year spectrum? or geographically are most of them occurring in the same places? >> what we do know is that they occur equally in rural, suburban and urban communities. in this past year, we saw increases in all of those firearm deaths among those communities. we know the deaths are different in those communities. among rural and suburban we see more suicides and unintentional injuries. in urban communities we tend to see more homicides due to interpersonal violence. we know they occur at equal rates. this is really a problem that affects every american community. when we talk about teens, we do see a greater number of firearm injuries that occur at that

olescent age as they start to get into those teenage years. although we still see a fair number of unintentional injuries among the younger age group. >> we mentioned a comparison with motor vehicle deaths. it was decades that motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of death, right? those have been steadily declining since 2001. i guess the question is, how did we do that? how did we get those to come down and why can't we do the same with firearms? >> that is a great question. what we have been able to do an motor vehicle crh deaths and have not been able to do with firearm deaths. so, we have seen over the past half-century that we have been able to decrease motor vehicle crash injury and death largely due to evidence-based research. we've made cars and roads safer and change driver behavior around drinking and driving and learn to train our teenagers how to drive better and we know that is a high risk for them to get into a crash. we phased out driving among

elderly drivers who are not capable of having the skills to drive. we've applied evidence-based research to all angles of this problem and been able to decrease the number of people dying from motor vehicle crashes. that is the science. we can do the same thing with firearms. we have not been able to do it until recently when they started to fund this research to look at this problem understand what the drivers are and also what the solutions are. they don't involve taking away people's guns. they involve applying science to consider how we reduce the potential for harm and allow people to have legal firearms and reduce those deaths -- without taking cars off the road. we have more people driving today than we ever have. >> the numbers are striking, the headline is stunning and disturbing. but this is data from 2020. do you have any reason to believe the numbers have trended down simpson? -- down since then? >> i don't. the data lags behind because it

is death data and we've seen an increase trend since 2013. and i expect that, unless we are able to develop some of the solutions i am talking about, we're going to continue see those nubbers increase. that's the work we have to do. >> dr. patrick carter. from the institute for firearm injury prevention at the university of michigan. thank you for your time. >> thank you. ♪ judy: after years of free spending, the peak era of streaming may be ending. streaming services are raising pricing and the addition of more advertising. content could be affected, too. exact numbers are hard to pin down but netflix alone reportedly spends more than $17 billion a year on content for its 220 million subscribers

combined. streaming companies may spend more than $100 billion each year. jeff benntt breaks down what it all could mean. >> as streaming evolves, the industry's experience and some growing pains. netflix is hemorrhaging customers for the first time in a decade. it expects to lose even more this year. netflix planes rampant password sharing but there is also more compition and the company's decision to increase prices. and cnn plus, the streaming service launched three weeks ago, announced they are shutting down at the end of the month. for more on the shakeup in the streaming world, we turn to kim masters, the hollywood reporter. afterincrible growth, netflix has reached what is likely its lowest point, it has lost subscribers for the first times in 10 years, the stock is getting pummeled. what accounts for this stumble? >> well, the theory was the sky's the limit.

we can get to one billion subscribers. what happened is, the model just didn't deliver. they have raised prices. people complains that there is too much content, it is not good enough and they do not know how to find it. they have -- spent and spent. they have been gung ho about throwing billions into content and for a while it worked. but they have had a series of problems. they lost friends and the office, the most popularontent as their competitors all ramped up their own streaming services, disney plus and hbo. and that has been another problem. they have competition now. competition that is taking back some of the programming that built them in the first place when they took a cheaply. they got deals on old shows, very cheaply. these guys looked at netflix and said, we had better compete and they took those things back and

they are competing at lower prices. >> so netflix says it is going to be open to offering lower priced subscriptions with advertising. for years, they said they did not want to have commercials. they are clamping down on password sharing and they will invest more in gaming. will any of that move the needle? >> it is a very tricky path. first of all, the -- it was heresy. they vowed, we will never advertise. and now they're basically saying uncle. it is not something you flip a switch and suddenly you have advertising. some of those competitors spent years and years developing this. you need to staff, you need to figure out how it works. and so, that has been one. i wondered whether people who got used to the neff looks model with no ads and churned out because of the price and come back in, will go, wait, there is too much ads now. the ad load is a big question.

password sharing is a little dicing. you have to go after the people who are paying money and are used to this. everything has a risk. >> what does this mean for legacy studios that are going all in on streaming, especially for disney plus or hbo that have a smaller subscriber base than netflix? >> the smaller base is a good thing because they have room to grow. netflix is the biggest with 200 million but disney is not there in neither is hbo max. so, it is very ironic because this is wall street driven. wall street was all about streaming, streaming is the future. everybody in hollywood sort of pivoted and threw so much resources into streaming. now all of a sudden, diversity ewheis n legacy studios where people alike, they have got this dying cable business. the dying cable business throws out a ton of money.

all of a sudden these guys that were apologizing and say, we are working on our steamy service, they are kind of like don't we look good? they are hurt by this, make no mistake because their stock price was dragged down with the hit that netflix took, and the anxiety about wall street has pivoted. now they are saying that streaming is not the future. they're hurt, too. they all have streamers but we have heard -- who just took over at what is now warner bros. discovery saying already before this happened, we will compete but we are not going to kill ourselves. >> the question about that, how is that dynamic, the questions about streaming, add to that the pandemic, how does that change what gets greenlit> i'm curious about how we watch and how that has transformed what we watched. >> one of the things that netflix has done, which is not pandemic related is the binge model, where you get everything

at once and you can stay up all night and watch it. we compete with sleep. the other ones have been a little bit more cautious. we're going to drop one or two. they want that water cooler moment. they want to have a big moment, an episode and you talk about it and maybe at the office the next day or on a zoom call. that is a model that netflix has clung to, that they may want to change. we'll see. in the terms of the pandemic we have a glut of shows. a lot of content creators and producers and their agents are very nervous that all of those nice commissions are not going to be so rolling in so freely. >> kim masters, editor at large for the hollywood reporter. thanks for seeing you. ♪

judy: during the 2016 presidential campaign, columbia university professor griffin was deeply troubled by the political turmoil. emtird begin writing atl "rentou understand" which explores what democracy means to black authors and activists. tonight as part of our arts and culture series campus, she offers a take on black life and literature. >> i lost my father when i was nine years old. the circumstances of his death were somewhat traumatic. he came home complaining of a headache. we called the police. they debated whether or not to take him to the hospital. they said it was friday night and he was probably drunk. he was not. finally, they relented and they took him to philadelphia general

hospital. but he, he died. and i never saw him again. but i think i also that night began looking for him and all the books he left behind. so, it also gave me a gift of seeking answers and books. -- in books. ♪ my father was my first teacher and he shared his love of learning with any young person who would sit still long enough to listen. and i think you can see a through line from my father teaching me all the way through to my experiences in the classroom. my father loved the language of the declaration of independence and the united states constitution. he felt they contained ideals about human freedom that the united states failed to live up to, especially when it came to black americans. the title of my book comes from

a note my father left be in one of the many books he had. there was one book caclled "-- called "black struggle," and he said "read this until you understand. you may not understand it at first." i started writing during the 20 16 presidential election. there was just so much going on that made me concerned about democracy. and i thought that black writers might have something to teach americans about the values of democracy and the ways that we have often failed to live up to them. my book is about many things. it is a love story to a community that embraced my mother and me after my father's death. it is a testament to the

dynamism and power of my father's example. it's also a love letter to books and to reading and to literature. i also hope the book will allow people to cherish their own stories, their own quiet, ordinary, everyday experiences that, if they look deeply at them,are the source of their own profound wisdom. my name is farrah jasmine griff in, and this is my brief but spectacular take on black life and literature. judy: very powerful. you can watch more online at pbs.org/newshour/ brief. on the newshour online, elon musk's purchase of twitter raises questions about the future of the social media platforms. three experts weigh in on twitter musk. that is the newshour for

tonight. join us online and again here tomorrow evening for all of us at the "pbs newshour" thank you, please stay safe and we will see you soon. >> major funding for the "pbs >> architect. been provided by. bee keeper. mentor. your raymondjames financial visor taylor's advice to help you with your life. life well planned. >> carnegie corporation of new york, supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement and the advancement of international peace and security at carnegie.org. the target foundation, committed to advancing racial equity and creating the change required to shift systems that accelerate equitable economic opportunity. and with the ongoing support of these institutions.

this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy.] ♪

♪ hello, everyone, and welcome to "amanpour & co." from france. here's what's coming up. [ applause ] french presi emmanuel macron fends off the far-right challenger marine le pen. but the forces behind her campaign still loom large. i get reactions from former macron campaign spokesperson laurence haim and the french ambassador in washington, philippe etienne. then -- >> our focus in the meeting was to talk about those things that would enable us to win the current fight and also build for tomorrow. >> american secretaries of defense and state leave kyiv with promises to do more. and after a month under siege in a mariupol bame,