judy: good evening. i'm judy woodruff. on the "newshour" tonight. fighting inflation -- the federal reserve hikes interest rates for the sixth time this year in an effort to counteract stubbornly rising prices across the economy. then. the upcoming midterms -- our latest poll reveals the political mood ahead of election day, and we explore how turnout among young voters could sway the outcome. >> a lot of the rights that have been the foundation of our society are under threat in the eyes of young americans. judy: d. iran in turmoil -- students refuse to back down from anti-government protests sparked by the death of a young woman in the custody of the so-called morality police. all that and more on tonight's pbs newshour.

♪ >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by -- ♪ >> moving our economy for one hundred 60 years, bnsf, the engine that connects us. >> pediatric surgeon. volunteer. topiary artist. a raymond james financial advisor taylors advice to help you live your life. life, well-planned.

♪ >> the walton family foundation, workingor solutions to protect water during climate change, so people and nature can thrive together. supported by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation, committed to building more just, verdant, and peaceful world. and with the ongoingupport of these institutions. this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. judy: the federal reserve has fired another interest rate salvo in its fight with inflation. fed policymakers raised rates today by

3-quarters of a point, for the fourth time in a row. and, federal reserve chair jerome powell warned it is "very premature" to think of halting rate hikes. we'll get details, after the news summary. wall street took a sharp turn south after that warning from the fed chairman. the dow jones industrial average lost 500 points -- 1.5%, close at 32,147. the nasdaq fell 366 points, more than 3%. the s&p 500 dropped 2.5%. the mid-term elections are six days away, and president biden is warning that democracy is under threat. he'll speak tonight at a democratic party event near the u.s. capitol. aides say he'll condemn republicans who won't promise to accept the election results -- calling them un-ameran. he'll also raise the attack on house speaker nancy pelosi's husband among other things. ,>> the president believes this

is a moment reckoning. this is not a regular in moment our democracy. this is not a regular moment in time. and as the president has said many times we are at an inflection point. and he's going to call it all out. judy: also today, the u.s. capitol police acknowledged they were not watching cameras monitoring the pelosi home in san francisco when the attacker broke in, because the speaker herself was not there. they said they've begun a security review. in israel, former prime minister benjamin netanyahu remains headed for a decisive win, with nearly all votes counted in tuesday's national elections. his nationalist/ultra-religious bloc appears to have clinched a firm majority in parliament. that would make him prime minister of israel's most far-right government yet. ethiopia's warring parties agreed today to end two years of fighting after widespread atrocities and thousands of victims. it followed talks in south

africa, between ethiopia's government and tigrayan forces in the country's north. details of the agreement were not immediately available. tensions between the two koreas are running even higher after the north launched a barrage of missiles today. the south responded in kind, and the two traded a new round of threats. geoff bennett has our report. geoff: an historic day of provocation overseas that started with north korea firing at least 23 missiles. one of them landing shy of south korea's ulleung island. >> these acts, for any reasons, are unacceptable and northorea is who is responsible. geoff: it's the most missiles fired by the north in a single day, and the closest one has gotten to the south's waters since the countries divided in 1945 -- just 104 miles northwest of the island. >> today's launch is the first time a north korean missile landed near our territorial

waters, and this is unprecedented and unacceptable. geoff: south korean residents were under an air raid alert -- some ordered to move to underground shelters by the military. hours later, that alert was lifted. south korea's military retaliated quickly, launching its own missiles in the same area. the launches follow warnings from pyongyang, on monday, for the u.s. and south korea to stop their large-scale joint military operations, which began this week. north korea says it views the drills as an invasion rehearsal, threatening the use of nuclear weapons hours before the launch. the u.s. insists the drills are purely defensi and lack hostile intent. national security spokesman john kirby today. >> we, of course, condemn these missile launches. and we are, of course, coordinating closely with our allies and partners. >> these actions by north korea

threaten the peace and stability of japan, the region, as well as the international community, and are utterly unacceptable. geoff: even from the north's closest ally, china. >> it is in the common interest of the region to maintain peace and stability on the peninsula and resolve each other's concerns. geoff: some air routes over the sea between north korea and japan will remain closed through thursday. for the pbs newshour, i'm geoff bennett. judy: south korea's national police agency raided local police offices in seoul today in the wake of a crowd crush that killed 156 people. national officials have said officers did not respond quickly enough saturday night. that's despite warnings that the crowd of halloween revelers was growing out of contr. russia now says it is re-joining an agreement to let ukrainian grain ships reach global food markets. moscow had stopped participating after a weekend drone attack on its black sea fleet.

ukraine never claimed that attack, but russian president vladimir putin announced today that kyiv has given new security guarantees. >> i have instructed the defense ministry to resume our participation in this work. however, russia reserves the right to withdraw from these agreements if these guarantees are breached by ukraine. judy: the u.n. mediated the grain agreement in july. a government commission in australia has begun reviewing decades of unsolved deaths in hate crimes against gays. the panel in new south wales says that it is the first inquiry of its kind, anywhere. investigators will examine 86 deaths between 1976 and 2000. a previous inquiry found police failed to fully investigate the killings. back in this country, a judge in florida sentenced the parkland school shooter -- nikolas cruz -- to life in prison without parole. he killed 17 people in 2018.

today, parents of victims spoke for a second day -- with framed photos of lost loved ones. some condemned the jury for failing to impose the death penalty. the two largest u.s. pharmacy chains, cvs and walgreens, agreed today to settle opioid lawsuits nationwide. each would pay $5 billion dollars to state, local and tribal governments. walmart reportedly will settle, too, for $3 billion. the companies allegedly filled prescriptions that they should have flagged. but, they've admitted to no wrongdoing, under the settlement. and cbs and its former president, leslie moonves s, will pay 30.5 million dollars to the network shareholders and others, as part of the deal with the new york attorney general's office to compensate for an insider trading investigation into concealing sexual assault allegations against moon best.

still to come, the impact young voters could have on the midterms, where the issue of abortion rights is on the ballot this election. u2 singer bono discusses his global activism plus much more. >> this is the pbs newshour, from w eta studios in washington, and in the west, from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. judy: today's interest rate hike from the fed was the sixth one this year. it has been decades since the fed has acted this aggressively to slow inflation. it's an approach that has been supported by some economists but is also being criticized as excessive by other economists and by a number of democratic lawmakers. markets reacted strongly to the comments by fed chairman jay powell. at first, traders and investors were encouraged by a statement suggesting there could be a pause or a slower pace of rate hikes. but about a half hour later, the

chairman expanded on that idea. >> at some point as i've said in last two press conferences, will be appropriate to slow the pace of increases as we approach the level of interest rates that will be significantly restrictive to bring inflation down to the 2% goal. there is significant uncertainty around that level of interest rates. even so we still have some ways , to go. and incoming data since our last meeting suggests that the ultimate level of interest rates will be higher than previously expected. judy: the latter part of those remarks -- about some ways to go and how the ultimate interest rate level could be higher than previously expected -- seemed to badly rattle investors. all the major stock indexes fell significantly afterward, including the dow jones industrials, which saw an 800 point negative swing after his remarks. the comments also had a mixed effect on the value of bonds. these market swings tied to interest rates can be hard to understand -- and it affects people's net worth.

economics correspondent paul solman tries to help break down how investors see the impact of higher rates over the long term. >> have taken a hit of $48,000 to my 401(k). >> i feel like basically, when stocks go down, bonds are supposed to go up. >> it's kind of like a seesaw. they would balance each other out. i thought the first indication would be ok. >> it's been a scary year for those of us counting on our investments, with both stocks and bonds having tank in tandem. the consensus culprit, inflation, and the effort to suppress it. >> the fed is attempting to slow inflation. >> what is a bond? >> a bond is a form of debt.

the way the government's borrow, they say give us some money now and we will give you mon back in future and we will pay some interest along the way. this is a form a bond, so you can sell it to other people. it is a tradable debt. >> what is happening now that is killing the bond market and making bonds worth less than they were? >> when the government goes to issue debt, which it does on an almost daily basis, it has to offer a higher interest rate. you look at all debt and say i can buy the old debt from you, but i want it to match the yield i get on the new debt. the way to match it is for the value of the old debt to paul. >> like back in the 1970's when gradual inflation surged due to a gasoline shortage fueled by opec. interest rates surged in response. so let's go back in time. i brought with me a facsimile of

a bond from 1976 and i got the 1970's thai. you have a 1984 bond. >> i'm wearing and adam smith free-market tie. >> about this and it was at 8% interest rate. it's now 1984, i need the money, so i want to sell this to you, so give me $5,000. >> i appreciate the offer and i do recognize this is a u.s. government debt so it is good for payment, but i'm a little put off by the interest rate. but i have one right here that's offeringe 12.15% interest rate. interest rates have gone up, so i will buy the old bond for you, but for less than $5,000, and i'm fine with that. >> this is my when interest rates go up, now bond values,

the bond market, goes down. >> the interest rate being offered on new bonds is higher than on the old bonds, so you need the yield to match in order for people to be willing to buy the old bonds. otherwise they will buy new bonds. >> ok, but it doesn't explain why stocks sank also as interest rates rose. >> the king of sweden gives you the old metal in that case. why does it have value? it has value because you have rights to the current and future earnings of the firm. >> why are stocks going down now? >> you have to understand three elements that enter injured their value or change in value. first, the earnings. the second factor is, are the earnings going to grow from here?

that would be good, makes it even more valuable, or are they going to decline and make it less valuable? the future earnings in stock are risky, unknown. the future payments on bonds are known. to compensate people for taking the risk of uncertainty about the future earnings of stock, they have to be comp aside -- compensated with a higher than expected yield on bonds. >> i ask you why our stock prices going down, you say to me concerns over possible recessions in the future. we know that the fed is purposely trying to raise interest rates, so we know there's a greater chance that we might have a recession, which means lower earnings, and competing rates, greater uncertainty, the impact of inflation, all those things. put it together, it's not a surprise. the question is, what will they do tomorrow? it depends on what new information we have, compared to

what we know today. >> so there is no simple answer to stocks continuing to go up or down. >> you cannot do it and giving 830 second soundbite answer as to why the stock market is going to go up or down. tell us the reason, when there are multiple reasons. it's too complicated. i wish i could tell you otherwise, but that's how it is. ♪ judy: election day is less than a week away, and already 30 million americans have cast a ballot. our latest pbs newshour-npr-marist poll is giving us a look at the landscape and key issues playing out in the midterm elections. lisa desjardins is here to walk

through the results. lisa, hello. there is a lot to talk about, a t to report on, so here we are,ix days out. what are the polls telling us? lisa: who is going to win, that's what we all want to know. we ask do you prefer republicans are -- republicans or democrats? it is not get closer than that, 46% say democrats, 46% say republicans. that little tiny percent in the middle is the 8% who didn't have a preference either way. when you ask voters who say i will definitely vote, republicans have a slight advantage, just a little one, but it is really as close as it could be in this election. so we wanted to know what is on voters minds, what will affect who they vote for? here is what we know right now voters are thinking about. if you look by party,

republicans say inflation is their top concern, 54%. independents also, 40%. 42% of democrats say the issue that gets the most attention from them, preserving democracy. that is a significant change from just a few months ago when the top issue for democrats was abortion. there are still a number of democrats, about a third, where top of mind is abortion. that was driving some enthusiasm for democrats and we just don't see anymore. judy: in a close election, it is often turn out, it is who turns out to vote. what are the polls telling us about that? lisa: president biden's approval rating and president trump's approval rating are the same. that is a mark of enthusiasm we should look at, but they are dead tied right now, the current and former president. we ask who is actually going to

come out and vote by party, here is what we see at this moment. mccright's, 82 percent of them said they will definitely vote, republicans more, 88%. independents seem the least enthusiastic at 78 overall, we ask the director of the poll what kind of picture is emerging from this, and this is what he told us. >> the current winds are blowing more republican in this poll than democratic. the republican electorate is more showing greater interest at this point than the democratic electorate is. and the republican interest has grown. and we're also seeing that when we look at definitely voters, as opposed to the registered electorate as a whole, that has a slightly more republican flavor to it. lisa: let's drill down almost definite voters. everyone else, it could be a bad

day, they might not show up. here's what we are talking about that is a problem for democrats. let's look at some of the key groups, like voters, 67% only say they will definitely vote. latinos, 69%. generation c, millennials, younger voters, only 65% saying they will definitely vote. those are key, high proportion voters for democrats. let's look at some other groups, on the other hand, white evangelicals, 89% of those who generally vote more republican are planning to definitely vote. the group i'm watching the most, white college graduates, 95% planning to vote definitely. in this poll we saw a shift in their opinion. college graduates in general are moving away from democrats, now just 55% saying they are voting democrat, versus 65% last time. that also is a problem for the democratic party this year.

judy: overlaying this, something you alluded to earlier, the critical question about how people feel about the fairness of the election system. lisa: we ask people in this poll, how confident are you that this election will be fair and accurate? look at that difference. 62% of democrats say they are very confident. only 30% of republicans. when you ask, are you somewhat confident? the numbers get closer. the majority of republicans have some level of confidence, that by and large, democrats are more confident. should your candidate concede if they lose? democrats, 64 percent say definitely, my candidate should concede if they lose. republicans, just 39% say definitely and 42% are not sure. only two thirds of democrats say

i candidate should definitely concede. that's very different than 10 or 20 years ago, and it's something that is happening right now. judy: that is an essential tenet of this democracy, that people can see when they lock -- concede when they lose an election. lisa, thank you. ♪ judy: as lisa said, abortion is not the top issue for most voters this election. just 11% of americans who say they are definitely voting this year rank abortion as their #1 issue. among democrats, it is twice that, 22%. but the question of abortion rights is being put directly t voters in some states. amna nawaz has more. amna: since the supreme court overturned roe v.

wade in june, abortions appear to be on the decline. a new study by the society of family planning shows the number of legal abortions nationwide in july and august dropped by more than 10,000. meanwhile most of the political debate on the issue is taking place at the state-level. four states have abortion rights on the ballot this fall. joining me now are reporters from two of those states. zoe clark is political director for michigan radio. and ryland barton is managing editor at kentucky public radio. welcome to you both. thanks for joining us. kick us off in kentucky. right now your state has a near-total abortion ban. that's being challenged in a lawsuit. but this election, there is an amendment on the ballot. what could that mean for abortion access in kentucky? >> what this amendment is seeking to do is to add language to the state constitution saying there is no legal right to an abortion under the state constitution. after the dobbs ruling, there is

a lawsuit filed in kentucky to try and see if there was some state protection for abortion. state legislators have preempted that by passing this proposal to try and ensure that the court would not find any legal basis for a right to an abortion in the constitution, so if this past it solidifies that in place and attempts to ensure that no rit would be found under the constitution, and there has been a lot of energy among rights activists who try to keep this from passing, but also antiabortion advocates as well, trying to get it passed. amna: it's fair to say michigan voters will vote on a ballot measure, proposal three. abortion is currently legal in michigan, so how would this proposal potentially change that access? >> abortion is currently legal in michigan, and that simply because of a court injunion.

there is a 1931 law on the books right now that criminalizes abortion, that basically would've gone into effect after dobbs but for a court decision. proposal three is on the ballot and that would basically enrine abortion rights into the state constitution. amna: so how big a deal in this? in kentucky, how is this resonating with voters, when you look at some of the key races in particular? is this a big issue, and are voters paying attention? >> it is popping up in every one of these races. booker is trying to make this a big issue. this is something that republicans are just kind of banking that the voters have elected so many antiabortion politicians over the years, they figure that it's just going to kind of go in favor of them.

there has been a lot organizing on both sides of this issue. there is canvassing going on, there are commercials, a lot of money going into this. abortion rights advocates have been winning that fundraising fight. they are hoping for a similar salt that took place earlier in kansas this year when a similarly conservative state with a democratic governor ended up, voters incident rejecting a similar constitutional proposal. so abortion rights advocates are hoping that kentucky will follow down that line. they think there is a pathway to do that. amna: a lot of people pointed to the kansas decision and say this is the first road test of that supreme court decision. does that set any kind of precedent for michigan? >> we have to remember the issue that in kansas, it was saying we want to continue to have the right. here in michigan, basically it is saying we want to add this right to the state constitution.

but absolutely, when this happened back in august, i think the referendum in favor of abortion rights in the constitution, they were excited and hopeful that would be something that would portend the results of the november election here in michigan. amna: what are you seeing on the ground, when you look at the money that has been pouring into this fight, you look at some high profile races. the gubernatorial race, for example, is abortion rights a central issue for michigan voters? >> absolutely. post show that it is abortion, and then economy and inflation and then abortion. in our gubernatorial race, we have the incoming democratic governor who really has made abortion rights, even before the dobbs decision, a centerpiece of her campaign.

she continually says she's going to fight like helto keep abortion rights. and we have dixson, the republican, who is not in favor of proposal three, which she says is antiabortion, not rape or incest, only the life of the mother. but i think she is reading the tea leaves a bit because a tweet was put out earlier that said you can vote for me for governor now, but still vote for abortion rights. really interesting wait to try to thread that needle there. amna: you mention the money pouring in, some of the comparisons and similarities, and in kentucky it has also been three months since that decision, or since kansas voted, rather. democrats are banking on it, but is it a big enough difference to make a difference for rotors there in kentucky. >> you talk to political

observers on either side of the aisle and they will give you their own take. democrats say it is still energizing voters, republicans are saying inflation and other issues are dominating what is getting people to the polls. we will not know the results until election day, but there's really big implications for this. there is a case in kentucky working its way through the system that the state support -- state supreme court will hear it following the election. amna: what should we understand about the michigan electorate looking at this issue? >> this is one of the historic moments in the state, because again, this is enshrining a right into the constitution, a right that many voters have not had top of mind for many decades here in michigan.

there have been amendments and questions on restrictions about abortion, but nothing like this, and it will be fascinating to watch next week as a results come in. amna: it will be fascinating indeed and we will be watching in kentucky and michigan. thank you both. ♪ judy: despite the fact that as you heard from lisa earlier, young voters are expected to turn out at a lower percentage rate than other groups, those under the age of 30 are still projected to keep up with or break their own voting records during this year's midterms. that's according to a newly-released poll of young voters conducted by harvard university's institute of politics. our laura barron-lopez has more

on what's motivating young voters this year. >> we asked -- our national network of young sue -- young reporters part of our student , reporting labs, asked fellow students why they're politically engaged ahead of the midterm elections. >> an issue i care about the most is mental health. >> my interest in politics is mental health care, making it more accessible for everyone. >> you can adopt a child before you are 18, but you can be forced to have one. >> i sympathize for the unborn. i do not think their lives should be put in the balance. >> climate change is the biggest issue we are facing right now. >> states should have more power to make decisionfor their people. >> i want to make sure my community is safe for me and all of my loved ones.

>> i want to see more leaders that looked more like what america looks like, more young and diverse. >> i want candidates who support democracy. >> i want older people to know that it is hard to be able to afford the things that you were able to afford in the past. >> in 2020, president joe biden won key swing states like georgia, pennsylvania and arizona by narrow margins. biden's double-digit edge among young voters ages 18-29 helped push him over the top. this year, gen z and millennial voters could again be the difference makers in races across the country. joining me to discuss is alan zhang. he's the student chair of the harvard public opinion project, a student-led polling group within the university's institute of politics. thanks so much for joining us. so to start, my colleague, geoff bennett was in georgia recently and he spoke to a young organizer who had this to say about the sentiment among young voters.

>> folks 18 to 30, 35 the younger crowthis is a lot of you know, ignorance. they don't see you know, what's the point of voting? you know, it's a long process. it's not something that is overnight and young folks like immediate action, they like immediate results. and so what's happening is like, politics is a long game. it's not a sprint. >> alan, what do you make of that assessment from tocai? and what did the recent harvard poll find about youth voter motivation. >> what we're finding is that young voters, young voters are continuing to be motivated to vote that level is that we saw which broke historic record turnout records back in 2018, and 2020. what we've seen is, young voters wanted a lot of policies from the biden administration, such as climate actions, such as student loan debt cancellation, young voters understand that politics is a long game. in fact, i would say that young voters are far more pragmatic and the older generations would give us credit for. polls found that by two to one margin, young voters preferred politicians to meet in the middle and compromise rather than pursue their own policy priorities at the expense of

compromise. and so what we're seeing is young people understand how the political process works, and they're willing to engage and they're motivated to engage because they are seeing taible results now. >> and those that are motivated to engage by a near two to one margin, again, likely voters >> have republicans made sizable inroads with millennial and gen z voters this election cycle versus past once? >> no. i think what we've seen is compared to 2010. the republican vote share among young likely voters is essentially stagnant. it's hit a ceiling at around 30%. and one of the reasons this might be is because the policies of the biden administration can suggest the inflation reduction act suggested alone a cancellation for just the bipartisan gun law passed over the summer are overwhelmingly popular with young voters and what republicans stand for. it simply isn't aligned with the

values of young voters. now, i will mention that young voters, young people, young americans, young voters, vote based on values and we see issues such as school choice school voucher programs, which cut across partisan lines and have broad support among young voters. the problem is the issues that republicans are running on the , kinds of values they're running on, aren't connecting with young voters. they're hitting kind of a ceiling. >> on other issues affecting young voters. my colleague, judy woodruff, recently was in pennsylvania and spoke to drake smith, a sophomore at lincoln university, and he cited roe v wade as a motivating factor. >> and so a lot is on the line. >> everything's on the line, really. i mean, it's kind of played out kind of cliche. each election the most important election of your lifetime, but it is because as we seen, you're only six months away from them taking everything away. 10 years ago told me roe v. wade, you got stripped away. as we talked about, he's been here it's on the books since the 70s. but here we are in 2022.

>> did young voters raise abortion access in the harvard poll? >> absolutely. four young voters, abortion is one of the top issues. we see they have made inroads. one of the reasons that might be is because young voters are concerned that their rights might be taken away. what he said was correct. in the eyes of young voters, we're seeing a succession of political crisis after crisis. young people see our democracy and they see that it is failing. they see that it is in trouble and they see that their basic rights are being threatened. so in one of those is the right to the choice for abortion. >> we can't really talk about young voters and not talk about social media. president joe biden and other politicians have started to use tiktok more frequently to reach young voters just this week, president biden had some tik-tok influencers over to the white

house. >> the media landscape today is not the same as listed 10 or 20 years ago or even last year. a lot more young americans right now regularly put -- receive political news from tiktok. our poll shows about 21% of young americans regularly receiving political news from tiktok. yes, they are getting their news from traditional media such as cable news or local media news, but if politicians want to connect with young voters, they will have to enter that arena. >> anxiety also seems to be high among young voters. in the harvard poll, about 72% believe the rights of others are under attack. and 59% believe their own rights are under attack. what exactly is driving that fear? >> this fear is rooted in the

rights that they have. that we have taken for granted for a long time. for example, with the overturning of roe v. wade. a lot of young people see that as an attack on their own rights. we also see that young lgbtq people have even higher rates of feeling that the rights are under attack. they again, they see this as a threat to democracy. they see this as a threat to our society. a lot of the rights that have been the foundation of our society are under threat in the eyes of young americans. and this is one of the reasons why young americans are so politically engaged and why they're continuing to turn out at record numbers in 2018 and 2020. and again we expected in 2022. >> alan zang, thank you so much for your time. >> of course, thank you. ♪ judy: today the u.s. called for iran to lose its position on a un commission that promotes female empowerment, as

punishment for iran's ongoing crackdown against protestors. nationwide demonstrations are now in their seventh week, sparked by the death of a 22-year-old woman in police custody. nick schifrin and producer zeba warsi have been speaking to students in iran, and report that despite iran's attempts at suppression, the national protests, persist. nick: it is iran's civil rights movement. and it's led by students. they break through the fear that kept them compliant, break through the wall that separated men from women, and chant one word: freedom. at iran's most elite universities, they vow never to give up. they don't want reform. they want revolution, this university student told us, asking to be kept anonymous. >> change the regime. woman. life. freedom.

nick: female students fuel the demonstrations by burning what was once a regime pillar, the mandatory headscarf. they are leaderless and mostly non-violent. which they contrast with the crackdown. you are in moral, they chant. i am the noble woman. but the regime fights back. across the country, police exhibit no restraint. students run for their lives. two weeks ago, the family of 16-year-old nika shakarami accuse the police of detaining and murdering her, after she protested. at her gravesite, the crowd chanted, death to khamenei. >> the government agents shot directly to those who came to participate in the funeral ceremony. they use any method to find the protesters in our schools and universities. forces in military uniforms, and -- they attacked the students

with batons and guns and threw tear gas. nick: students post blurred videos, to protect protestors' identities. many of the students who spoke to us did so on the condition we don't ow their face, and alter their voice. >> some of them were chanting, and the police officers, the men with motorcycles came. there were like 20, 30, and they started to shoot us. they don't care, they just started to shoot us, and a lot of people got shot in front of me, including me, i got shot, but it was just paintball. nick: students and teachers told us of testers have been expelled . u.n. and human rights groups say hundreds, if not thousands of students have been detained and dozens killed. >> from one side they were shooting us. from the other side, they were waiting to arrest us. we experienced all these moments

because of what? what was our fault? we were just asking for our basic human right, for the freedom of our friends who did nothing wrong. nick: today in a photo-op, supreme leader ali khamenei met students in tehran. he later said he had no issues with student protesters, but call them emotional and negligent in their understanding, and manipulated by the west. another student told us, he's missing the point. >> we're protesting for a better life, of course. a lot of choices were taken away from us, especially women under this regime. it's not just about hijab. it's about the choice of living however we want. we want to choose our own religion and wear the clothes we want. nick: this student says the protests are the only thing anyone discusses. they help each other, to avoid internet censorship, and to keep the faith. >> i guess we're kind of hopeful, too, because before these protests started, a lot of students my age were planning on

immigrating, and i guess at least i'm speaking for myself, that i'm kind of hopeful that i can stay here. we are fighting so we don't have to leave our country behind. we don't have to leave our family behind. we're fighting so we could build our lives here. a world without islamic republic is a better world for everyone. >> this was a generation that hasn't been politically very active or hasn't mobilized, a their response is quite fierce. they're very angry, and they're looking to push back, not just on social issues, but clearly political ones as well. nick: sanam vakil a middle east analyst at chatham house. she says previous protests have lasted longer. the 2009 green revolution went on for 9 months. but none of them had demonstrators as diverse. >> we've seen dissent emanating from students, labor activists, as well as ethnic groups. so it does bring together really

critical cleavages that, you know, should they over time continue to cooperate and organize and mobilize, will be important and put pressure on the regime. nick: iranian universities have long hosted calls for democratic change. in 1979, university students played a crucial role to evict the monarchy, and create the islamic republic. in 2022, it's not on students. it's also their teachers. >> they are destroying iran. yeah. so. we want them to go. that's what we want. nick: and have you felt this way for a while, but are only now willing to speak out, give this interview? >> i remember, i always want. and i couldn't do anything because i was alone. now i feel we are united. nick: she teaches at a high school where her students write

death to the dictator on classroom walls. but management is divided. >> principal called police on all the students to be arrested. nick: and do you encourage your students to protest? >> i did and it was so dangerous , because maybe some of them go and call other ones and security will come for me if they do such. but they didn't. otherwise i would be arrested by now. and i'm proud of them. i won't stop doing that, stop protesting, and fighting back, until i get my rights. and also the regime, the regime will change. when the regime change, i will stop. nick: but for now, analysts say regime change is unlikely. and so this moment has become a movement. for the pbs newshour, i'm nick

schifrin. ♪ judy: now, part two of our profile of rock star and activist, bono, on his new memoir, surrender, which details his early life, the evolution of one of the biggest rock bands in history, his own spirituality, and his quest for purpose in life as well as in music. as jeffrey brown reports, bono's activism has led to the cancellation of some $130 billion of debt in struggling countries. that part of the u2 frontman's story picks up here as part of our arts and culture series, canvas. jeffrey: bono credits in 1983 song sunday bloody sunday about the massacre of irish protesters

by british troops -- troops of giving u2 a sense of purpose, to give their lives larger purpose and meaning. >> that song told us what to do. songs are like that. songs are not like your children , they are much more like your father and mother, they boss you around and tell you what to do. >> williams responded,u2 has sold an estimated 170 million records. songs like "one" have become generational anthems. there spectacular live shows

have attracted loving prongs for decades. this is a band that takes its mission seriously. some say to seriously, with lyrics that reach for heavenly light. bono pleads partly guilty. for decades, i think critics sayu2 is either the most honest and committed band out there are the most pretentious and self-righteous. >> not self-righteous, but pretentious, well, yeah. sometimes, for sure. and also ernest, and still in pursuit of those early beliefs, to be a man of the world, but not this e. jeffrey: that pursuit led bono

to be a highly visible activists. we met recently at red, the organization he founded to prevent aids in sub-saharan africa. >> these are salespeople for the idea that they should not decide where you live. quickstep help distribute some $700 million to date. is part of his 20-year-old one campaign which enlist people from all walks of life, individuals, philanthropist, celebrities, to lobby world leaders to support programs to fight global property -- poverty and diseases. >> not just getting a nice seat in a restaurant, but see what

you can do with it. y've got a spotlight, see where you can shine it. so we started to learn that activism can really lead to actions. there's a term in the book, actual-ism. i want to get stuff done, i'm pragmatic, all work with the left and the right. you don't have to agree on everything, if the one thing you agree on is important enough. >> earlier this year, he and the edge performed in front of president zelenskyy. >> ♪ with or without you with or without you and you give yourself away ♪

>> and this spring he accepted the fulbright prize for international understanding. >> is the sound of liberation, political, spiritual, sexual, it is liberation. >> and tying the power of music to the very idea of freedom. >> you might swap out the word freedom for the idea of liberation. i think we are all agreed on the concept. we are all agreed it is not just under siege in ukraine. >> did you everything in your life, jeffrey, that democracy, having to explain itself to a jury that is not sure, the world is now dividing into autocracies and democracies. freedom is on trial, and we have to demonstrate now what freedom can do, what it can accomplish, that we are with these amazing

countries in africa, i think a third of all the worlds youth will be in concert, innovative, smart, brilliant people. we want to show them, this is the direction, not the direction of lies and propaganda and autocracies. jeffrey coto -- jeffrey colon, in his book and in conversation, bono, a son of dublin, makes it clear how much she has learned from his experiences in this country. not ask about his own motivations, he cited the great irish poet, shamus heaney. >> creeping privilege. we've been given this life, and the only way through privilege is to give thanks or to be grateful. just not to expect it. challenge it. people have this relationship,

buying your album, buying your tickets, buying your book. in return, just make sure you give us the best of you. i feel kind upon to do a little bit, hunted, you might say, by that feeling of just not wanting to blow this. >> ♪ where the streets have no name ♪ >> in the meantime, he says there is plenty of more music to come for u2. bono is on the road singing and talking about his new memo, surrender. judy: you heard what he said, don't just use your name for a nice seat in a restaurant. that is the newshour for

tonight. i'm judy woodruff. donis online and again here tomorrow evening. for all of us here at pbs newshour, thank you, please stay safe, and we will see you soon. >> major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by -- >> for 25 years, consumer cellular's goal has been to help people connect. to learn more, visit consumer cellular.tv. >> and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions. and friends of the newshour. >> these are people who are trying to change the world. startups have this energy that energizes me. i'm thriving by helping others every day. people who know, no bdo. >> the ford foundation, working

with visionaries on the front lines of social change worldwide. and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions. ♪ this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy.]

. >> hello,veryone and welcome to "amanpour and company." here is what is coming up. defiant in iran. keeping up the protests despite prosecutions and new threats to stay off the reets. historian from stanford university on why the fear of the regime is dissipating. plus. >> the only way to save democracy is if we together nurture it and fight for it. >> heather mcgee shares stories from her cross country road trip finding hope in a time of peril. ever. >> we have to