♪ geoff: good evening. i'm geoff bennett. tonight on "pbs news weekend"... clean water crisis -- after jackson, mississippi's boil-water advisory finally ended this week, what can be done to prevent similar failures. then... priced out of diapers -- why many families in the u.s. struggle to afford these basic needs for their kids. brittany: i think it's sad that we live in such a world where just having to decide whether you can buy diapers or pay your bills is a choice. geoff: and... exploring space -- what scientts are learning from the stunning images captured by the powerful, new james webb space telescope.

those stories and the day's headlines on tonight's "pbs new weekend." ♪ >> major funding for "pbs news weekend" has been provided by -- >> for 25 years, consumer cellular's goal has been to provide wireless service that helps people communicate and connect. we offer a variety of no contract plans, and our u.s.-based customer service team can find one that fits you. to learn more, visit consumercellular.tv. ♪ >> and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions -- ♪ and friends of "the newshour." ♪

this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by ntributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. geoff: good evening, it's good to be with you. we begin tonight with the latest in the back and forth court battle over records recovered from former present donald trump's florida property last month. late last night, the justice department asked a federal court of appeals to restore its access to sensitive, classified documents seized from mr. trump's mar-a-lago estate. right now, a lower court ruling forbids federal criminal investigators from using any of the classified materials it recovered until an independent special master reviews it for privilege. that judge has ordered the special master to complete his review by the end of november, but the department of justice says her ruling hampers its national security investigation. puerto rico is under a hurricane

warning this weekend, as a tropical system threatens to dump over a foot of rain, and with that, the threat of landslides, severe flooding, and power outages. satellite imagery shows tropical storm fiona inching closer to the island. as winds pick up along the coasts, fiona could be near hurricane-strength when it hits land as early as tonight. turning west, another massive storm could pummel the alaskan coast with hurricane-force winds, high surf, and rain. the storm is what's left of a typhoon that formed farther east in the pacific. forecasters warn that the storm could be the strongest alaska has seen in a decade. in the haitian capital of port-au-prince, violent protests have spilled into the streets this week. images from the island nation show tires burning in the streets, protestors destroying property, throwing rocks, and the sound of gunshots. many protestors are calling for the ousting of haiti's de facto leader, prime minister ariel

henry, over crippling inflation, rising fuel costs, and rampant crime. and, in the uk, queen elizabeth ii will lie in state for a final two days this weekend. prince william and prince harry, in full military garb, joined the queen's other grandchildren to stand in silent vigil around her coffin today. thousands of well-wishers have waited in lines that coursed through london, and stretched for miles. some traveled from other countries, some waited for nearly a day, but many in line said no wait was too long. >> we have been waiting for 12 hours, so not too bad. >> it was cold at night but we had wonderful companions, made new friends and camaraderie was wonderful. we would do it again and again, till the into the earth for our queen. geoff: president biden and the first lady are due to arrive in london today. they will attend the queen's state funeral on monday.

still to come on "pbs news weekend"... why so many families in the u.s. can't afford enough diapers for their kids. and... what scientists are learning from the stunning images taken by the james webb space telescope. >> this is "pbs news weekend" from weta studios in washington, home of the "pbs newshour," weeknights on pbs. geoff: a boil water notice was lifted thursday in mississippi's capital city of jackson after nearly seven weeks. starting late last month, heavy rains and flooding created problems at the city's main water plant. it left residents with no access to clean running water. but many people in jackson said problems with the water have persisted for years. >> we are taxpaying citizens, so we shouldn't have to live like this. this is, like i said, this has been going on for years and years. >> i've been in foreign

countries where they offer you wine to drink because they don't have water to drink. i've been in places where there is rationing water, not just on some superficial crisis basis, but it's a normal way of life, but not in the united states. this should not be happeningn the land of plenty. geoff: we're joined now by lieutenant general russel honoré, who led the military relief efforts after hurricane katrina. it's great to have you with us. lt. gen. honoré: it's good to be with you. geoff: so, if you were to do an after action report, sir, on jackson's water crisis, what would you highlight? what should they have done to avoid what was a preventable infrastructure crisis? lt. gen. honoré: it reminds me, if i may just reflect for a minute, of the damage that was done during katra, and the damage that was done during hurricane sandy and harvey, and maria in puerto rico was a ather event that attacked the aging infrastructure.

for decades now, that that water system has been at risk from a winter storm a year ago, to a boil water earlier on throughout the summer, and then the heavy rains came and the pearl river pressed that water system. what could be done now is make sure that the pearl river is controlled by the corps of engineers, where it does not flood out the intake to the curtis water plant. but we're here to talk about drinking water. that being said, deferred maintenance, understaffing, absence of technical and support from the state and federal government in helping the city to maintain the system. but, now that we have a declaration, and the first team is in there, and the water pressure is up, but there are many cautions to people who are

about to drink that water, to pregnant women and children. so, there's still some cautions out there, but i think that's the main thing, is aging infrastructure. and jackson is not the only city with that problem. geoff: on this issue of deferred maintenance that you mentioned, jackson's mayor said the city's water problems come from that issue -- decades of deferred maintenance. just putting it off. should the federal government take a more active role, if local officials can't or won't do what's needed? lt. gen. honoré: yes. i mean, the federal government is there, but they're basically waiting for the city to ask them for helpas opposed to saying, "this needs to be changed, this needs to be changed. we've got a federal declaration. let's get it done." the procedure with the federal gornment, all the agencies there, the three-letter and four-letter agencies, is that -- "well, the state needs to ask for it, if they want it." and, that's unfortunate, and we hope they'll be more proactive. right now, they're going through

a testing cycle with the boiled water. but, i would hope the federal government would be more proactive. e other thing is, right now, they've used that term -- "they've fixed it." in other words, like a tire that goes out, you put a plug in it. okay, it's not leaking; it's holding water. but, does that tire need to be replaced? and there are a lot of parts in that plant need to be replaced. and, the federal government has put a 90-day. i hope they extend that out for six months, because it will take at least that long to stabilize that system, where the people have confidence in the water. because, right now, the people we're talking to on the ground, they don't have confidence that the water is safe to drink. and the federal government need to pay 100% of the parts, if they're going to really try to solve this problem, as opposed to 75%. because mississii is broke. 40% of mississippi's budget come from the federal government. geoff: well, to your point, and i mean, this is not just happening in jackson. there was drinking water

contamination issues in baltimore. we all know about the water crisis in flint. and when you talk about mississippi being one of the poorest states in the u.s., you know, there a parallel here to what you experienced post-katrina. it is the poorest communities in this country that are alwa last in line for help. lt. gen. honoré: absolutely. you know, we've always said in this community iive in that drinking water is a human right. and, we're getting to a point where jackson had the same problem of flint. flint was a man-made problem, in that they made decisions to use a certain body of water that they knew was contaminated. in jackson, the deferred maintenance and the weakness of the plant was exposed by the flooding of the pearl river. so, this was exacerbated by a weatr event that really uncovered the worst conditions that could be put on that plant, being stressed by the heavy water ming out of the pearl

river, and the flushing out of the intake valves, where the plant wouldn't work. and mississippi deserve better. the people of jackson deserve better. geoff: as you point out, this crisis is not fully over. there was a state health department official who said that there are concerns about copper and lead levels in the jackson drinking water. he advises people against using city water to prepare baby formula. what's the best, most equitable way to distribute bottled water to folks? i mean, lots of working people don't have the luxury of time to wait in their cars, hours on end, to get water from fema or the national guard. lt. gen. honoré: my experience goes back to new orleans. my experience goes back to leading a brigade in the egyptian desert. water distribution is hard. on any given day, on a clear sky day, water distribution is hard. and, the ngo's on the ground are doing a fantasc job of filling that gap, of taking it to elderly people, and people who do not have cars.

but, i hope fema keeps sending water, and just hand it to the ngo's on the ground. they'll get the water to the people. but, i don't understand why the governor is cutting off the distribution pike, because water is hard to do. it's heavy, it's bulky, and you got to use those god-forsaken plastic bottles, because that's all we've got to be able to get it to people to use. but, with those cautions, i hope they continue to provide the water to the people. geoff: lieenant general russel honoré, it's always good to speak with you, sir. appreciate you for your insights. lt. gen. honoré: god bless jackson. god bless america. ♪ geoff: it's an often invisible part of poverty in america -- the high cost of diapers. even though more than five million babies and toddlers across the country live in loincome families, most government programs don't provide diapers or funding to

purchase them. correspondent ali rogin looks at how some some families are coping and how some organizations are stepping in to help. ali: it's drop-offime at jubilee jumpstart, a childcare center for lower-income families in downtown washington, d.c. kia ross, who works at a different ec -- different d.c. school, has a busy day ahead. so does her one-year-old son, azai. doing his daily reading, eating his steps in and climbing the corporate ladder. but no mattewhat azai gets into or on top of, he'll be clean and healthy, thanks to a precious, increasingly expensive item provided here for free: diapers. how much peace of mind does it give you when you know azai has the diapers he needs when he comes here? kia: it brings a lot. two boxes of diapers go for like

$100. so it does help me because it keeps my financials stability stable. ali: jubilee jumpstart provides 50 diapers for each child per month, and more by request. single mom kia keeps most of azai's diapers in his classroom. kia: i know that i can ask or suggest toubilee le hey, this month might be a little bit short. do you think you can lend me some diapers in the you know, they would be like, here is a bunch, here you go. ali: unchanged diapers can lead to health problems for babies, like diaper rash and urinary tract infections. and beyond the child's health, studies have linked diaper need with maternal depression. dee dee parker wright is the executive director of jubilee jumpstart. dee dee: we consider early childhood early parenthood. it happens at the same time. so when we are able to alleviate that stress for a parent, we enhance what's happening for a baby with their parent. ali: jubilee jumpstart is one of 75 organizations that gets their diapers from the greater d.c.

diaper bank. they're on track to deliver 10 million diapers by the end of the year. that's five times as many as before the pandec. the head of the diaper bank, rebecca kolowé, says they still use their pandemic emeency model, giving larger quantities of diapers to regional distribution hubs. rebecca: the need continues to persist. the pandemic just made it easier to ask for help and became less taboo because everybody needed help. ali: the bank was founded in 2010, by a new mother who was struggling despite having everything her baby needed. she asked different charities what parents requested the most. the answer then, as it is now: diapers. it now serves more than 30 thousand -- 30,000 families a year in dc, northern virginia and maryland. it buys some diapers wholesale, and accepts donations. the need remains high, partly because most government assistance programs don't cover diapers, and with inflation those costs are even higher. in the u.s., disposable diaper prices are up 10% since last year. and they're currently subject to

sales tax in 29 states. the average infant goes through 8 to 12 diapers a day. that'sver 200 a month; several thousand per year. kathryn: you can't put food stamps towards diapers. you can't put medicaid towards diapers. ali: kathryn edwards is an economist at the rand corporation, a global policy institute. kathryn: sadly enough, the u.s. has no peer in how little it invests in children and young families. ali: in a 2020 study, unicef ranked 38 developed countries by child wellbeing. the united states was 36th. some of the contributing factors include poor parental leave policies, a lack of public investment in childcare and early learning, and scarcity of affordable housing compared to other advanced countries. kathryn: there's no substituting away from diapers, right? there's no, you know, trimming fat from the budget. we have like, okay, well, maybe we won't get diapers this week. ali: so some parents, like

brittany nolasco, from colorado, are getting creative. just before the pandemic, nolasco was on maternity leave with her baby daughter, only receiving lf her salary. during covid, her husband lost his job. brittany: we were on a one income household and we were unsure how to pay for diapers. ali: she started couponing and using rebate apps. and she started sharing her tips on the social media app tiktok. brittany: it went from just kind of a couple thousand views to a couple hundred thousand views. and i had local moms reaching out to me who have known me but didn't know i was a couponer saying, this is amazing. thank you so much. moms who really were not able to even really pay their bills or buy generic diapers for their little ones. ali: the diaper industry has two big players -- kimberly clark and procter & gamble. they control more than two thirds of the u.s. market. as inflation increases, nolasco says she's seen brands raise prices a cut coupon values and rebates. neither kimberly clark nor

procter & gamble responded to repeated requests for comment. brittany: i think it's sad that we live in such a world where just having to decide whether you can buy diapers or pay your bills is a choice. ali: kathryn edwards says the world wasn't always like this for parents. kathryn: it is a modn phenomenon of the past really 20 years that the squeeze on young families has been so hard that the need for, you know, basically charity diapers has not onlyyou know, been called into existence but it's actually a thriving network of charities to get millions of diapers to families every year. ali: a network that rebecca kolowé wishes didn't exist at all. rebecca: i would love for us to be able to work ourselves out of a job. simply providing diapers isn't going to work us out of a job. ali: for now, every little bit

is helping parents like kia ross. kia: it takes a lot as a female to bring a child into this world. making sure you have diapers at home, wipes. just you know, soap, supplies, just the basic needs. everything goes to your child. ali: with a few basic needs like diapers taken care of, kia can spend more time focusing on the priceless things, like time with azai. for "pbs news weekend," i'm ali rogin in washington. ♪ geoff: from the furthest reaches of space to ouvery own milky way galaxy... nasa's james webb space telescope, the largest and most powerful of its kind, launched last christmas and released its first image in july -- the deepest, sharpest view we've ever seen of the universe. since then, it has captured

faraway star nurseries, cosmic cliffs, and galactic clusters. anyone can see that the imes carry breathtaking beauty and astonishing scale. but what do they actually tell us about our cosmos? "pbs newshour" science correspondent miles o'brien joins us now to help decipher it all. miles, it's great to speak with you. miles: geoff, kewise. geoff: so let's put up a few of these images. we'll start with this one, because when we look at this deep field image, we're actually looking at thousands of galaxies, is that right? miles: thousands of galaxies we've never seen before. they trained the webb telescope at a piece of the sky that was pretty much dark. and what did they see? thousands of galaxies that we didn't know existed. it's an extraordinary thing when you think about it. that's one time exposure. one tiny little piece of sky. i don't know about you, but it sure makes me seem a little bit smaller. the other thing that's kind of interesting about this is you'll

see some artifacts, they look like smears almost or blurs. that is a phenomenon we call gravitational lensing. and what that means is the stars that are closest to us actually warp the light and create nature's own telescope to make it easier for us to see galaxies behind it. so by refracting the light, they actually magnify what's behind it. so we're actually getting a little bonus above and beyond what webb does, which is pretty extraordinary. geoff: yeah, a little assist there from nature. the webb space tescope, as you mentioned, i mean, it allows us to look far into space, seeing how stars and planets and galaxies evolve. this next image is something that i didn't even know existed. it's a stellar nursery. tell us about this. miles: yeah. welcome to galaxy day care, i guess. this ia stellar nursery. this is the orion nebula. that's a well-documented piece of the sky. hubble has looked at it for years, but this is by far the most detailed look at it that we've ever gotten.

it's about 1350 light years away. . for those of you keeping score. what you're seeing, there is all kinds of ionized and molecular gases and dust being scattered. and if you look over in the side, there's a trio. there's a cluster of stars called the trapezium cluster. they're the ones that are doing all the damage. when a star is young, it's hot. it's kind of like a lot of things, i suppose. and it is kicking up a lot of energy and clearing off all that space, creating what we call the orion bar, which is that angular sort of cloud light object in the center of the screen. geoff: so let's move to this next image. this is an image of jupiter. and scientists, as i understand it, they were really surprised at how well webb was able to get this image of jupiter. why is that? miles: well, if nothing else, the great red spot is white in the spectrum. but seriously, the amount of detail in jupiter is extraordinary to them.

you know, jupiter is just filled -- it's a maelstrom of storms. you know, that red spot is basically a storm that would envelop the entire planet of earth. and there's auroras that have become evident in looking at this picture. there's all kinds of indications as far as the cloud levels and layers. it's an attempt to get beneath the surface. the surface in jupiter is pretty fascinating. and when we say surface, of course, it's not a hard surface, but beneath it has always been pretty much a mystery. and this is helping us get beyond that. geoff: this last image is a personal favorite. it's a cosmic cliff. tell us about this one. miles: yeah, it doesn't get prettier than this. you know, this is science, but we can also enjoy it, too, for those of us who don't know the science very well. one thing you should know, this is the cosmic cliffs the carina , nebula.

this is the one that's going to be on the covers of textbooks, i predict, because how do you get better than that? but, you know, it's worth pointing out here an interesting point of this, geoff, is that the images that are captured by webb are in the infrared spectrum, which is to say we n't see them. so basically it's like a black and white image that comes down from space. it is put on a repository that is available to the general public, and members of the public are going in and creating these -- sort of putting in a visible spectrum on top of the infrared to allow the human eye to see it. so there is a certain bit of artistic interpretation that goes along with this. and a lot of people out there can join in if they want to. but what you're seeing there is, again, this tremendous energy and dynamism as the universe is in its formation. this is a rare time for a galaxy. it lasts about, a few tens of thousands of years at this stage of formation. and the fact that webb has gotten a picture of it is, you

know, a pretty priceless baby picture for some young stars. geoff: yeah, i'll say. miles o'brien, the best of the best. thanks so much for being with us. mile you're welcome, geoff. ♪ geoff: and online right now... covid booster ots targeting the omicron variant are now available. so when should you get yours? we asked epidemiologists for the answer to that and more on our website, pbs.org/newshour. and that's "pbs news weekend" for tonight. tomorrow night, we hear from two nurses in minnesota after this week's strike over pay and staffing. i'm geoff bennett. for all of us at "pbs news weekend," thanks for spending part of your saturday with us. ♪ >> major funding for "pbs news weekend" has been provided by -- ♪ and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions --

♪ this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. ♪ [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy.]

>>kimberlee: we're dealing with so much as tribal people. >>elizabeth: it's really easy to get caught up in everybody's expectations of you. >>kimberlee: we're about ta couple weeks >>isaac: in a lot of ways. i'm honestly not sure what to expect. >>kimberlee: i'm anxious to just get to interview these game changers that in their own right are changing the world. >>ben: if you look at our stories, it's always a reminder to take care of each other. >>elizabeth: i feel like i have really big aspirations. >>bobby: it's our time! finally! >>narrator: roadtrip nation is made possible by the rmp foundation, a non-profit organization providing american indian and alaska native services. the rmp foundation is committed to improving the education, health and wellness of all people, especially those throughout native communities. to learn more, visit rmpfoundation.org.