amna: good evening and welcome. i'm amna nawaz. geoff: and i'm geoff bennett. on the "newshour" tonight, tensions rise in the middle east after israeli forces kill several palestinians during a raid in the west bank. amna: how will former president trump being allowed back on facebook and instagram after a two-year ban change political dialogue? geoff: and new research upends the conventional wisdom about the health effects of alcohol. >> the big point to keep in mind is no matter what level you drink at, that consuming less will be good for health. >> major funding for the "pbs

newshour" has been provided by. the kendeda fund, committed to advancing restorative justice and meaningful work through investments in transformative leaders and ideas. more at kendedafund.org. carnegie corporation of new york, supporting innovations in education, democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and security, at carnegie.org. and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions.

this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. geoff: good evening. five former police officers in memphis, tennessee have been charged tonight with second-degree murder in a killing that has echoed across the country. amna: the victim, tyre nichols, died after a confrontation during a traffic stop earlier this month. john yang has our report. john: the head of the tennessee bureau of investigation said he was appalled. >> frankly, i'm shocked, i'm sickened by what i saw. and what we've learned through our extensive and thorough investigation. let me be clear, what happened here does not at all reflect proper policing. this was wrong. this was criminal.

john: fired memphis police officers demetrius haley, desmond mills, jr., emmitt martin iii, justin smith, and tadarrius bean, all charged with the murder of 29-year-old tyre nichols. police said they stopped nichols the evening of january 7 near his home for reckless driving and that he fled on foot. police say there was another confrontation police say after they caught up with him. nichols was hospitalized, complaining of shortness of breath. he died three days later. police said nichols had a medical emergency, but the family's attorneys said early results from an independent autopsy the family commissioned showed he suffered extensive bleeding caused by a severe beating. the attorneys say body camera footage shows a police beating that lasted three minutes and included pepper spray and tasing. civil-rights attorney ben crump. >> he's only about 80 to 100

yards from his house and he calls for his mom. three times, "mom." he calls for his mom. where's the humanity? where's the humanity? john: crump likened it to the 1991 videotape of los angeles police beating rodney king. nichols was a fed-ex worker and an aspiring photographer. his family described him as a loving father to his four-year-old son. >> we're going to get justice for my son, tyre, if that's the last breath i take. [applause] because at the end of the day, my son and no son deserves this, at all. john: memphis officials say they are braced for a backlash tomorrow when the body camera video is made public. for the "pbs newshour," i'm john yang.

geoff: in the day's other headlines, the u.s. economy is showing new signs of slowing after repeated interest rate hikes by the federal reserve. but the latest numbers don't yet make clear if the nation can tame inflation without sliding into recession. the commerce department reports that from october through december, growth decelerated to an annual rate of 2.9%. that was down from 3.2% in the previous quarter, but still relatively strong. in the middle east, israeli forces killed nine palestinians in a major raid today in the occupied west bank, the deadliest operation there in two decades. the israelis said they were targeting militants in the jenin refugee camp. palestinian officials said seven of the dead were gunmen and two were civilians. a tenth palestinian was shot and killed in a separate incident. ukrainian officials say at least

11 people died today in a new wave of russian missiles and drones. the strikes hit nearly a dozen regions and again targeted energy sites. others tore through residential areas, including one near the capital city, kyiv. in the aftermath, more people were left homeless and left in despair. >> this is such a tragedy for me. i'm telling you, i'm left without anything. this is such a disaster. everything scrambled and was destroyed. not a single room is left intact, everything got hit. geoff: ukraine says its air defenses shot down most of the missiles. back in this country, boeing pleaded not guilty today to a federal fraud charge involving its 737 max jetliners. the company was arraigned in fort worth, texas. it denied concealing information about an automated system blamed for two crashes that killed 346 people. boeing had reached a settlement with the justiceepartment to avoid prosecution.

but victims' families say they were never consulted. the fbi says it has taken down one of the world's leading ransomware networks, at least temporarily. justice department officials say the outfit, known as "hive," had extorted some $100 million from more than 1300 businesses worldwide. but starting last summer, they say fbi specialists hacked the hackers. >> our investigative team lawfully infiltrated hive's network and hid there for months, repeatedly swiping decryption keys and passing them on to victims to free them from ransomware. for months, we helped victims defeat their attackers and deprived the hive network of extortion profits. geoff: federal officials estimate the operation saved hive's victims, including hospitals and schools, up to $130 million. but there have been no arrests, and it is unclear how long it

might take that group to re-establish itself. the national archives is asking former presidents and vice presidents to recheck their records for classified documents. reports today said the agency sent letters to representatives of the last six u.s. administrations. classified material has already been found at the florida property of former president donald trump, and the private homes of president biden and former vice president pence. and on wall street, investors recovered some confidence after the news on fourth quarter economic growth. the dow jones industrial average gained 205 points to close at 33,949. the nasdaq jumped 199 points, or 1.8%. the s&p 500 rose just over 1%. still to come the "newshour," the 2024 senate campaigns kick off, and we're taking a closer look. then, how shootings fundamentally change american communities. the republican national committee confronts party

infighting as it chooses a new leader. and a new exhibit showcases puerto rican artists reflecting on hurricane maria. >> this is the "pbs newshour" from weta studios in washington and in the west from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. geoff: as we reported, today was the deadliest day in the occupied west bank in two decades. israeli forces raided jenin this morning and killed nine people. in response, the palestinian authority cut security coordination with israel. and this evening, there were reports of rocket fire into israel from gaza, which is controlled by the palestinian militant group, hamas. the west bank raid coincided with an announcement that secretary of state tony blinken will travel to israel and the west bank next week. nick schifrin looks at u.s. policy priorities, and the tense holy land he'll soon visit. nick: in the west bank's most

volatileity, a most violent day. palestinians carried out gunshot victims. th chanted the names of those killed in a fierce battle and rare daytime israeli raid into jenin's refugee camp. a massive show of israeli force left a building that israel says was full of militants plotting an imminent attack, a charred, destroyed wreck. palestinians say one of the victims was an elderly woman. the fury quickly followed. thousands filled the streets to mourn the dead. and the militant group hamas, which ru gaza, vowed revenge. >> the resistance will always be ready to defend its people everywhere. nick: the fallout was also political. the palestinian authority said it would refer the raid to the u.n., and cut off security coordination with israel. >> in light of the repeated aggression against our people, we consider that security coordination with the israeli occupation government no longer exists.

nick: but for israel's new government, the raid was mission accomplished. the israeli army released body cam footage of the soldiers' raid. heavy weapons, fired onto the streets below. and palestinians opening fire on israeli soldiers. the new ultranationalist israeli national security minister, itamar ben gvir, called it a successful operation. >> we give backing to our fighters in e war against the terrorists. let every police officer know, every fighter, every soldier, that he has the full backing from the israeli government, the ministry of national security, and the commissioner of police. nick: jenin is largely controlled by palestinian militants, and has long been a flashpoint. but across the west bank, the last year has been among the deadliest ever. israel blames palestinian terrorism. and now israel's right-wing government pushes a hardline, including ben-gvir's recent visit to the al aqsa compound, what jews call the temple mount,

judaism's holiest site. in washington, state department deputy spokesman vadant patel called for calm. >> we believe there is an urgent need for all parties to de-escalate, and to work together to improve the security situation in the west bank. nick: in a separate incident, the israeli military also fatally shot a 22-year-old palestinian who confronted soldiers north of jerusalem. for more on the violence and secretary blinken's upcoming trip to israel, we turn to aaron david miller, senior fellow at the carnegie endowment for international peace, and a longtime state department official in democratic and republican administrations. welcome back andhank this was the deadliest incident in the west bank in decades. how consequential might it be? aaron: i think very. look, i think this year, 29 palestinians already in 2023 have been killed. last year was a record year of more violence, palestinians and

israelis dying, than at any point since 2005. today's raid with nine or 10 killed, you already have a joint statement, which is not unusual from palestine and hamas, that there will be a response. israelis will quote pay for their actions. nick: as you said, it has been a violent few weekduring a time when the new israeli coalition took charge. but the violence preceded the coalition. this is not only about who is leading the government right now. aaron: absolutely. it is a gathering perfect storm that has been building for quite a while. you have a 56-year-old israeli occupation. you have a very weak palestinian authority. he is in the 18th year of a four-year term. he has lost great credibility. has been accused of corruption and nepotism. and you also have this

counterinsurgency strategy on the part of the israelis which since march has focused largely on jenin. i am not sure it is working, or look cost of it working is very high. finally, the emergence of an israeli government we have not quite seen before. we have three ministers with budgets as well as newfound powers whose views and since are jewish supremacist, racist, antidemocratic. you have a perfect storm and it would not take much, it seems to me, to light a a match and create a serious explosion. nick: we heard before a long time palestinian spokesman say they would cut off security coordination. they have said that before, it has not necessarily lasted. does that have an impact going forward? aaron: they have suspended formal cooperation but i expect if the palestinian authority received information of an imminent attack, even in the

west bank or in israel proper, they would share that information with the israelis. i suspect we will come back to israeli-palestinian cooperation in large part because it is in interested check hamas'growing interest. nick: secretary blinken hits the road the next couple of days and will fly to israel, will visit the west bank next week. what are the u.s. options when it comes to dealing with this violence and the new israeli government? aaron: leak. look, i rarely, actually, have never seen this much intense engagement with theew israeli gornment at such a senior level. the administration h made the decision to embrace the government, to make it unmistakably clear, hold netanyahu to what he has said repeatedly. that he is in charge and this is his government.

the options are very, very few. best they can hope for is y and de-escalate and keep the lid on this. because if they really were serious about helping to create an environment where in negotiation one day, not now, could lead to an e of conflict agreement, they would have to create rules of the road for both israelis and for palestinians, and they would have to do everything they possibly could to impose consequences on both sides if in fact rules of the road were violated. they really would have to get into some very awkward and unpleasant conversations with the israelis. joe biden, it's not an election year, but he will probably announce in the next two months his intention to seek a second term. it is fraught. nick: you use the term keep a lid on the violence, that is what the u.s. wants. historically israel is also

wanted to keep a lid on violence, especially during a high-level u.s. visit. is that still the case? aaron: benjamin netanyahu, for all of his wanton rhetoric, has traditionally been very risk-averse when it comes to protecting the israeli military, whether it is gaza or lebanon. last thing the prime minister needs is this. on balance it is going to be a problem for tony blinken and benjamin netanyahu, not to mention for palestinians. nick: thank you very much. aaron: thank you, nick. amna: meta, the parent company of facebook and instagram, has cleared the way for former presidentrump to return to the platforms in the coming weeks. it comes two years after trump was suspended following the january 6 attack on the u.s. catol. twitter also recently reinstated the former president's account, but he hasn't tweeted since the decision.

joining me now is sheera frankel, who covers meta and other social media platforms for the new york times. welcome back. thank you for joining us. the company suspended him two years ago on january 7. they said they will only reinstate the account if conditions are met. what we know about the decision to let him back on? sheera: meta has not communicated much, other than it will be up to the former british prime minister. they have spoken to civil disobedience groups and politicians and ultimately what it came down to is they see trump running for office again and they do not want to be in a position where they have a republican nominee for president who is banned from social media platforms. amna: but two years ago they said he posed a serious risk to public safety, part of the reason behind the ban. mr. trump continues to repeat a lot of the same election lies. so is meta saying that risk has

gone away? sheera: i have spoken to two people who work at meta, and they are watching what trump posts on his own social network site, which includes the same types of conspiracies of the 2020 elections, conspiracies around the missing midterm elections. so they are aware he is very likely to share content on other social media platforms he has acss to, which are likely in violation of the rules. i think they are just willing to roll the dice and play a game with trump of how far to the line he will get before they have to ban him, temporarily or permanently, once again. amna: other groups are watching what he is posting as well. there is a coalition of consumer protection groups who sent a letter to ceo mark zuckerberg and said he should make that ban permanent, because they have been tracking what mr. trump has been posting on truth social, his own platform. they say he has been posting things there that violate facebook's current standards. so what is the company's plan to

hold them accountable if he continues to post that kind of stuff, but on their platform? sheera: honestly i think they are still figuring it out. we saw language in their statement yesterday that they uld ban and for weeks or months, or even permanently. but we don't have clear guidelines. there is no three strikes and you're out kind of policy, which is something we know they have used in the past. it's unclear what trump can do and say to get himself those more temporary bans. they said they cld also take action against his ability to advertise and fundraising on facebook. if you are sitting on the 2024 presidential elections, that is something that will be worrying for you. because facebook has been a major asset for his company -- his campaign to raise money. amna: mr. trump had responded to the news his account was to be reinstated on truth social. he argued that such a thing should never happen again to a sitting president.

he also went on to tout the growth of his profit -- his platform, truth social. is there a chance he doesn't even end up posting anything on facebook, similar to what we have seen on twitter? sheera: for the time being he is not likely to keep posting. he has an exclusivity agreement with truth summer trash truths up -- with truth social through the summer. we think the earliest he will start posting is the summer, which could set up exactly when the republican primaries heat up. amna: at the end of all of this if you step away from this one incident, do you have a better sense of where the bar is for facebook to remove some of these actors with particularly big platforms and followers and it comes to misinformation and the like? we know the connection between online rhetoric and racist or hateful speech and real-world violence. do you have a that her sense of where their line is? sheera: i have had a lot of

conversations with facebook in the last two years since trump was removed from the platform. that is the question, where is the line? their answer is we cannot define a line because the minute we do, the characters who want to incite violence online, the characters who want to use social media for ill, will walk right up tthat line and not step over it. they intentionally try to leave it murky and say there is no definite line. we will know it when we see it, we will note incitement to violence when we see it. those who closely watch social media platforms have seen time and time again that they often miss that moment where it crosses over into language that incites violence. they are pledging to do better going forward. they say we have learned our lesson, we hope going forward we will know where the line is and ban people ahead of time. but at the moment we are watching and waiting to see what a number of world leaders are going to do online. amna: all right. sheera frankel, thank you for joinings. sheera: thank you for having me.

geoff: congress has just started its new term, but many senators and senate hopefuls are already thinking about the next election. just today, congressman adam schiff became the second democrat to jump into the 2024 race for the senate in california. and earlier this week, democratic congressman ruben gallego announced he's running for the senate seat in arizona. his campaign announcement took aim at the incumbent, newly independent senator kyrsten sinema. >> if you're more likely to be meeting with the powerful than the powerless, you're doing this job incorrectly. i'm sorry that politicians have let you down. but i'm going to change that. i'm ruben gallego. i'm going to be the center of izona, because you deserve somebody fighting for you and fighting with you every day. geoff: arizona is always a

closely watched state, and the 2024 senate race is no exception. it's rated a toss up and is one of nine key senate battlegrounds, according to the cook political report with amy walter, which released its first 2024 analysis this week. and joining us now is our friend, the aforementioned amy walter. it's great to see you. amy: good to see you, geoff. thank you. geoff: so, democrats are expected to have a tougher map in 2024 as they try to defend their slim senate majority. they're on defense in states like arizona, michigan, nevada. where are you watching for? sheera: well, i'm glad you brought up arizona, because that's the most complicated of all these. as you pointed out, ruben gallego is a democrat. kyrsten sinema used to be a democrat not that long ago. it sets up the possibility here in a state where democrats have been doing really well for the last few years. winning two senate races. biden won there, won a governor's race. but if sinema's running, gallego, the democrat's running, they could split up that pool of

independent and democratic votes, allowing a republican to win there. it also puts the democratic senate campaign committee, the people who are in charge of helping incumbents, in a pretty awkward position, too. technically, she's not a democrat, but she still votes with democrats. geoff: they've got some tough decisions to make. amy: that's right. and i think secretly a lot of them are hoping that, well, maybe she just doesn't run for reelection. and then that makes our job a little bit easier. but if she does, it makes it much more complicated. geoff: you've also got three states on your radar that voted for donald trump in 2020, but are represented by democratic senators -- ohio, montana, and west virginia. sherrod brown says he's going to run again in ohio. we haven't heard yet from jon tester and joe manchin. do those senators need to run in order to help democrats keep those states? amy: i never say anything's impossible, geoff, but holding on to those two states without those two senators, testernd manchin, is all but impossible.

remember, west virginia, especially, a state that went for president trump by almost 40 points. this is a state that is so deeply red. it's quite remarkable that manchin has been able to hold on to this state year after year, ection after election. now, he also turns 77 by the time we hit 2024. so besides the fact that he's in a red state, he's got the issue of his age. and the question is whether the popular incumbent governor, who himself was once a democrat, jim justice, runs. at's a much more difficult race than manchin's ever had to face before. jon tester is also in a unique position in a state like montana, which, again, pretty red, but he's outperformed the democratic presidential candidate time after time. what's getting harder and harder, though, geoff, as you probably know, is running as a and as a candidate from a state that is different from your party that's voted for the presidential candidate of the

other party in winning in a presidential year. in 2016, there was not one senate candidate who won in a ste that their presidential nominee didn't win. and in 2020, the only person to win was susan collins. she won in maine, even as joe biden carried that state as well. geoff: for the democrats, though, apart from the personalities, what can they do policy-wise to help their chances? amy: you know, it's a really good point. and a lot of democrats, after the 2022 election, said we were able to pick up a seat in the senate not just because republicans put up really bad candidates. that was the conventional conversation both during and after. geoff: even mitch mcconnell said that. amy: yes. exactly. both during and after the campaign was if republicans had put up better candidates, republicans would have won. but democrats also had a story to tell, which was they passed a lot of legislation in the basically early to late summer of 2022, everything from

infrastructure, the chips act on more domestic manufacturing of microchips and, of course, the inflation reduction act. the good news for democrats is, even though there's not a likelihood you're going to see big pieces of legislation passed in the coming year with a divided congress, those pieces of legislation are still doling out money. right? there's still infrastructure going on. the president himself seems to be going to a swing state every week highlighting new projects that have been funded by these very pies of legislation. geoff: let's talk about the republicans, amy, because in looking at your analysis, i noted that you see only one gop held seat potentially in play, and that's florida. really, only one? one seat? amy: i know. republicans have a very good map this year in the same way democrats had a very good map in 2022. they only have 11 seats to defend. most of them are in dark red states. now, florida, remember when florida used to be a tossup state? geoff: barely, barely remember

that. amy: barely remember that. it's moving further and further, and a bit off of the map for democrats. and the bigger question for democrats is, where do you invest? they have to play so much defense. are they going have enough money, especially to play in an expensive state like florida? texas is also up. remember, in 2018, that was a very competitive race with beto o'rourke and ted cruz. but again, a really, really expensive state. and right now you're just not hearing democrats get particularly excited about it. geoff: amy walter, always great to speak with you. thanks for coming in. amy: great to see you. thank you. amna: members of the republican national committee are meeting this week to determinehe party's next leader. but the race for rnc chair between incumbent ronna mcdaniel and challenger harmeet dhillon, a lawyer and rnc member, is revealing deeper divisions in the gop as republicans hope to build a winning strategy for the 2024 campaign.

erik iverson is a republican strategist and the former chair of the montana republican party. i want to talk about this rnc chair race. ronna mcdaniel seems to have the votes she needs but of course nothing is done until the vote which is tomorrow. but there are clear divisions playing out in the open here. what does this battle say to you? what is it all about? erik: thanks for having me. these races tend to take care of themselves. we will know by tomorrow who the new chair is. for me, what is more important is what they are going to do. the new chair of the republican party needs to do two things off the bat. we have to fix this hard money gap between canada's. we had some of our u.s. senate candidates in 2022 being outspent three to one. that has to get fixed if republicans are going to compete. the second thing the chair needs to do no matter who it is after

tomorrow's vote, we have to stop whining about mail in ballots and early votes, and start to be democrats at their own game. mail balloting is not going to go away. we cannot put our heads in the sand anymore. we have to get out and quit whining anstart competing when it comes to the early vote. amna: when it comes to the rnc chair race, the incumbent ronna mcdaniel is being challenged very very hard from the right. and you just had florida governor ron desantis come out to say and say i likeome of what army dylan has to say, mably we do need some fresh thinking. what does that say to you? erik: may be governor desantis can change a few votes. both candidates have some really high-profile endorsements. not so much who is in the chair but what they will do with it. but the new chair of the rnc, no matter who that person is, has a leg up over where they are at at the dnc, because they will be stuck with joe biden as president and his four years of failed policy. no matter who the republican is,

when the dust settles on the votes are clear, they will have a much easier job than democrats. because this race and a lot of these races will be about joe biden and his failed record. amna: let me ask you about the republicans because they are coming off of a poor midterm showing. they failed to win the senate, barely won the house. what are the lessons you hope the party carries forward? erik: there are three things republicans really need to lean into and execute in 2024. the first thing is we need to talk about solutions to the problems democrats created. second, we cannot just talk to our banks. the third big thing, don't just talk to white voters. what i mean by all of that, when we talk about talking about solutions, a lot of republican candidates, weather for senate or governor, did a nice job creating contrast between themselves and their democratic opponents, between themselves and the joe biden record. the republicans who did a good job in 2022, the ones who won,

in addition to creating that contrast, they also talked about solutions. republicans have got to talk about solutions to the problems that democrats created. they have also got to stop just talking to the base. a lot of these races will be decided by about 10%, 8%, 9% of voters, those voters in the middle. they need to hear solutions. republicans need to talk to some of those independent voters. i am not saying be less conservative, i am saying be smarter about the words we use in the issues we choose. amna: i understand you are making your party's point. democrats would also it is not about problems they created. i have to ask about 2024, because only donald trump officially announced he will be running. when you make these points about where you want to see the party go, who among the potential field of candidates -- there are all these potentials, mike pence, ron desantis, nikki haley, tim scott. whis best is ashamed to see?

erik: there are a lot of great options, and that primary process will take care of itself. the problem for the democrats, the problem is they are stuck with joe biden. that is a big difference. this presidential election is going to be about the incumbent, and the incumbent's record. even if you look at the senate states, the big senate states that matter, he's underwater in his image all across the board. the republicans have a great stable of candidates were either running or thinking about running. that process will shake itself out. democrats are saddled with joe biden. no matter who emerges from the republican primary, they start with an advantage. amna: erik iverson, republican strategist, good to talk to you. thank you for your time. erik: thank you. amna: we're coming to the end of dry january, where millions of

americans abstain from alcohol for the entire month. this yearly ritual again underscores the accumulating evidence that drinking alcoholic beverages even in what are considered relatively small amounts can be harmful to our health. william brangham has the latest, including how canada is considering radically revising its recommendations for drinking. william: that's right. canadian health authorities had previously said that a low risk amount of alcohol was about 10 drinks per wee but just recently a panel of advisors to the government -- citing some of this research about alcohol's impacts -- suggested lowering that to two drinks per week. for more on this, i'm joined by dr. tim naimi. he's an alcohol epidemiologist and the director of the university of victoria's canadian institute for substance use research. dr. naimi, great to have you on the "newshour." before we get to this changing guidance, can you just remind

our audience what do we know about alcohol's impact on us? dr. naimi: sure. well, you know, alcohol is one of the leading behavior-related causes of health problems and deaths and also some social problems and and economic costs, you know, ranging from things like injuries and accidents to cancers and actually heart and cardiovascular disease. so it causes a wide range of of health effects. and of course, those have been long appreciated at high levels of consumption, but even for some lower levels as well. william: it also has impacts on our mental health as well, i take it. dr. naimi: yeah, well, there's a really complicated but an important relationship between alcohol and things like depression and anxiety in particular. so, yes. alcohol may play a causal role in those, but can certainly also exacerbate or make worse existing mental health conditions, particularly depression. william: i want to i want to

talk about dosage for a second. you mentioned this in passing, but is it true that these harmful effects go up the more you drink? so, a little bit is better than a moderate amount, is better than a large amount? dr. naimi: exactly right. you know, when it comes to health, you know, less is more. and that's actually the main the main message stemming from the new canadian guidelines is not that anyone needs to get down to a number. we know that the lowest level of risk is associated with a really small amount of alcohol. as little as two drinks per week is the lowest risk. but the main message behind the new canaan guidelines and the main message -- and this is i think is consistent with other guidelines. the big point to keep in mind is no matter what level you drink at that, consuming less will be good for health. and we really wa to reach out to people. and i think this is we're talking about the public health community broadly, not just to people who are already drinking a little bit and might cut back further, but people, you know, if you're drinking six or seven drinks a day and you can cut down to three or four, that would be fantastic for your

health. so just want to kind of reach a broad spectrum of drinkers. that's the basic idea. william: it still must come as a bit of a shock that something that is so widely accepted in our society can be implicated in cancer and heart disease and all of these other things. i mean, i think people think of unk driving and they unrstand that it may be drunken violence and things like that, but cancer and heart disease, do you think that the public fully appreciates those risks? dr. naimi: right, william, i think you're right. i think people are aware of, you know, sort of impaired driving and crashes. they're aware of maybe, you know, cirrhosis of the liver and maybe the're aware of like, fetal alcohol spectrum, you know, birth defects and so forth. but i think they're much less aware of cardiovascular disease, and particularly in terms of the risk of cancer. i should mention that alcohol is actually considered alass one carcinogen or cancer-causing agent by the world health organization. so that's the same category as benzene and tobacco smoke. and some studies estimate that a

drink of alcohol has about the same cancer-causing potential as one to two cigarettes depending on your your sex. you know, as an example, the risk of breast cancer goes somewhere between 8% and 10% increased with each additional drink that a woman consumes per day on average. so that's an important thing. and we know fromurveys that that only a small fraction of the population understands the cancer link. william: help me understand, though, it feels like we've been getting some conflicting guidance. i think many people remember being told that moderate amounts of drinking for certain people can be beneficial. there was that infamous study years ago that red wine was good for your heart. are those things just have those gone by the wayside now? dr. naimi: even for those studies above very small amounts of alcohol, the risk started to increase. so it's really an argument about how low is that point. so, broadly speaking, i think the science is consistent that

sort of less is better down to very low amounts. yeah, i do think some of that science has gone by the wayside. and without getting deep into the weeds, the basic idea there is that that somody, for example, a redine drinker in their fifties who's been drinking just a small amount for their whole life is actually somebody -- those people tend to be super healthy and have a lot of social advantages, and so maybe their red wine is a reflection of that, but not its cause. and that's the basic problem with the previous research on that. william: as i mentioned, a lot of americans are doing this dry january. is there any evidence that that, stopping for a 30 day window, is useful? dr. naimi: well, it depends what you're going for. right? i think the main idea behind dry january, or this year, damp january, seems to be in fashion, which is sort of cutting back, but not stopping completely. in a way, these are sort of experiential versions of what most of the guidelines around the world are recommending, which is to sort of cut back on

your drinking. and some people may experience immediate changes. i mean, the main idea is just to explore doing sort of things or activities or people that are less alcohol centric, if you will. some people et some sleep benefits immediately, some depending on how much they're drinking, they may lose some weight. but the idea is to explore it. there is some evidence that even six months later, people who don't intend to continue wilbe drinking a bit less than they were in start at the january. so there may be sort of a -- the idea is here for us to sort of do a check on one's relationship with alcohol and maybe a bit of a reset after what is always the heaviest drinking time of the year in the u.s. william: thank you so much for being here. dr. naimi: oh, it's great to be on "newshour." thanks for having me.

geoff: over the course of eight days, mass shootings in california has killed at least two dozen people. they have also left at lst 15 other people injured and many residents coping with the trauma of these attacks. we are going to spend some time talking now about the wider tool of gun violence on americans. for that i am joined by jennifer carlsen, associate professor of sociology at the university of arizona. she is currently studying the impact andftermath of gun violence for the national science foundation. thanks for being with us. there have been 40 mass shootings in this country since the start of the year. help us understand the collective impact on those communities and the nation as a whole. jennifer: thank you so much for having me to have this very important conversation. one of the ways that we often talk about gun violence in this country is through the numbers. as you just said, the number of mass shootings, the number of people killed, the number of people who have been shot.

those numbers are staggering but they actually just scratch the surface in terms of the impact of gun violence on communities, families, friendship circles, the workplace. and so this idea of gun trauma is really helpful in understanding the notion that gun violence is never just an isolated incident. it has ramifications throughout families, friends, communities communities. so most certainly in the case of mass shootings, these are events that are experienced by a community, like what happened on the lunar new year in monterey park. we hear the words parkland, uvalde, highland park, buffalo, now monterey park and half moon bay. and that becomes part of the identity of what that place is. this is something that is then -- it unfolds for people within that community. there's individual trauma, from

ptsd, there are many ways survivors are impacted. so you actually have community- level dynamics of hopelessness, withdraw, depending on how communities come together or fall apart, or sometimes both together athe same time in the aftermath of these events. geoff: when we talk about gun violence, is often easy to lose sight of the fact that most shooting victims survive. what have you learned about how acts of gun violence shape the lives of survivors? jennifer: that is something that is really important to really emphasize. even though the numbers in terms of people who are killed by guns are unimaginably large in the united states, that barely gets us thinking at the scale of the people who are impacted. whether they are shot and survive, whether they are present at a mass shooting but

are not shot, where that they are impacted by having a loved on killed byun violence. so even kids who grew up in neighborhoods where hearing gun violence and knowing gun violence is happening in their neighborhood is part of their awareness growing up, we see that they are impacted in terms of the ptsd symptoms of anxiety, sleeplessness, depression, higher rates of suicide dowdy -- suicidality, difficulties with reading and math, lower graduation rates. we see even beyond that, physical health disparities later on in life of people who survived gun violence. geoff: if a tragedy like a mass shooting above falls the community, what are the best practices? jennifer: mass shootings tend to really capture the public attention and public sympathy. donations to suppor victims, resources involving therapy tend

to come out in the aftermath in a mass shooting to support victims and survivors. it is important to recognize that that is very unusual in terms of the community and broader national support that gun violence victims often receive. often gun violence victims do not have their stories heard. they do not experiee this outpouring of sympathy and support. i think that some of this is being worked out by organizations like youth alive in oakland, like crime survivors for safety and justice whi is a national organization that has looked at providing wraparound trauma services that recognize that when gun violence impacts a person, it impacts a community, it impacts multiple dimensions of laws. -- of lives. if they can work, if they need

space to process grief and trauma. so really recognizing that this is not just even in terms of therapy that individual, but the family, the friends, that this is much more than just an instance of violence that people quote-unquotget over. that is absolutely not how people experience gun violence. even though in the media and public discourse, given the intention span, -- attention span, like what happened in moderate park and half moon bay, the public attention span is woefully short. geoff: jennifer carlsen, thanks for your time. our team has produced a special report hosted by william brangham on the wider, often unseen effects ofun violence in america. watch rochet, an american trauma, online at pbs.org/newshour or check your

local listings. amna: it is billed as the first major u.s. museum exhibition of puerto rican art in nearly 50 years. a response from puerto rican artists to hurricane maria and its aftermath. jeffrey brown visited new york's whitney museum for our arts and culture series, canvas. jeffrey: september 2017. a woman takes cell phone video while driving, as hurricane maria comes ashore in puerto rico. the island's power grid, long unstable, has already failed. the vast destruction maria would cause, all it would expose of the vulnerability of the island and its people, that is still to come. the cell phone footage is part of a video by puerto rican artist sofia cordova that mixes documentary with poetic and other imagery, the reality and almost surreal strangeness. it's one of among some 50 works

by 20 puerto rican artists based on the island and elsewhere, all created in the five years after maria. all exploring aspects of puerto rico before and since the hurricane. a damaged environment, crumbling infrastructure and decaying buildings. political corruption and resistance to it. whitney museum curator, marcela guerrero. >> the title is puerto rican art in the wake of hurricane maria. something that's close to a translation would be, a post-hurricane world doesn't exist. jeffrey: meaning you can't get past it, or? >> correct. the world is perpetually in this wake of the hurricane, as if the hurricane wasn't just the natural event that happened on september 20, 2017, but a metaphor of many more things. jeffrey: for the puerto-rican born guerrero, this was an unusually personal curatorial experience. when maria hit, she had just given birth to her first child. her parents had been visiting her in new york, but her father

had returned to puerto rico. suddenly, the family's joy turned to worry and fear. >> it's a story, i sayhat it's not remarkable in any way because it's a story of many people, kind of average in a way, and we were able to make contact with him a couple of days later and luckily he was fine. and so i thought, you know, what can i do beyond donations and sending food and anything that one could think, and i have this great platform here at the whitney, and so that's kind the -- the idea was generated. jeffrey: some of the art is extremely personal. an installation by gabriela baez remembers her father, who took his own life in the aftermath of maria. she's called it a direct consequence of the failed response. other works jab at the island paradise image. a video by sofia gallisa muriete titled b-roll cleverly mixes together outtakes from

government promotional films intended to attract outside investors and tourists. a tilted, but very pointed work by gabriella torres-ferrer, presents a storm-ravaged lamppost still holding a sign reading, value your american citizenship. >> they're making reference to the disproportionate or asymmetrical relationship between puerto rico and the u.s. it's not a fair relationship. it's failing. jeffrey: puerto rico is a u.s. territory, neither state nor independent country. its people, u.s. citizens, but without representation in congress or the right to vote for the presidency. for many, the inadequate response to maria, including the scene of then-president trump nearly two weeks after the hurricane throwing paper towels to a crowd, exposed both the corruption and ineffectiveness of puerto rico's government and the lack of caring by the u.s. federal government. artist miguel luciano. >> i think the hurricane brought

a lot of crisis issues in puerto rico to the awareness of a broader public in the u.s., and that's kind of part of our bittersweet reality, is that a lot of people in the u.s. didn't know a lot about puerto rico's relationship to the u.s., our political status. we're a colony of the united states. we're the oldest colony in the world. jeffrey: in the wake of maria, and continued charges of government corruption, puerto ricans have regularly taken to the streets to protest. demonstrations in 2019 led to the resignation of then-governor ricardo rossello. >> from here you will see rankly -- roughly the length of a school bus. jeffrey: miguel luciano, who now lives and works in new york, created a large installation of protest shields. on one side, the sheet metal from old school buses taken out of commission after the island's debt crisis and austerity measures led to school closures. on the other, a black and white version of the puerto rican flag, a symbol used by demonstrators.

>> the material from these buses at, you know, were like the armor of the buses, the sheet metal that once protected children on their way to school, now become the armor for these shields to protect the protestors that are out there trying to defended the future of education in puerto rico. we all want to re-imagine a future that we can be more in control of. and so, for me, that's a responsibility for artists, is to respond to and to reflect, you know, the world that we live in. jeffrey: for the museum, the whitney museum of american art, this rare exhibition of puerto rican work is an example of expanding the definition of what american art encompasses. curator marcela guerrero hopes visitors will be moved by the art, but also the message. >> by coming to see the exhibition, i want them to be curious of, oh, what happened after that event? how do puerto ricans live in puerto rico? have things changed? are they better?

it might change how people think about puerto rico as not just, this, you know, tropical paradise where you go drink your pina coladas and, you know, go to the beach, but actually a place where people are striving and struggling to survive, even. jeffrey: for the "pbs newshour," i'm jeffrey brown at the whitney museum in new york. geoff: it is striking, more than five years after maria, the anguish and the pain is still pretty fresh. amna: ando powerful in how personal the art is. geoff: be sure to join us again here tomorrow night for a look at how a baltimore elementary school is trying to combat the learning loss that some students experienced during the pandemic. amna: and that is the "newshour" for tonight. i'm amna nawaz. geoff: and i'm goeff bennett. have a great evening. >> major funding for the "pbs newshour" has been provided by. >> for 25 years, consumer cellular has been offering no-contract wireless plans designed to help people more of what they like. our u.s.-based customer service team can help find a plan that

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hello, everyone and welcome to k"amanpour and company." here is what is coming up. >> the west sends tanks to ukraine. i discuss the battle field. i discuss the u.s. taking arms from israel and diverting them to ukraine. amid an internal israeli political crisis. and. >> we must get back to work in m humanitarian operations. >> as afghan's humanitarian crisis worsens, what martin griffith was told. also ahead? what you see says as much about yond