♪ >> tonight on pbs news weekend, the latest from ukraine as the war-torn country prepares to mark the first anniversary of russian invasion. >> there is no doubt, these are crimes against humanity. >> then, new study shows that the stress of things like racism, poverty and other trauma can change the structure of children's brains. and what's needed to care for people with dementia and the caregivers who support them. ♪

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contributions to yr cbs station from viewers like you. thank you. >> good evening. i'm jong yang. it's been nearly a year since russia launched its full-scale invasion of ukraine and today for the first time the united states labeled russia's actions there as crimes against humanity. the war stands at a crossroads. both moscow and kyiv hope to gain momentum in the coming weeks. nick is near the front line and his reporting is report -- supported by the politzer center. >> 1,100 miles from the front, vice president harris called for accountability. >> russian forces have pursuesea widespread and systemic attack against a civilian population. gruesome acts of murder, tor

torture, rape and deportation. >> among per examples of crimes against humanity, the russian stripe on a mariupol theater that killed hundreds of women and children as they hilled. and the russian mass kerr and mass graves of bucha. ukraine has accused russia of genocide. that was a word repeated tod in munich by thank you cranian foreign minister who also prohibited the west would go further than it's gone on weapons and sends jets. >> i will take a risk in saying that ukraine will receive planes. it's a matter of time and procedure. >> but that's time ukrainian soldiers don't have. they're barely holding the epicenter of the fighting. the russians are closing in on three sides of the city. >> i don't have any emotions in this war. i treat it as my job. for me to execute a shot is the

same as sending a piece of mail. there are no emotions whatsoever. >> and that's the sense from all the soldiers i speak to. whenever i ask them if they've lost men, friends, they each tear up and ask me to change the subject. war is overwhelming in so many ways but these soldiers out here know they don't have time to mourn. they know the fiercest fighting may be yet to come. john: i want to go back with vice president harris's crimes against humanity. are their problem will mattive facts with this declaration? >> the problem is that the u.s. and ukraine don't agree on the answer on how to hold russia accountable. ukraine hands in the special tribunal for the crime of aggression but the u.s. is not on board with that. another option is to create a

high court with youanian prosecutors. the u.s. hasn't publicly supported that either. the third option is to create an interim prosecutor to prepare for a future crime of aggression trial. the u.s. is more likely to support that step. so far publicly the only body the u.s. supports is the i.c.c. because they say they don't want to dilute the icc's work but the i.c.c. hasn't launched a single indictment and so the process of how to hold russia accountable is still many months if not years away. john: nick, this is your fourth visit to ukraine since the full-scale russian invasion. what does it look like now? what do the front lines look like now? >> the front lines are very active, especially here. this is where u.s. and ukrainian officials believe the kremlin is focused, trying in the short term to seize the entire province and this looks like

much of the previous russian offenses. largely focused on artillery. ukraine will have to hold off that russian wave while also preparing to launch its own counter attack. that will probably have to wait for some western armored vehicles that the u.s. hes arrives in the next few weeks. the u.s. and ukraine admit that what happens here over the next few months will help determine the fate of the war. john: of course, we're coming up on the first-year anniversary of this full-scale invasion. is the united states planning anything or doing anything to mark it? >> the highlight will be president biden's trip to poland next week. there to moment western you postseason allies, give his big speech on tuesday night, which

u.s. officials say he will promise to continue u.s. support for ukraine and hold russia accountable. there will be a two-day special gentle [beep] discussion, discussions on how to hold russia accountable and how to rally behind ukraine. pursuiten gives a big speech on tuesday and those rusan forces are trying to make progress just a few miles from here ahead of that day. john: nick shiffrin in ukraine. nick, to you, cameraman eric o'connor and your entire team, please stay safe. the carter center announced late today that former president jimmy carter has entered hospice care and wishes to spend his remaining time at home with his family. he's 9 and survid cancer but in recent years he's been in and out of the hospital after a series of bad falls at home. grandson jason carter, chairman

of the charter center tweeted that both his grandparents are at peace. in turkey and syria, the dth toll from the massive earthquake earlier this month is now above 46,000. the number is expected to climb higher with many still missing but amazingly, rescue teams are still pulling survivors from the rubble o collapsed buildings. more than 300 hours after the initial 7.8 magnitude earthquake. secretary of state blinken will travel there tomorrow. north korea launched an interballistic missile into the waters of japan. north korea warned of strong counter measures in response to next month's annual u.s.-korean joint military exercises. the white house said the missile didn't pose an immediate threat but its range couch reached the u.s. mainlands.

teams met in ohio as concerns about asia and water politicians persist following the derailment of a train carrying hazardous materials. many residence complain of headaches and eye and skin irritation and distrust state and federal officials' aassurances of safety. >> here ill just moved seven months ago, busted my ass to make this place look like it does and i got to move because i'm not safe being here. there's no way we are safe being here. john: state health officials maintain that air quality and municipal water tests show no problems. funerals were he would today for the three students killed at this week's mass shooting at michigan state university. brian frazier was one of the students killed. five others were injured and police are still trying to

determine a motive. and rural mississippi is reeling after a gunman killed six yesterday. and the united states and kan have called off searches after failing to find any remnants of the three objects shot down last week over alaska, the uconn and huron. the objects were most likely harmless research or recreation question vices officials said. meanwhile, in munich, secretary of state blinken met with his counterpart for the first time since a chinese balloon entered american air space. still to come, loved ones who shall suffer from then that ask their caretakers. >> this is pbs news weekend from weta studios in washington, home of the pbs newshour weeknights on pbs.

john: childhood trauma can have lasting psychology effects and now barone lopez reports that a new study has found that early childhood stress from things like poverty and trauma can actually change the structure of children's developing brains. >> for this study, researchers at harvard analyzed thousands of m.r.i. brain scans of children ages 9 and 10. they identified small physical changes in children facing higher levels of adversity. these changes could play a role in mental health later in life. they concluded that black children are more likely tock affected. the doctor is the study's senior author. nathaniel, thanks so much for joining us. how did you identify the children facing adversity in this study? >> we looked at indexings of adversity for parapets pants

that participated in the adolescent brain study. this is a broad study happening across the united states. he looked at neighborhood disadvantage. the resources in their neighborhoods. levels of family conflict and things like material hardship. how hard it is to put food on the table. we saw that over and above black children that were sampled had much more adversity than white children in the sample. >> then you specifically looked at the m.r.i. brain scandals of plaque and white children. what did they reveal? >> we looked particularly at brain regions volume so -- involved in emotion. how we regulate and respond to threatening events in our environment. when we look at those brain regions and compare white and black children exposed to different levels of adversity. black children have relatively smaller volume of these

different brain regions compared to white children. not massive differences but significant and we worry about how those might change over time and contribute to over mental health disorders. >> and it was a lower volume of gray matter, correct? >> yes. >> specifically when you say that that impacts black children more, what does that translate to in flair lives? >> it's hard to say exactly from this study but we know from the literature that lower gray matter volume in regions like this are associated with psychiatric orders like ptsd, depression and anxiety. as we look at what happens to their rains -- brains later on. part of what we might see is an increased incidentals of these disorders. >> and was racism at all one of the stressors or the impact of race similar? >> we looked at indecember cisse

of all-star racism in the study. things impacted by socio-and historical decisions that disproportionately affect black children. we didn't have data from when the kids were 9 to 10. we only had that data as they got older so it's difficult to say but we're hoping to look at that in the future. >> and are these changes reversible, the changes that were made in these children's made and what could policymakers do to fix it? >> i think the fact that the differences we see are so small indicate that they are potentially reversible and that by increasing the amount of resources that parents have, that these children have access to those at a structural level could bell all kids. not just black childre and help reverse these type of damages. as a neurosurgeon it's hard to come up with policy decisions but anything that's going to

help diminish these things that are having real impacts on the children is going to be beneficial. >> what do we knowbout the impact on potentially other ethnicities? >> one of the major limitations is that we only looked at black and white children in the study. it's a relatively restricted age range, only about 9- 9 to 10 years old. we want to look at earlier ages, furtherout ages. what might be happening over time. because racial factors can interact differently we want to bring more researchers with expertise in these areas before we dig around and try to findout what's happening there. >> one of the things you wanted to do in this research was to dispel this idea, this folk belief that black and white people have different brains. do you feel you've accomplished that? >> i feel we've contributed to that literature in a positive

way. there seems to be this idea that people are essentially different and i think what we're really showing here is that a huge part of what's different between black and white kids is that they're disposed to a disproposition that the amount of adversity. >> nathaniel, thank you so much for your time. >> thank you for having me. ♪ john: a diagnosis of alzheimer's disease can turn turn loved ones into caregivers. each year more than 11 million americans look after family or friends with alzheimer'sr other forms of dementia, unpaid and usually untrained. many devote their lives to the task. that lack of proper training can affect their own health.

the c.d.c. says these caregivers have an elevated instance of depression, weakened immune system and early death. do we have to rethink our approach to caring for people with dementia? >> yeah, so if we gave it early recognition of what we're looking at it helps us get ready for this transitionening and if i then get a little bit of training so that when somebody says to me, i never talk to you and it's like well, we just talked 20 minutes ago. if i'm trained to say oh, so i've not talked to you lately it tends to resolve in less stress in the engagement and we're better prepared to be in the right place at the right time or know when i need help, i need

greater amounts of training or i need to switch places, i'm not meant to be a hands-on person. i can guide. john: you talked about the stress these caregivers may feel. is there an effect on the patient receiving care? >> there is. it turns out when caregivers are stressed out, that stress translates goo -- into greater probability of a behavioral reaction. lesser ability to connect and communicate. a greater possibility of an attempt to -- which then perpetuate the problem. >> this is jacqueline revere. she's a tiktok creator and she's posted content about her care giving journey and she recently told us about the emotional toll she feels. >> it was the moment that my mom forgot that she was my mom and so it broke my heart. caregivers need to feel sane.

caregivers need support caregivers need the social system to support them also. john: what would you say to her? >> you're absolutely right because the system as it exists is not supporting the providers of care for people living with dementia. about 70% to 80% of care given is given by families, friends and recollect unpaid individuals and it results in social isolation and a sense of helplessness and that absolutely is not reasonable. john: tell us about the training that your company, positive approach to care, offers. >> we start off with fairly simple ideas like how do brains work and what can happen to yours if we don't do some retraining and then it's often simple things like if the person's visual field is getting smaller and smaller then when you want to interact, you want

to mak sure you are aware they can see you. recognizing that language rhythms can be picked up but language content is missed can make a big differenceo i want to use a visual cue, not just verbal information to share. john: are medical professionals getting enough training with aleimer's? >> we are probably about 25 years behind where we need to be in this moment of time. whether we're talking about physicians or nurses or rehab professionals, social workers. it's seen as a side bar rather than a major player in what we're going to be experiencing in thisime periods, this next generation as the baby boomers are hitting the stride of developing dementias at a high rate. >> a positive approach to care, tipa snow. thank you very much. ♪

john: finally tonight, parse three of our series "hidden history." across the united states, the legacy of slavery can still be seen on university campuses and at the hopes of slave-owning presidents but wt about the enslaved people who built them? tonight we tell you about a man who healthed create some of america's most well known monuments. some of washington, d.c.'s most familiar landmarks were built with the labor of enslaved people. their accomplishments largely lost to history. historian sarah fling of the without historical association has researched their contributions. what would washington look like if not for enslaved labor? >> washington, d.c. is absolutely built on the backs of enslaved laborers. the federal government considered them to be a cheap and bountiful workforce.

john: fling says one of those enslaved laborers were phillip reed, a trained sculptor who likely learned his trade from the man who enslaved him. clark mills. was that unusual? >> there were a lot of enslaved craftsmen. we think of enslaved artisans, they worked in nearly every craft in america, from furniture makers to ironworkers to architectural artisans. john: after president jackson died in 1885 mills won the fund to build a memorial. >> he would build the first statue ever in the world of a horse standing on his hind legs. so when he won that bid who'd he bring with him? phillip reed. john: their sculpture still stands in la favorite square,

acro the street in the white house. in 161 mills, again with reed by his side won anothermportant commission. casting the bronze statue of freedom to sit atop the capitol dome. >> we know for sure that phillip kept the fires under the molds for the bronze casting process of this 19 1/2 sculpture. this is certainly skilled labor that requires skilled strength and basic understanding of engineering. >> by some historians he used pullies to restore it to the top of the dome. this pay voucher showed that rivaled worked nonstop for almost a year at $1.25 a day. >> he was paid more than the crafts person because he was justhat talented but he didn't get to keep that money. the only money he got to keep a

little bit of is sunday's and we don't know for sure he got to keep that -- keep that money on sundays. >> he changed the spelling of his last name from reid to reed, perhaps to mark his status as a newly friedman and the indignities did not end with his death. >> the first cemetery when -- where he's buried closes within a few years so he's movedout to a massive burial ground for african-americans in washington, d.c. and in 1960 all of those bodies are removed in order to eventually make room for the rhode island metro stop. >> despite his contributions, his final resting place is unknown. >> that's one of the main reasons stories like this need to be recovered to show that black people literally had a happened in the founding of the nation. >> i hope when people walk past

the capitol they remember the contribution that phillip reed made to this symbol of freedom even when he didn't have it himself. ♪ john: now online, what we know about the chemicals on board that train that derailed in ohio. all that and more is on our website pbs.org/newshour and that is pbs news weekend for this saturday. i'm john yang. for all of my colleagues, thanks for joining us, see you tomorrow. announcer: major funding for pbs news weekend has been provided by -- >> for 25 years, consumer cellular has been offering no-contract plans. our u.s.-based customer service

team can help find a plan that suits you. visit consumer cellular . tv to learn more. announcer: and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutns -- this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.

♪ announcer: next, music legend petula clark hosts an all-start reunion from the bands that made the british beat. ♪ it's the time of the season for loving ♪ ♪ wild thing ♪ ♪ you make my heart sing ♪ travel back in time to t sixties with new live performances, reunions, and archival classics from the vault. ♪ you don't have to say you love me ♪ ♪ just be close at hand ♪ it's my music: the british beat on pbs. petula: hello. i'm petula clark, and welcome to a pbs my music special. we start our trip just outside manchester, england,

at historic stoke-on-trent.