♪ john: tonight on "pbs news weekend"... as the war in ukraine enters its second year, nick schifrin reports from the battle-weary nation on efforts to not just fight, but rebuild. volodymyr: we are hopeful. we are confident that we will win this war. that our lives will be good. john: then... the pandemic has seen a big increase in sleep loss and the use of medications to tackle it. we learn about the best practices when you have trouble sleeping. and... a missouri law barring police from enforcing some fedel gun laws is creating confusion. ♪ >> major funding f "pbs news weekend" has been provided by --

>> for 25 years, consumer cellular's goal has been to provide wireless service that helps people communicate and connect. we offer a variety of no contract plans, and our u.s.-based customer service team can find one that fits you. to learn more, visit consumercellular.tv. ♪ >> and with the ongoing suppor of these individuals and institutions -- ♪ and friends of "the newshour." ♪ this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you.

john: good evening, i'm john yang. as russia's invasion of ukraine enters its second year, russian president vladimir putin says his country cannot ignore the nuclear capabilities of both the united states and nato countries. in an interview, he repeated his claim that nato and others want to see russia suffer a strategic defeat. those comments came as russian state news released drone footage showing devastation in the city of bakhmut, where frontline fighting has been fierce. the ukrainian military says battles nearby are ooing and russia has been unsuccessful in its offensives. meanwhile, in a weekend marked with war commemorations, ukrainians gathered in odesa to remember volunteer soldiers who have lost their lives over the past year. tetyana: he decided on his own tooin the territorial defense battalion. he worked for eight years as a sailor, but he then told me his nerves couldn't take it any longer.

i then said, "son, we're at war. who told you to join the battalion?" he told me, "who else will defend you, mother, if not me?" john: later in the program: a look at ukraine's efforts to rebuild in the midst of war. there was fresh violence in the west bank today, even as israeli and palestinians officialset in jordan to try and de-escalate growing tensions. earlier today, a palestinian shot and killed 2 israeli brothers. by tonight, israeli settlers were on a violent rampage through the west bank, setting cars and homes on fire. it's the worst outburst of settler violence in decades. it comes after the israeli and palestinian security chiefs, meeting in jordan, agreed on steps intended to calm the surging violence ahead of the muslim holy month of ramadan. in a statement issued by the host country, it said israel agreed to put a 4 to 6 month freeze on authorizing new settlements in the occupied west bank. president biden's national security adviser jake sullivan

welcomed the meeting, calling it a starting point. in nigeria, voting extended into a second day in the nation's closely contested presidential race. in some places, where the polls had already closed, ballot counting wasnderway. in other places, where technical glitches and logistical challenges caused delays, voters were still lining up. the country's election commission expects the final vote tally within five days. off the coast of southern italy, at least 59 people aboard a migrant boat died this morning wh their wooden boat smashed against rocky reefs in stormy weather. debris from the boat littered the shoreline, as italian coast guard and police searched for bodies. searches were also under way at sea and from the air for survivors. the boat left turkey several days ago. many of its passengers were from afghanistan, pakistan and somalia. the italian coast guard said at least 80 people survived.

the long-running comic strip "dilbert" is disappearing from a number of the nation's major newspapers. the cancellations come after "dilbert" creator, scott adams, publicly referred to black people as members of a hate group and urged white people to get away from them. "the los angeles times," "the san antonio express-news" and "the usa today" network are among those calling the remarks racist, hateful and discriminatory and are dropping the strip. anan update -- the howard university men's swimming and diving team, which we told you about last week, has won its first conference championship in 34 years. howard is the only historically black university with a swim team. stl to come on "pbs news weekend"... why the use of sleeping pills is on the rise. and... a ssouri gun law creating confusion for police.

>> this is "pbs news weekend" from weta studios in washington, home of "the pbs newshour" weeknights on pbs. john: over the last week, we have mked the one year anniversary of the full scale invasion of ukraine by visiting the frontlines, investigating russian war crimes, and examining a new, united ukrainian identity. tonight, with e help of the pulitzer center, we look at the country's efforts to build anew. nick schifrin and viderapher eric o'connor report on the challenges of reconstructing a country and fighting historic corruption, as it still fights a war. nick: across ukraine, the scars are staggering. entire neighborhoods desoyed. hundreds of thousands of homes burned out. ukraine says reconstruction could cost more than a trillion dollars. but in bucha, a suburb of kyiv, where the russians left behind horror and destruction,

construction is beginning in earnest, and the town is laying a new foundation, to build a new future. ukrainian 61-year-old volodymyr perekhrestenko shows me the russian armored vehicle door, that flew into his house. they are upgrading the insulation, and fixing the walls, in a home that he's lived in all his life, and before him, his father, and grandfather. volodymyr: this is our nest. we grew up here. and we want to keep living here. nick: why have you chosen to rebuild even though the war continues? volodymyr: we are hopeful. we are confident that we will win this war. that our lives will be good. andrew: it's important to show people the hope. nick: andrew negrych is the director of operations for the global empowerment mission, ukraine. a year ago he was an entrepreneur about to open a new business in western europe.

on the day of the invasion, he drove straight back home and joined an organization that delivers aid to people living near the frontlines, and is now rebuilding bucha. the government pays to fix the roads. but it can't afford to rebuild homes. most of that cost is being covered by the howard buffett foundation. and the only reason this is possible is that the russians left. there are cities across hundreds of miles of the frontline, where no one is even considering rebuilding. how long do you think it will take for ukraine to rebuild? andrew: years. maybe up to ten years just to come back where to the point where you was before the war. nick: but ukraine doesn't want to go back to february 2022. it wants to build a new version of itself, with technologic and economic reforms. mr. fedorov: we will need to finish these economic transformations to move away from the soviet union, and move away from socialism, to a full fledged market economy.

mikhael federov is a vice prime -- nick: mikhael federov is a vice prime minister and the minister of digital transformation. he invited us into his millennial hster office. federov was born in 1991 -- the same year post-soviet, independent ukraine was born. before the full-scale invasion, federov led the government's efforts to modernize with technology. >> ukraine is the first country in the world to equate a digital passrt with a physical one. nick: especially using an app called diia, that stores all ukrainians' documents. today, the app is a wartime tool, how victims of russian bombing document damage, and receive direct government assistance. federov says digitization can also help fight ukraine's domestic enemy -- corruption. mr. fedorov: it's a different approach to governance. and right now, everybody is reacting very quickly to any problems we have in the governnt. nick: earlier this month,

ukraine's equivalent of the fbi launched its largest wartime corruption crackdown. they accused the head of kyiv's tax service of embezzling millions. and th arrested a deputy minister of defense, accused of overcharging soldiers for food. daria: i can't say that we are absolutely eradicated corruption, that is not true. there are still problems. but i'm saying that now after the war, once we expose problems, there is a reaction. nick: daria kaleniuk is the executive director of the anti-corruption action center. daria: we will push away russians, but if we will have weak institutions, russians could simply destroy us from inside through their hybrid operations and through corruption. nick: she says the war has changed ukraine, and ukrainians, their lawmakers, and international donors will demand a clean government, a requirement to join nato and the european union. daria: we understand that eu is not just to have a flag. eu means change of the rules.

where dignity and justice and fairness is in the core of the values of the eu. and this is what we are fighting for. nick: the task ahead will take a generation. ukraine says it must start now, cleaning up the country, as it wages the war. for "pbs news weekend," i'm nick schifrin in kyiv. john: you can watch all of nick's reporting on the one year anniversary of the russian invasion on our website, pbs.org/newshour. new cdc data says the number o americans taking medicine to get a good night's sleep is on the rise. the latest study surveyed more than 30,000 american adults about their sleemedication use in 2020, both prescription and

over the counter. nearly one in five said they had taken sleep medication during the previous 30 days. 8% of adults reported taking sleep medicationvery or most days in that period, double what the cdc had found a decade earlier. the report also found that women, older adults and people with lower incomes were all more likely to use sleep medication. earlier, i spoke with dr. karen lee, a neurologist and a sleep specialist. i asked her how the cdcs findings compare with what she sees in her practice. dr. lee: overall, that survey is pretty much in line with what i have been seeing over the years in my practice. unfortunately, there's been a large amount of materials coming complaining about issues of sleep, difficulty falling asleep and difficult responses for the years. so that's there along with the trend of what we're seeing clinically. john: the survey also found that women, older adults and those with lower incomes were more

likely to use sleeping medication. do you see that as well in your practice? dr. lee: yeah. that was not at all surprising to see. i very commonly see women come in with insomnia issues. and i think there's a couple of reasons for that, that can happen. but through the years, the survey also looked at a difference between 2010 and 2020. women these days are going to the workforce a lot more and a lot of the duties that they have in their home or if they have the children have not been reduced and a lot of their sleep schedules, especially when they have younger children become fragmented. and so very commonly when i have women that have children, i will ask them right from the beginning your issues with sleep start when you have , children with their first child and that'usually the scenario. the sleep becomes fragmented, the circadian rhythms are normal, d then that issue just continues throughout time.

individuals that i've seen that are in a lower socioeconomic status will come in atheir wits end. they want pis. they're asking, i need medication, i have children, or i have this many jobs and i just need a quick fix. john: are americans overusing sleep medication? dr. lee: i would say the issue is that they are is going faster, maybe then they have in the past for sleeping or a lot of sleep aids out there fda approved and non fda approved. and the issue is the way they are indicated to be use is not being used appropriately. it's supposed to be a quick band-aid in a situation. and so we can get to the point for a longer term solutions to fix the underlying sleep issues. and what we see that's happening is they start on these pills, which really should be for a short period by two weeks, and they are just getting refilled for years and years and years. it's difficult for a variety of

reasons, especially for an individual that struggled with sleep for years and suddenly they're sleeping great and it's completely impacting their life in a positive way. and they're not seeing the negative impacts. now we have several individuals that are dependent on these medications that keep wanting to use them going forward. john: what are some of the negative impacts of using sleep medication? dr. lee: there can be a lot of side effects on your daytime functioning. you can have fog, hangover from these medications. side effects with vision or dry mouth and urinary retention. the concern also is at nighttime, especially with elderly patients, we have different recommendations for dosing, for example, for several medications, becau a lot of accidents happen because people need to get up and use the restroom. and it's all these side effects that can happen between wake time and nighttime. individuals that are already predisposed to cognitive issues, patients with dementia or mild

cognitive impairment are even impacted more often on these medications. john: what would be your advice for viewers who may be having trouble sleeping? what would you tell them if they were a patient comingnto your office for your first visit and saying, doctor, i'm having trouble sleeping? dr. lee: the first thing i would say is it is great that they recognize it's an important issue. having a good quality and quantity of sleep is really eep evaluation to see if full there's any sleep disorders that you have, such as obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, certain things or sleep diseases that are contributing to or exacerbate insomnia. and then once they break down what is the root cause of insomnia and i address it, what's left is what we call physiological insomnia, which is there is no specific sleep disorder or specific other medical conditions that contribute to sleep. your sleep is poor just because

you are under stress or you have poor relationship with their mind, body and sleep. the gold standard for treating that is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia called cbti. and that has been very effective in the short and long term to fix insomnia issues, whether falling asleep or staying asleep. now, in certain individuals, they may need sleep aids in conjunction with that, or if the effects aren't happening fast enough at a rate that that needs to happen for an individual, we can use sleep aids in addition to this, with the goal of tapering down the sleep aids after. and that's the issue. when you start sleeping the , first one always isn't the one that you would stick with. we have to see if you can tolerate it, number one, there's not side effects that are too bothersome and that you're getting benefit from. and then we have to figure out how we're going to take it away

in the future. john: the bottom line is that sleep medications should be a band-aid, as you say, short term. dr. lee: yes. in the appropriate individual . and we have make sure there's not something else that's going on. another concern is that sleep aids can make underlying sleep disorders worse. so, for example, a lot of sleep aids are muscle relaxants, and collapse the airway more cause more difficulty breathing and sleeping. so if someone has an underlying disease such as sleep apnea, which very commonly causes insomnia, we want to be safe and make sure we're not actually making the issue worse and more unsafe by giving them a sleep aid for the wrong reason instead of treating another issue that's causing their insomnia. john: dr. karen lee of mass eye and ear, thank you very much. dr. lee: thank you. good luck, everybody. ♪ john: missouri has some of the most permissive gun laws in the nation. the state doesn't require

background checks and doesn't require a permit to cay a concealed weapon. a state law passed in 2021 even makes it hard for police to enforce federal gun laws. gabrielle hayes is a correspondent based in st. louis. what is this law how does it work? gabrielle: it was passed in june of 2021, the governor signed it, and especially -- essentially it prohibits state and local agencies from helping the federal government enforce federal gun laws that if, by missouri standards, are an infringement on a person's right to bear arms, their second amendment right. this was a law challenged almost immediately and it does come with some penalties. john: what are the penalties? gabrielle: the one you will see most often is a violation of the law could come with a $50,000

penalty on law enforcement. that is something that is noted in some of the pushback against this legislation and also in feedback from law enforcement across the state. john: who is challenging it and where did the challenges stand? gabrielle: the challenges are ongoing. on the state level, we know the st. louis city, county, jackson county and other counties and cities across the state have joined in on a lawsuit pushing back on the act. also last year, the department of justice filed a lawsuit against the second amendment act, calling it invalid. attorney general merrick garland said it impedes on law enforcement operations in missouri and their ability to do their jobs. john: you mentioned hampering law enforcement's ability to do their jobs. how does this work in practice? gabrielle: i think the answer to

that is twofold. if you were to google this law and law enforcement you would see stories of -- stories across the state of missouri where law enforcement officers are talking to a local journalist or seeking clarification from the court and explaining what this law means to them and the ways in which it makes it difficult for them to do their jobs or deciding whether or not they should be cooperating with law enforcement. because law enforcement agencies have partnerships with federal agencies, right? when this law came down, we have stories not only of law enforcement officers but also prosecutors having the conversation of ok, what do we do now? so i think that has been a big part of it, and also violating the law could come with a $50,000 fine.

we've had law enforcement officials in our state asking for clarity on what it means specifically and how exactly it translates to their day-to-day work. john: is the sticking point that it is not every federal gun law, it is federal gun laws that in their view infringe on second amendment rights, and interpreting that? gabrielle: yes. essentially any law, rule or regulation that missouri considers an infringement on a person's right to bear arms. jo: gabrielle hayes, thank you very much. for gabrielle's full report on missouri's gun law and the community and law enforcement response to it, visit our website, pbs.org/newshour. ♪ and that is "pbs news weekend" for this sunday.

on monday, my report on why crime has become the top issue in tuesday's chicago mayoral race. for all of us at "pbs news weekend," thanks for joining us. have a good week. >> major funding for "pbs news weekend" has been provided by -- >> for 25 years, consumer cellular has been offering no contract wireless plans to help people do more of what they like. our u.s.-based customer service team can find a plan that fits you. for more, visit consumercellular.t >> and with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions -- ♪ this program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting and by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. ♪

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